Investigation of the Effects of Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Nitrate Fertilizers on the Growth and Performance of common Daisy (Bellis perennis L.) in External Green Walls
Subject Areas : Morphophysiological
حسین زارعی
1
,
Mansoure Jozay
2
1 - عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی گرگان
2 - PhD graduate, Horticultural Sciences Department, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Keywords: Garden Terrace, Nutrition, Vertical System, Plant Performance, Seasonal Flower.,
Abstract :
Nutritional management plays a crucial role in enhancing the ecological functions of green walls. In this regard, a study was conducted in the autumn of 2022 in Mashhad, aimed at evaluating the effects of fertilizer sources on the morphophysiological characteristics of Daisy (Bellis perennis) in green wall conditions. The experiment was planned on the factorial statistical design based on the randomized complete block design with three replications. The first treatment was potassium nitrate fertilizer (in four doses: 0, 1, 3, and 6 mM), and the second treatment was zinc sulfate (in four doses: 0, 1, 2, and 4 μM). The results showed that the use of zinc sulfate and potassium nitrate significantly increased growth and improved plant performance compared to the control group. The findings indicate that fertilization with 6 millimolar potassium nitrate and the simultaneous application of 4 micromolar zinc sulfate resulted in the highest growth indices, including the tallest plant height (14 cm), flower bud diameter (12 mm), number of flower buds (4.7), flower bud length (9.2 mm), number of flowers (9 per plant), peduncle length (30 mm), flower length (17 mm), number of leaves (35), SPAD index (48), fresh flower weight (1.8 g), and dry flower weight (1.3 g). The highest total chlorophyll content (5.7 μg/mg) in both fertilizers was observed in the highest concentration treatment, whereas the highest carotenoid content (0.8 μg/mg fresh weight) and electrolyte leakage (53.86%) were recorded in the non-fertilized treatment. The application of 6 millimolar potassium nitrate and 4 micromolar zinc sulfate is recommended for daisy cultivation in green walls. These findings suggest that the combination of these fertilizers can improve the growth and aesthetic appeal of external green walls and present a suitable approach to promoting the use of ornamental plants in urban spaces.
Alizadeh A., Majidi A., and Noor Mohammadi, G. (2008). Effect of Drought Stress and Nitrogen Level on Adsorption of Food Elements in Corn 704. Research in Agricultural Science, 1: 59-51. (In Persian)
Annasamy, K., and Karuppapiah, P. (2024). Effect of Micronutrients on Flowering and Yield Attributes of Chrysanthemum (Dendrathemum grandiflora Tzeuleu) cv. CO 1. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 36(2); 48-52.
Ashfaq, A., Hussain, N., and Athar, M. (2015). Role of potassium fertilizers in plant growth, crop yield and quality fiber production of cotton–an overview. FUUAST Journal of Biology, 5(1): 27-35.
Bikhish, F., Ghasemi, K., and Haddadinejad, M. (2024). Crosstalk of sucrose, potassium, and magnesium on growth, yield, and carbohydrate partitioning in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under poor light conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 47(9): 1464-1474.
Blum A., and Ebercon A. (1981). Cell membrane stability as a measure of drought and heat tolerance in wheat. Crop Science, 21: 43-47.
Bolat, I., Korkmaz, K., Dogan, M., Turan, M., Kaya, C., Seyed Hajizadeh, H. and Kaya, O. (2024). Enhancing drought, heat shock, and combined stress tolerance in Myrobalan 29C rootstocks with foliar application of potassium nitrate. BMC Plant Biology, 24(1): 140.
Broadley, M. R., White, P. J., Hammond, J. P., Zelko, I., and Lux, A. (2007). Zinc in plants. New Phytologist, 173(4), 677-702.
Dere, S., Günes, T., and Sivaci, R. (1998). SpectropHotometric determination of chloropHyll-a, b and total carotenoid contents of some algae species using different solvents, Turkish Journal of Botany, 22: 7–13.
