Identifying and Analyzing Challenges in Teaching Experimental Science Concepts in Primary School, with an Emphasis on Providing Solutions to Overcome Them: A Synthesis Research Study
Subject Areas : Research in Curriculum Planning
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Payame Noor University, Iran.
Keywords: Teaching and learning experimental science concepts, challenges and strategies, primary school. ,
Abstract :
The present study aimed to identify and analyze the challenges of teaching and learning experimental science concepts in primary schools, with an emphasis on providing solutions to overcome them. A qualitative research design, specifically a meta-synthesis, was chosen to align with this objective. Research data were collected using Roberts’ (2007) synthesis research approach. To this end, relevant documents on the challenges of teaching experimental science concepts in primary schools were searched in the following databases: Springer, Taylor & Francis, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, ERIC, Google Scholar, SID, Civilica, and Magiran, within the time frame of 2019–2024. Ultimately, out of 64 articles related to the research area, after thematic screening and theoretical saturation of the data, 16 articles were purposefully selected using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) and entered into the analysis phase. Finally, the concepts extracted from this review were summarized through open and axial coding into 7 categories and 16 subcategories. To ensure the reliability of the coding method, two evaluators re-coded the data, and Cohen’s Kappa coefficient was calculated. The inter-rater agreement was found to be 0.61. The research findings indicate that teaching and learning experimental science concepts in primary schools face seven major challenges: limited educational resources, time constraints, ineffective teaching techniques and methods, inadequate educational content, students’ misconceptions about scientific concepts, insufficient teacher knowledge, and lack of connection to real-life issues. Finally, solutions were proposed to address these challenges. It is suggested that teachers pay attention to the challenges of teaching experimental science concepts in elementary schools and, through careful planning, focusing on student-centered methods, encouraging critical thinking in learners, and fostering a positive attitude toward science, endeavor to resolve these challenges as much as possible.
References:
Agni, R., Febriawan, A., & Zainal, S. (2024). Uncovering the Veil: Overcoming Challenges in Science Teaching Standards. Integrated Science Education Journal, 5(3), 181-186.
Akuma, F. V., & Callaghan, R. (2016). Framework for reducing teaching challenges relating to improvisation of science education equipment and materials in schools. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(10), 2697-2717.
Alparuq, P., Kolbi, S. N., Zahra, S., & Adela, D. (2024, May). Analysis of Science Learning Barriers in Elementary Schools. In International Conference on Education, Humanities, and Social Science (ICEHoS 2023) (pp. 3-12). Atlantis Press.
Amini, R. R., Amini, R., Handayani, S. E., Fitria, Y., Lena, S. M., & Helsa, Y. (2019, December). Development of integrated thematic teaching materials using problem-based learning model in elementary school. In 5th International Conference on Education and Technology (ICET 2019) (pp. 442-445). Atlantis Press.
Appleton, K. (2013). Elementary science teaching. In Handbook of research on science education (pp. 493-535). Routledge
Arsyad, M., Mujahiddin, M., & Syakhrani, A. W. (2024). The efficiency of using visual learning media in improving the understanding of science concepts in elementary school students. Indonesian Journal of Education (INJOE), 4(3), 775-787.
Artaga, R. C. (2021). Mastery of science concepts improves scientific attitude in elementary school students. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 5(4), 606-612.
Askari Sar kahnani, T., (2023). Analysis of the Status of Experimental Sciences Education in Primary School: Problems Related to Experimental Sciences, Second National Conference on New Findings in Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, Bandar Abbas. [In Persian]
Bagania, N. F. T. (2019). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Sains Konsep Gaya pada Siswa Kelas V SD Inpres Wailan. Dinamika Pembelajaran, 1(1), 57–63.
Balduzzi, S., Rücker, G., & Schwarzer, G. (2019). How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. BMJ Ment Health, 22(4), 153-160.
Bartos, S. A., & Lederman, N. G. (2014). Teachers' knowledge structures for nature of science and scientific inquiry: Conceptions and classroom practice. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 51(9), 1150-1184.
