Comparison of the Effectiveness of Life Therapy and Compassion Therapy on Self-Esteem and Experiential Avoidance in Youth with Nomophobia

Subject Areas : Adolescent health

Farzaneh Ghaderpoor ¹ , Ramazan Hassanzadeh ² , Seyedeh Olia Emadian ³

1 - PhD student in general psychology, Department of Psychology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran. Email: [e-mail]
2 - Professor of Department of Psychology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran (Corresponding author) Email: [e-mail]
3 - Assistant Professor of Psychology Department, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran

Received: 2024-05-01 Accepted : 2024-08-29 Published : 2024-08-24

Keywords: compassion-therapy, experiential avoidance, life-therapy, nomophobia, self-esteem,

Abstract :

Abstract Introduction: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of life-therapy and compassion-therapy on self-respect and experiential avoidance in students suffering from cell phone phobia. Methods: The research method was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up. The statistical population included all male and female students with mobile phone phobia of Azad University, Tehran West Branch, who were studying in the academic year of 2023. Among these students, based on the entry criteria and purposefully, 45 people were selected and randomly replaced in two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group received life-therapy intervention and the second experimental group received compassion-therapeutic intervention during 8 sessions of 90 minutes. The research tools were the questionnaires of mobile phobia, Ildrim and Correa, Cooper Smith's self-respect, and experimental avoidance by Gamez et al. The data were analyzed by repeated measurement variance analysis, Benferoni post hoc test and SPSS27 software. Results: The results showed that life-therapy and compassion-therapy interventions are effective in improving self-respect and experiential avoidance; this effect was also stable in the follow-up neighborhood. Also, life-therapy had a greater effect on these variables in the post-test and follow-up phase than compassion-therapy. Conclusion: Based on the results, it seems necessary to use life-therapy and compassion-therapy trainings in order to reduce the psychological damage caused by mobile phones; Therefore, psychologists and therapists can use life-therapy and compassion-therapy teaching methods along with other educational methods to reduce students' fear of cell phones.

References:

1. Jahrami HA, Fekih-Romdhane F, Saif ZQ, Alhaj OA, AlRasheed MM, Pandi-Perumal SR, BaHammam AS, Vitiello MV. Sleep dissatisfaction is a potential marker for nomophobia in adults. Sleep Medicine. 2022 Oct 1; 98: 152-7.doi: org/10.1016/j.sleep.2022.07.001
2. Bacaksiz FE, Tuna R, Alan H. Nomophobia, netlessphobia, and fear of missing out in nursing students: A cross-sectional study in distance education. Nurse education today. 2022 Nov 1; 118: 105523. doi: org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105523
3. Zhen R, Li L, Liu X, Zhou X. Negative life events, depression, and mobile phone dependency among left-behind adolescents in rural China: An interpersonal perspective. Children and Youth Services Review. 2020 Feb 1; 109: 104688. doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104688
4. Orth U, Robins RW, Widaman KF. Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of personality and social psychology. 2012 Jun; 102(6): 1271. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-21756-001
5. Marshall SL, Parker PD, Ciarrochi J, Heaven PC. Is self‐esteem a cause or consequence of social support? A 4‐year longitudinal study. Child development. 2014 May; 85(3): 1275-91. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12176
6. Langer ÁI, Schmidt C, Martínez V, Mac-Ginty S, Fuentes R, Núñez D. Suicidal ideation, non-suicidal self-injury and psychopathology in university students: Examining the moderating role of experiential avoidance. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 2024 Apr 1; 16: 100734. doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100734
7. Martínez-Rubio D, Colomer-Carbonell A, Sanabria-Mazo JP, Pérez-Aranda A, Navarrete J, Martínez-Brotóns C, Escamilla C, Muro A, Montero-Marín J, Luciano JV, Feliu-Soler A. How mindfulness, self-compassion, and experiential avoidance are related to perceived stress in a sample of university students. Plos one. 2023 Feb 3; 18(2):e0280791. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280791
8. Fentem A, Stoneking F. The impact of couples' conflicts on everyday sadists' relationship satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences. 2023 Oct 1; 213: 112319. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112319
9. Hassanzadeh R. Life psychology (life therapy). Tehran: Edition Publications. 2022.
10. Kaya A, Karataş N, Dalgiç AI. The effect of individual values on self-esteem and meaning in life in adolescents: A cross-sectional study from Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2023 Oct 1; 46: 8-13. doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2023.06.007
11. Cheraghpur R. Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and life therapy on psychological disturbance, psychological capital, cognitive flexibility, adherence to diet therapy and chronic pain in patients with dyspepsia. Dissertation for receiving a specialized doctorate degree in psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sari branch.2022.
12. Millard LA, Wan MW, Smith DM, Wittkowski A. The effectiveness of compassion focused therapy with clinical populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2023 Apr 1; 326:168-92. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.010
13. Biber DD, Ellis R. The effect of self-compassion on the self-regulation of health behaviors: A systematic review. Journal of health psychology. 2019 Dec; 24(14): 2060-71. doi.org/10.1177/13591053177133
14. Karagöz D, Ramkissoon H. Nostalgic emotions, meaning in life, subjective well-being and revisit intentions. Tourism Management Perspectives. 2023 Sep 1; 48: 101159. doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101159
15. Carter A, Steindl SR, Parker S, Gilbert P, Kirby JN. Compassion-Focused Therapy to reduce body weight shame for individuals with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy. 2023 Sep 1; 54(5): 747-64. doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2023.02.001
16. Delavarpour M, Akbari F, Bagheri M. Identifying and comparing the profile of psychopathology of university students with different Intensities of nomophobia. Journal of Psychological Studies. 2021 Jul 23; 17(2): 55-76.doi: 10.22051/PSY.2021.36400.2462
17. Hosseinverdi M, Pourassadi Z, Keshavarz S, Kakavand A. Effectiveness of Compassion-focused Therapy on Self-esteem, Empathy, and Forgiveness in Child Labor. J Child Ment Health 2021; 7(4): 181-196. URL: http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-1064-fa.htm1
18. Nikfallah R, Barekat A. The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties and experiential avoidance in the relationship between defense mechanisms and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Applied Psychology. 2022; 16(1): 202-183. doi: 10.52547/apsy.2021.223949.1166
19. Gilbert P. The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British journal of clinical psychology. 2014; 53(1):6-41. doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043
20. Pirjavi F, Toozandehjani H, Bagherzadeh Gol Makani Z. Comparing the Effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy and quality of life therapy on self-criticism and Depression patient with major depression. Psychological Models and Methods. 2022; 12(46): 53-68. doi: 10.30495/jpmm.2022.27035.3293
21. Lannoy S, Chatard A, Selimbegovic L, Tello N, Van der Linden M, Heeren A, Billieux J. Too good to be cautious: High implicit self-esteem predicts self-reported dangerous mobile phone use. Computers in Human Behavior. 2020 Feb 1; 103: 208-13. doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.018
22. Sadat Madani A. Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive analytical hypnotherapy and life therapy on self-esteem, adaptability, emotional regulation and self-efficacy in clients with generalized anxiety disorder. Dissertation for receiving a specialized doctorate degree in psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sari branch. 2022.
23. Sarabadani A. Comparing the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and life-therapy on mental well-being, psychological security, distress tolerance, and cognitive emotion regulation of women with generalized anxiety disorder. Dissertation for receiving the specialized doctorate degree in psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sari branch.2021.
24. Weng CY, Lin TK, Hsu BC. Psychopath physiology and compassion-based cognitive-behavior group therapy for patients with coronary artery disease. In Handbook of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy by Disorder 2023 Jan 1: 307-320. Academic Press. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85726-0.00007-7
25. Saeidi M, Khalatbari J, Ghorbanshiroudi S, Abolghasemi S. Cognitive behavioral therapy and compassion focused therapy on loneliness of women on the verge of divorce. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies. 2020; 10: 9-17. 20.1001.1.23222840.1399.10.0.46.5