Epstein, E., and Bloom, A. J. (2005). Mineral nutrition of plants: Principles and perspectives. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Hafeez, A., Ali, S., and Hussain, S. (2022). Role of Zinc in Plant Growth and Development: A Review. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 45(4): 537-552.
Hossain, M. I., Khatun, A., Talukder, M. S. A., Dewan, M. M. R., and Uddin, M. S. (2010). Effect of drought on physiology and yield contributing characters of sunflower. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 35(1): 113-124.
Islam, M. R., Sarker, U., Azam, M. G., Hossain, J., Alam, M. A., Ullah, R., Bari, A., Hossain, N., El Sabagh, A., and Islam, M. S. 2024. Potassium augments growth, yield, nutrient content, and drought tolerance in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek.). Scientific Reports, 14(1): 9378.
Jozay, M. (2024). Combining Green Space and Urban Gardening in External Green Wall under the Influence of Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Types of Recycled Water; ph.D thesis. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources: Gorgan, Iran.
Jozay, M., Zarei, H., Khorasaninejad, S., and Miri, T. (2024a). The impact of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the functional and thermodynamic traits of Aptenia cordifolia and Carpobrotus edulis under recycled water irrigation in external green wall conditions. Agricultural water management. Accepted.
Jozay, M., Zarei, H., Khorasaninejad, S., and Miri, T. (2024b). Exploring the impact of plant growth-promoting bacteria in alleviating stress on Aptenia cordifolia subjected to irrigation with recycled water in multifunctional external green walls. BMC Plant Biology, 24(1): 802.
Jozay, M., Zarei, H., Khorasaninejad, S., and Miri, T. (2024c). Maximising CO2 Sequestration in the City: The Role of Green Walls in Sustainable Urban Development. Pollutants, 4(1): 91-116.
Jozay, M., Zarei, H., Khorasaninejad, S. and Miri, T. (2024d). Assessment of aesthetic quality of the external green wall: Investigating the impact of growth-promoting bacteria and recycled water types. Landscape Architecture Frontiers. Accepted.
Jozay, M., Zarei, H., Khorasaninejad, S. and Miri, T. (2024e). Effects of wastewater and gray water irrigation on Aptenia cordifolia, Carpobrotus edulis, Festuca ovina glauca and Ophiopogon japonicus treated with growth promoting bacteria in external green wall. Acta. Accepted.
Jozay, M., Zarei, H., Khorasaninejad, S., and Miri, T. (2023a). Investigation of the functional and environmental effects of Ophiopogon japonicus and Festuca ovina under the influence of growth-promoting bacteria and different types of recycled water in a vertical green system. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. Ready for publication, in press.
Jozay, M., Zarei, H., Khorasaninejad, S., and Miri, T. (2023b). Investigation of the morphophysiological properties of Festuca ovina, Ophiopogon japonicus, Carpobrotus edulis and Aptenia cordifolia under the influence of recycled water and growth-promoting bacteria in an external green wall. Journal of Plant Processes and Functions. Ready for publication, in press.
Jozay, M., Zarei, H., Khorasaninejad, S., and Miri, T. (2022a). Urban gardening on the green wall. 10th International Conference on Agricultural Science, Environment, Urban and Rural Development. Tbilisi- Georgia.
Jozay, M., Kazemi, F., and Fotovat, A. (2022b). The performance of cover plant (Frankenia thymifolia) and its effect on the physicochemical properties of the recycled substrates in four different seasons in external green wall systems. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 18(69): 1-25.
Jozay, M., Kazemi, F. and Fotovat, A. (2021a). Evaluation of the Growth and Thermodynamic Properties of Frankenia on Different Growing Media in an External Green Wall. Isfahan University of Technology-Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 10(4): 111-124.
Jozay, M., Rabbani, M., and Kazemi, F. (2021b). The impact of humic acid solutions and types of growing media on some morphophysiological and biochemical features of Syngonium sp. and Pothos sp. plants in interior green wall conditions. Plant Arshive, 21: 2240-2252.