Blank, R. K. (2013). Science instructional time is declining in elementary schools: What are the implications for student achievement and closing the gap?. Science Education, 97(6), 830-847.
Bohlmann, N. L., & Palacios, N. (2024). Examining Child, Family, Classroom, and School Factors Associated with Latinx Children’s Early Science Achievement. Early Education and Development, 35(4), 783-804.
Çalık, M., & Sözbilir, M. (2014). İçerik analizinin parametreleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(174), 33-38.
Darling-Hammond, L., Burns, D., Campbell, C., Goodwin, A. L., Hammerness, K., Low, E. L., & Zeichner, K. (2017). Empowered educators: How high-performing systems shape teaching quality around the world. John Wiley & Sons.
Dinc, E. (2019). Prospective teachers’ perceptions of barriers to technology integration in education. Contemporary educational technology, 10(4), 381-398.
Due, K., Skoog, M., Areljung, S., Ottander, C., & Sundberg, B. (2023). Teachers’ conceptualisations of science teaching–obstacles and opportunities for pedagogical continuity across early childhood school forms. International Journal of Early Years Education, 31(3), 790-805.
Dündar, S., Güvendir, M. A., Kocabiyik, O. O., & Papatga, E. (2014). Which elementary school subjects are the most likeable, most important, and the easiest? Why?: A study of science and technology, mathematics, social studies, and Turkish. Educational Research and Reviews, 9(13), 417
Fatima, H. G., Akbar, H., Khan, B. S., Amin, H., & Anjum, S. M. A. (2022). Cooperative Learning As An Innovative Method In Teaching Science At Elementary Level. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 879-889.
Fauziah, S. R., Sutisnawati, A., Nurmeta, I. K., & Hilma, A. (2022). Pengaruh metode eksperimen berbantuan media kit ipa terhadap kemampuan literasi sains dan karakter rasa ingin tahu siswa sekolah dasar. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendas, 8(2), 457-467.
Firman, F., Baedhowi, B., & Murtini, W. (2018). The effectiveness of the scientific approach to improve student learning outcomes. International Journal of Active Learning, 3(2), 86-91.
Fitria, Y., Helsa, Y., & Hasanah, F. N. (2019). The learning tool for electric circuit and mathematics logic integration. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1321, No. 3, p. 032108). IOP Publishing.
Garraway-Lashley, Y. M. (2019). Teaching science at the primary school level:“problems teachers’ are facing”. Asian Journal of Education and e-Learning, 7(3).
Ghasemian, Y., (2023). Obsolescence of Experimental Science Teaching Methods and Alternative Solutions. Research in Chemistry Education, 4(3), 108-120. [In Persian]
Goshu, B. S., & Ridwan, M. (2024). A Receptor-Oriented Approach to Overcoming Universal Challenges in Science Education. Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal, 7(4), 187-204.
Javidi Kalateh Jafarabadi, T., Mahram, B., & Jahangard, F., (2018). Challenges in Teaching Experimental Sciences, National Conference on New World Achievements in Education, Psychology, Law and Cultural-Social Studies, West Azerbaijan Province - Khoy. [In Persian]
Jones, R., & Swanson, E. (2009). Understanding elementary teachers' use of science teaching time: Lessons from the Big Sky Science Partnership. Journal of Mathematics and Science: Collaborative Explorations, 11(1), 163-192.
Karyadi, A. C., & Rosa, M. (2023). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kognitif Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun Melalui Pemanfaatan Media Loose Part. Jurnal Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, 1(2), 76-82.
Kejora, M. T. B. (2020). The use of concrete media in science learning in inquiry to improve science process skills for simple machine subject. MUDARRISA: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Islam, 12(1), 1-17.
Kenedi, A. K., Chandra, R., & Fitria, Y. (2019, December). Problem based learning: a way to improve critical thinking ability of elementary school students on science learning. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1424, No. 1, p. 012037). IOP Publishing.
Khalida, B. R., & Astawan, I. G. (2021). Penerapan Metode Eksperimen untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar IPA Siswa Kelas VI SD. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Profesi Guru, 4(2), 182-189.
Kotsis, K. T. (2024). Obstacles to Teaching Science in Primary School and Strategies to Overcome Them. European Journal of Contemporary Education and E-Learning, 2(1), 223-233.
Kotsis, K. T. (2024). The significance of experiments in inquiry-based science teaching. European Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 5(2), 86-92.
Kotsis, K. T., Gikopoulou, O. U. R. A. N. I. A., Patrinopoulos, M. A. T. T. H. A. I. O. S., Kapotis, E. F. S. T. R. A. T. I. O. S., & Kalkanis, G. (2023). Designing the new science curricula for primary education in Greece. Challenges and concerns in 21st century education, 101-116.
Lee, E. A., & Brown, M. J. (2018). Connecting inquiry and values in science education: An approach based on John Dewey’s philosophy. Science & Education, 27, 63-79.
Lee, S., & Kim, S. H. (2018). Scientific knowledge and attitudes toward science in South Korea: does knowledge lead to favorable attitudes?. Science Communication, 40(2), 147-172.
Maison, M., Haryanto, H., Ernawati, M. D. W., Ningsih, Y., Jannah, N., Puspitasari, T. O., & Putra, D. S. (2020). Comparison of Student Attitudes towards Natural Sciences. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(1), 54-61.
Makamu, G., & Ramnarain, U. (2023). Experiences of teachers in the enactment of simulations in 5E inquiry-based science teaching. Education and New Developments, 2, 400-404.
Marsh, C., (2013). Integrated Research Synthesis Research, Translated by Farideh Mashayekh and Lotfali Ebadi. Tehran, SAMT Publications. [In Persian]
Masalimova, A. R., Zheltukhina, M. R., Sergeeva, O. V., Kosarenko, N. N., Tsomartova, D. A., & Smirnova, L. M. (2024). Science teaching in BRICS: A systematic review of pedagogical approaches and challenges. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(4), em2432.
Mateos-Nunez, M., Martinez-Borreguero, G., & Naranjo-Correa, F. L. (2020). Learning science in primary education with STEM workshops: analysis of teaching effectiveness from a cognitive and emotional perspective. Sustainability, 12(8), 3095.
Møller, A. M., & Myles, P. S. (2016). What makes a good systematic review and meta-analysis?. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, 117(4), 428-430.
Mupa, P., & Chinooneka, T. I. (2015). Factors Contributing to Ineffective Teaching and Learning in Primary Schools: Why Are Schools in Decadence?. Journal of education and practice, 6(19), 125-132.
Napitupulu, N. D., Ratu, B., Walanda, D. K., & Napitupulu, M. (2023). Challenges faced by science teachers in implementing differentiated learning in junior high school Palu Central Sulawesi Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(Special Issue), 960-966.
Nasution, S. E. (2022). UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPA MELALUI STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN BERORIENTASI AKTIFITAS SISWA KELAS V SDN 200508 PADANGSIDIMPUAN TAHUN PELAJARAN 2020/2021. Jurnal ESTUPRO, 7(1), 20-30.
Nguyen, N. T., & Tran, L. H. (2024). Uncovering the Challenges and Requirements of Elementary School Teachers in Implementing STEM Educational Activities in Vietnam. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 23(6), 373-390.
Nilsson, P., & Van Driel, J. (2011). How will we understand what we teach?-Primary student teachers’ perceptions of their development of knowledge and attitudes towards physics. Research in Science Education, 41, 541-560.
Ningrum, Y. S., & Wulandari, R. (2020). Korelasi implementasi pembelajaran ipa daring terhadap literasi teknologi siswa di kelas VIII SMP. JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains), 10(1), 1889-1898.
Nosrati Heshy, K., Samidi, H., Shahin, A., & Nasirvand, M. (2024). A phenomenological study on improving the prevailing challenges in teaching science in elementary school. Research in Curriculum Studies, 4(2), 59–73. [In Persian]
Novitasari, C., & Meilana, S. F. (2022). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Think Talk Write Berbantuan Video Interaktif terhadap Hasil Belajar IPA Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(4), 7250-7256.