Jozay, M. (2020). Effect of growing media on morphophysiological characteristics of some ground cover plants for usage in an external green wall system, Master's thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.: Mashhad, Iran.
Kazem, A. and F. El-Messili. (1992). Effect of different rates of vitrogen fertilizer on yield and dry matter accumulation of sunflower. Indian Journal Agron. 32:55-67.
Khalifa, R. K. H. M., Shaaban, S. H. A., and Rawia, A. (2011). Effect of foliar application of zinc sulfate and boric acid on growth, yield and chemical constituents of iris plants. Ozean J. Appl. Sci, 4(2): 129-144.
Khalequzzaman, Ullah, H., Himanshu, S.K., García‐Caparrós, P., Tisarum, R., Praseartkul, P., Cha-um, S., and Datta, A. (2024). Growth, yield, and fiber quality of cotton plants under drought stress are positively affected by seed priming with potassium nitrate. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 1-19.
Khamadi F.M., Mesgarbashi P., Hasibi M., Farzaneh N. (2015). Influence of crop residue and nitrogen levels on nutrient content in grain wheat. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi), 108: 158-166. (In Persian).
Li, R., Volenec, J. J., Joern, B. C. and Cunningham, S. M. (1997). Potassium and nitrogen effects on carbohydrate and protein metabolism in alfalfa roots. Journal of plant nutrition, 20(4-5): 511-529.
López, R., García, J., and Martínez, P. (2021). Effects of Potassium Nitrate on Plant Growth and Yield: A Review. Horticultural Science & Technology, 32(2): 159-174.
Lundholm, J., Tran, S. and Gebert, L. (2015). Plant functional traits predict green roof ecosystem services. Environmental science & technology, 49(4): 2366-2374.
Mabberley, D. J. (2017). Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classification, and Uses. Cambridge University Press.
Mahdieh, M., Sangi, M. R., Bamdad, F., and Ghanem, A. 2018. Effect of seed and foliar application of nano-zinc oxide, zinc chelate, and zinc sulphate rates on yield and growth of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41(18): 2401-2412.
Marschner, H. (2012). Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press.
Nasri, M., Khalatbari, M., and Farahani, H. A. (2011). Zn-foliar application influence on quality and quantity features in phaseolous vulgaris under different levels of N and K fertilizers. Advances in Environmental Biology, 839-847.
Samar Raza, M. A., Saleem, M. F., Khan, I. H., Jamil, M., Ijaz, M. and Khan, M. A. (2012). Evaluating the drought stress tolerance efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars. Russian Journal f Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 12(12): 41-46.
Sánchez, J., Martínez, A., and López, M. (2023). Asteraceae Family in Urban Green Spaces: Characteristics and Benefits. Ecological Engineering, 182: 108-117.
Shoormij, F., Mirlohi, A., Saeidi, G., Sabzalian, M. R., and Shirvani, M. (2024). Zinc foliar application may alleviate drought stress in wheat species through physiological changes. Plant Stress, 13: 100534.
Singh, J., Singh, M., Jain, A., Bhardwaj, S., Singh, A., Singh, D. K., Bhushan, B. and Dubey, S. K. (2013). An introduction of plant nutrients and foliar fertilization: a review. Precision farming: a new approach, New Delhi: Daya Publishing Company, 252-320.
Taiz, L., and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant physiology. Sinauer Associates.
Tóth, E. A., and Kalocsai, R. (2021). The role of zinc in plants and in the soil.
Williams, N. S. G., Hughes, R. E., Jones, N. M., Bradbury, D. A., and Rayner, J. P. (2010). The performance of native and exotic species for extensive green roofs in Melbourne, Australia. Acta Hortic. 881: 689–96.
Xu, X., Du, X., Wang, F., Sha, J., Chen, Q., Tian, G., Zhu, Z., Ge, S. and Jiang, Y. (2020). Effects of potassium levels on plant growth, accumulation and distribution of carbon, and nitrate metabolism in apple dwarf rootstock seedlings. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11: 904.