Nurâ, S., Jumyati, J., Yuliyanti, Y., Nulhakim, L., & Leksono, S. M. (2023). Scientific approach to learning science in elementary schools. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(8), 6659-6666.
Penn, M., & Mavuru, L. (2020). Assessing pre-service teachers’ reception and attitudes towards virtual laboratory experiments in life sciences. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 19(6A), 1092-1105.
Perkins, D. N., & Perkins, D. N. (2009). The mind's best work. Harvard University Press.
Perman, A. A. (2021). Challenges and initiatives in teaching science and mathematics in rural area: A case study. Journal of Contemporary Social Science Research (JCSSR), 5(1), 1-9.
Pratama, R., Ikhsanudin, I., & Salam, U. (2018). A student’s strategies to overcome speaking anxiety in public speaking class. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa (JPPK), 7(9).
Putri, N. R. S., & Meilana, S. F. (2023). The Effect of Experimental Learning Methods on Students' Cognitive Abilities in Science Learning. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(9), 7539-7546.
Prananda, G., Judijanto, L., Purwoko, B., Lestari, N. C., & Efendi, N. (2023). The Application of Demonstrated Learning Methods to Increase Primary School Students' Science Learning Results. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(12), 12175-12181.
Purnama, H. I., Wilujeng, I., & Jabar, C. S. A. (2023). Blended learning in elementary school science learning: A systematic literature review. Int J Eval & Res Educ ISSN, 2252(8822), 1409.
Rahmatih, A. N., & Fauzi, A. (2020). Persepsi mahasiswa calon guru sekolah dasar dalam menanggapi perkuliahan secara daring selama masa Covid-19. MODELING: Jurnal Program Studi PGMI, 7(2), 143-153.
Ramdani, N. G., Fauziyyah, N., Fuadah, R., Rudiyono, S., Septiyaningrum, Y. A., Salamatussa'adah, N., & Hayani, A. (2023). Definisi dan teori pendekatan, strategi, dan metode pembelajaran. Indonesian Journal of Elementary Education and Teaching Innovation, 2(1), 20-31.
Rismawati, R., Ratman, R., & Dewi, A.I. (2020). Application Experimental Methods in Improving Understanding of the Concept of Thermal Energy in Grade IV Students at SDN No. 1 Baluk 2. Jurnal Kreative Online, 4(1).
Russell, T., & Martin, A. K. (2023). Learning to teach science. In Handbook of research on science education (pp. 1162-1196). Routledge.
Sellars, M., Fakirmohammad, R., Bui, L., Fishetti, J., Niyozov, S., Reynolds, R., ... & Ali, N. (2018). Conversations on critical thinking: Can critical thinking find its way forward as the skill set and mindset of the century?. Education Sciences, 8(4), 205.
Septiyanto, A., Prima, E. C., & Widodo, A. (2024). Elementary Teachers’ Science Background and Its Impact on Their Science Teaching. Acta Scientiae, 26(1), 205-232.
Silitonga, B. N. (2020). Persepsi mahasiswa pgsd uph terhadap pemanfaatan media pembelajaran IPA sd melalui Project Based Learning. Pedagogia, 18(1), 1-12.
Simbolon, S., Sapri, S., & Sapri, S. (2022). Analisis Kesulitan Belajar Siswa Kelas IV Materi Bangun Datar di Sekolah Dasar. Edukatif: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 4(2), 2510-2515.
Statistics, E. TIMSS 2023 Methodology and Technical Notes
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research (Vol. 15). Newbury Park, CA: sage.
Subali, B., Kumaidi, K., Aminah, N. S., & Sumintono, B. (2019). Student achievement based on the use of scientific method in the natural science subject in elementary school. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 8(1), 39-51.
Tosun, C. (2020). The predictive effect of some variables on fifth and sixth grade students’ scientific process skills. Journal of Education in Science Environment and Health, 6(1), 10-23.
Vlachos, I., Stylos, G., & Kotsis, K. T. (2024). Primary School Teachers' Attitudes Towards Experimentation in Physics Teaching. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 12(1), 60-70.
Wiggan, G., Smith, D., & Watson-Vandiver, M. J. (2021). The national teacher shortage, urban education and the cognitive sociology of labor. The Urban Review, 53, 43-75.
Yolanda, S., & Meilana, S. F. (2021). Pengaruh aplikasi quizizz terhadap minat belajar ipa siswa kelas v di sekolah dasar. Jurnal Educatio FKIP UNMA, 7(3), 915-921.
Zendler, A., & Greiner, H. (2020). The effect of two instructional methods on learning outcome in chemistry education: The experiment method and computer simulation. Education for Chemical Engineers, 30, 9-19.
Zooelm, A. (2005). A reflection on the concept of challenge: The word 'challenge' in Iranian socio-cultural literature. Zamaneh, 4(9), 34–37. [In Persian]
Agni, R., Febriawan, A., & Zainal, S. (2024). Uncovering the Veil: Overcoming Challenges in Science Teaching Standards. Integrated Science Education Journal, 5(3), 181-186.
Akuma, F. V., & Callaghan, R. (2016). Framework for reducing teaching challenges relating to improvisation of science education equipment and materials in schools. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(10), 2697-2717.
Alparuq, P., Kolbi, S. N., Zahra, S., & Adela, D. (2024, May). Analysis of Science Learning Barriers in Elementary Schools. In International Conference on Education, Humanities, and Social Science (ICEHoS 2023) (pp. 3-12). Atlantis Press.
Amini, R. R., Amini, R., Handayani, S. E., Fitria, Y., Lena, S. M., & Helsa, Y. (2019, December). Development of integrated thematic teaching materials using problem-based learning model in elementary school. In 5th International Conference on Education and Technology (ICET 2019) (pp. 442-445). Atlantis Press.
Appleton, K. (2013). Elementary science teaching. In Handbook of research on science education (pp. 493-535). Routledge
Arsyad, M., Mujahiddin, M., & Syakhrani, A. W. (2024). The efficiency of using visual learning media in improving the understanding of science concepts in elementary school students. Indonesian Journal of Education (INJOE), 4(3), 775-787.
Artaga, R. C. (2021). Mastery of science concepts improves scientific attitude in elementary school students. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 5(4), 606-612.
Askari Sar kahnani, T., (2023). Analysis of the Status of Experimental Sciences Education in Primary School: Problems Related to Experimental Sciences, Second National Conference on New Findings in Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, Bandar Abbas. [In Persian]
Bagania, N. F. T. (2019). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Sains Konsep Gaya pada Siswa Kelas V SD Inpres Wailan. Dinamika Pembelajaran, 1(1), 57–63.
Balduzzi, S., Rücker, G., & Schwarzer, G. (2019). How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. BMJ Ment Health, 22(4), 153-160.
Bartos, S. A., & Lederman, N. G. (2014). Teachers' knowledge structures for nature of science and scientific inquiry: Conceptions and classroom practice. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 51(9), 1150-1184.
Blank, R. K. (2013). Science instructional time is declining in elementary schools: What are the implications for student achievement and closing the gap?. Science Education, 97(6), 830-847.
Bohlmann, N. L., & Palacios, N. (2024). Examining Child, Family, Classroom, and School Factors Associated with Latinx Children’s Early Science Achievement. Early Education and Development, 35(4), 783-804.
Çalık, M., & Sözbilir, M. (2014). İçerik analizinin parametreleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(174), 33-38.
Darling-Hammond, L., Burns, D., Campbell, C., Goodwin, A. L., Hammerness, K., Low, E. L., & Zeichner, K. (2017). Empowered educators: How high-performing systems shape teaching quality around the world. John Wiley & Sons.
Dinc, E. (2019). Prospective teachers’ perceptions of barriers to technology integration in education. Contemporary educational technology, 10(4), 381-398.
Due, K., Skoog, M., Areljung, S., Ottander, C., & Sundberg, B. (2023). Teachers’ conceptualisations of science teaching–obstacles and opportunities for pedagogical continuity across early childhood school forms. International Journal of Early Years Education, 31(3), 790-805.
Dündar, S., Güvendir, M. A., Kocabiyik, O. O., & Papatga, E. (2014). Which elementary school subjects are the most likeable, most important, and the easiest? Why?: A study of science and technology, mathematics, social studies, and Turkish. Educational Research and Reviews, 9(13), 417
Fatima, H. G., Akbar, H., Khan, B. S., Amin, H., & Anjum, S. M. A. (2022). Cooperative Learning As An Innovative Method In Teaching Science At Elementary Level. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 879-889.
Fauziah, S. R., Sutisnawati, A., Nurmeta, I. K., & Hilma, A. (2022). Pengaruh metode eksperimen berbantuan media kit ipa terhadap kemampuan literasi sains dan karakter rasa ingin tahu siswa sekolah dasar. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendas, 8(2), 457-467.
Firman, F., Baedhowi, B., & Murtini, W. (2018). The effectiveness of the scientific approach to improve student learning outcomes. International Journal of Active Learning, 3(2), 86-91.
Fitria, Y., Helsa, Y., & Hasanah, F. N. (2019). The learning tool for electric circuit and mathematics logic integration. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1321, No. 3, p. 032108). IOP Publishing.
Garraway-Lashley, Y. M. (2019). Teaching science at the primary school level:“problems teachers’ are facing”. Asian Journal of Education and e-Learning, 7(3).
Ghasemian, Y., (2023). Obsolescence of Experimental Science Teaching Methods and Alternative Solutions. Research in Chemistry Education, 4(3), 108-120. [In Persian]
Goshu, B. S., & Ridwan, M. (2024). A Receptor-Oriented Approach to Overcoming Universal Challenges in Science Education. Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal, 7(4), 187-204.
Javidi Kalateh Jafarabadi, T., Mahram, B., & Jahangard, F., (2018). Challenges in Teaching Experimental Sciences, National Conference on New World Achievements in Education, Psychology, Law and Cultural-Social Studies, West Azerbaijan Province - Khoy. [In Persian]
Jones, R., & Swanson, E. (2009). Understanding elementary teachers' use of science teaching time: Lessons from the Big Sky Science Partnership. Journal of Mathematics and Science: Collaborative Explorations, 11(1), 163-192.
Karyadi, A. C., & Rosa, M. (2023). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kognitif Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun Melalui Pemanfaatan Media Loose Part. Jurnal Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, 1(2), 76-82.
Kejora, M. T. B. (2020). The use of concrete media in science learning in inquiry to improve science process skills for simple machine subject. MUDARRISA: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Islam, 12(1), 1-17.
Kenedi, A. K., Chandra, R., & Fitria, Y. (2019, December). Problem based learning: a way to improve critical thinking ability of elementary school students on science learning. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1424, No. 1, p. 012037). IOP Publishing.
Khalida, B. R., & Astawan, I. G. (2021). Penerapan Metode Eksperimen untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar IPA Siswa Kelas VI SD. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Profesi Guru, 4(2), 182-189.
Kotsis, K. T. (2024). Obstacles to Teaching Science in Primary School and Strategies to Overcome Them. European Journal of Contemporary Education and E-Learning, 2(1), 223-233.
Kotsis, K. T. (2024). The significance of experiments in inquiry-based science teaching. European Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 5(2), 86-92.
Kotsis, K. T., Gikopoulou, O. U. R. A. N. I. A., Patrinopoulos, M. A. T. T. H. A. I. O. S., Kapotis, E. F. S. T. R. A. T. I. O. S., & Kalkanis, G. (2023). Designing the new science curricula for primary education in Greece. Challenges and concerns in 21st century education, 101-116.
Lee, E. A., & Brown, M. J. (2018). Connecting inquiry and values in science education: An approach based on John Dewey’s philosophy. Science & Education, 27, 63-79.
Lee, S., & Kim, S. H. (2018). Scientific knowledge and attitudes toward science in South Korea: does knowledge lead to favorable attitudes?. Science Communication, 40(2), 147-172.
Maison, M., Haryanto, H., Ernawati, M. D. W., Ningsih, Y., Jannah, N., Puspitasari, T. O., & Putra, D. S. (2020). Comparison of Student Attitudes towards Natural Sciences. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(1), 54-61.
Makamu, G., & Ramnarain, U. (2023). Experiences of teachers in the enactment of simulations in 5E inquiry-based science teaching. Education and New Developments, 2, 400-404.
Marsh, C., (2013). Integrated Research Synthesis Research, Translated by Farideh Mashayekh and Lotfali Ebadi. Tehran, SAMT Publications. [In Persian]
Masalimova, A. R., Zheltukhina, M. R., Sergeeva, O. V., Kosarenko, N. N., Tsomartova, D. A., & Smirnova, L. M. (2024). Science teaching in BRICS: A systematic review of pedagogical approaches and challenges. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(4), em2432.
Mateos-Nunez, M., Martinez-Borreguero, G., & Naranjo-Correa, F. L. (2020). Learning science in primary education with STEM workshops: analysis of teaching effectiveness from a cognitive and emotional perspective. Sustainability, 12(8), 3095.
Møller, A. M., & Myles, P. S. (2016). What makes a good systematic review and meta-analysis?. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, 117(4), 428-430.
Mupa, P., & Chinooneka, T. I. (2015). Factors Contributing to Ineffective Teaching and Learning in Primary Schools: Why Are Schools in Decadence?. Journal of education and practice, 6(19), 125-132.
Napitupulu, N. D., Ratu, B., Walanda, D. K., & Napitupulu, M. (2023). Challenges faced by science teachers in implementing differentiated learning in junior high school Palu Central Sulawesi Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(Special Issue), 960-966.
Nasution, S. E. (2022). UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPA MELALUI STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN BERORIENTASI AKTIFITAS SISWA KELAS V SDN 200508 PADANGSIDIMPUAN TAHUN PELAJARAN 2020/2021. Jurnal ESTUPRO, 7(1), 20-30.
Nguyen, N. T., & Tran, L. H. (2024). Uncovering the Challenges and Requirements of Elementary School Teachers in Implementing STEM Educational Activities in Vietnam. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 23(6), 373-390.
Nilsson, P., & Van Driel, J. (2011). How will we understand what we teach?-Primary student teachers’ perceptions of their development of knowledge and attitudes towards physics. Research in Science Education, 41, 541-560.
Ningrum, Y. S., & Wulandari, R. (2020). Korelasi implementasi pembelajaran ipa daring terhadap literasi teknologi siswa di kelas VIII SMP. JPPS (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sains), 10(1), 1889-1898.
Nosrati Heshy, K., Samidi, H., Shahin, A., & Nasirvand, M. (2024). A phenomenological study on improving the prevailing challenges in teaching science in elementary school. Research in Curriculum Studies, 4(2), 59–73. [In Persian]
Novitasari, C., & Meilana, S. F. (2022). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Think Talk Write Berbantuan Video Interaktif terhadap Hasil Belajar IPA Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(4), 7250-7256.
Nurâ, S., Jumyati, J., Yuliyanti, Y., Nulhakim, L., & Leksono, S. M. (2023). Scientific approach to learning science in elementary schools. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(8), 6659-6666.
Penn, M., & Mavuru, L. (2020). Assessing pre-service teachers’ reception and attitudes towards virtual laboratory experiments in life sciences. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 19(6A), 1092-1105.
Perkins, D. N., & Perkins, D. N. (2009). The mind's best work. Harvard University Press.
Perman, A. A. (2021). Challenges and initiatives in teaching science and mathematics in rural area: A case study. Journal of Contemporary Social Science Research (JCSSR), 5(1), 1-9.
Pratama, R., Ikhsanudin, I., & Salam, U. (2018). A student’s strategies to overcome speaking anxiety in public speaking class. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa (JPPK), 7(9).
Putri, N. R. S., & Meilana, S. F. (2023). The Effect of Experimental Learning Methods on Students' Cognitive Abilities in Science Learning. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(9), 7539-7546.
Prananda, G., Judijanto, L., Purwoko, B., Lestari, N. C., & Efendi, N. (2023). The Application of Demonstrated Learning Methods to Increase Primary School Students' Science Learning Results. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(12), 12175-12181.
Purnama, H. I., Wilujeng, I., & Jabar, C. S. A. (2023). Blended learning in elementary school science learning: A systematic literature review. Int J Eval & Res Educ ISSN, 2252(8822), 1409.
Rahmatih, A. N., & Fauzi, A. (2020). Persepsi mahasiswa calon guru sekolah dasar dalam menanggapi perkuliahan secara daring selama masa Covid-19. MODELING: Jurnal Program Studi PGMI, 7(2), 143-153.
Ramdani, N. G., Fauziyyah, N., Fuadah, R., Rudiyono, S., Septiyaningrum, Y. A., Salamatussa'adah, N., & Hayani, A. (2023). Definisi dan teori pendekatan, strategi, dan metode pembelajaran. Indonesian Journal of Elementary Education and Teaching Innovation, 2(1), 20-31.
Rismawati, R., Ratman, R., & Dewi, A.I. (2020). Application Experimental Methods in Improving Understanding of the Concept of Thermal Energy in Grade IV Students at SDN No. 1 Baluk 2. Jurnal Kreative Online, 4(1).
Russell, T., & Martin, A. K. (2023). Learning to teach science. In Handbook of research on science education (pp. 1162-1196). Routledge.
Sellars, M., Fakirmohammad, R., Bui, L., Fishetti, J., Niyozov, S., Reynolds, R., ... & Ali, N. (2018). Conversations on critical thinking: Can critical thinking find its way forward as the skill set and mindset of the century?. Education Sciences, 8(4), 205.
Septiyanto, A., Prima, E. C., & Widodo, A. (2024). Elementary Teachers’ Science Background and Its Impact on Their Science Teaching. Acta Scientiae, 26(1), 205-232.
Silitonga, B. N. (2020). Persepsi mahasiswa pgsd uph terhadap pemanfaatan media pembelajaran IPA sd melalui Project Based Learning. Pedagogia, 18(1), 1-12.
Simbolon, S., Sapri, S., & Sapri, S. (2022). Analisis Kesulitan Belajar Siswa Kelas IV Materi Bangun Datar di Sekolah Dasar. Edukatif: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 4(2), 2510-2515.
Statistics, E. TIMSS 2023 Methodology and Technical Notes
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research (Vol. 15). Newbury Park, CA: sage.
Subali, B., Kumaidi, K., Aminah, N. S., & Sumintono, B. (2019). Student achievement based on the use of scientific method in the natural science subject in elementary school. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 8(1), 39-51.
Tosun, C. (2020). The predictive effect of some variables on fifth and sixth grade students’ scientific process skills. Journal of Education in Science Environment and Health, 6(1), 10-23.
Vlachos, I., Stylos, G., & Kotsis, K. T. (2024). Primary School Teachers' Attitudes Towards Experimentation in Physics Teaching. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 12(1), 60-70.
Wiggan, G., Smith, D., & Watson-Vandiver, M. J. (2021). The national teacher shortage, urban education and the cognitive sociology of labor. The Urban Review, 53, 43-75.
Yolanda, S., & Meilana, S. F. (2021). Pengaruh aplikasi quizizz terhadap minat belajar ipa siswa kelas v di sekolah dasar. Jurnal Educatio FKIP UNMA, 7(3), 915-921.
Zendler, A., & Greiner, H. (2020). The effect of two instructional methods on learning outcome in chemistry education: The experiment method and computer simulation. Education for Chemical Engineers, 30, 9-19.
Zooelm, A. (2005). A reflection on the concept of challenge: The word 'challenge' in Iranian socio-cultural literature. Zamaneh, 4(9), 34–37. [In Persian]
