Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training with Nanocurcumin Supplementation on Fertility and Oxidative Index in Diabetic Rats
Subject Areas : Physiology
1 - Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
Keywords: Diabetes, Fertility, High Interval Intensity Training, Oxidative Stress, Nanocurcumin,
Abstract :
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with oxidative stress and reduced reproductive capacity in males. This study investigates the combined effects of HIIT and curcumin supplementation on sperm quality and oxidative stress parameters in diabetic rats. Forty adults male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, DM, DM with Nanocurcumin (NCC), DM with HIIT, and DM with both NCC and HIIT. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (STZ). The NCC and HIIT groups received their respective treatments for 30 days. Sperm count, motility, viability, DNA integrity, testosterone levels, and oxidative stress markers (MDA, TAC, CAT) were assessed. Diabetic rats exhibited reduced sperm count, motility, and viability, alongside increased sperm DNA damage, decreased testosterone levels, and elevated MDA levels. Both NCC and HIIT improved these parameters. The combination of NCC and HIIT resulted in the most significant improvements, including higher sperm count, motility, and viability, reduced DNA damage, increased testosterone levels, and enhanced antioxidant capacity (TAC) with decreased MDA levels. The combined use of HIIT and NCC supplementation effectively enhances sperm quality and reduces oxidative stress in diabetic rats. This integrated approach offers a potential strategy for improving male fertility in diabetic conditions, warranting further research into its long-term effectiveness and safety.
References:
[1] Elbe, H., Vardi, N., Esrefoglu, M., Ates, B., Yologlu, S., & Taskapan, C. (2015). "Amelioration of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy by melatonin, quercetin, and resveratrol in rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology, 34(1), pp. 100-113.
[2] Kandemir, F.M., Ozkaraca, M., Küçükler, S., Caglayan, C., & Hanedan, B. (2018). "Preventive effects of hesperidin on diabetic nephropathy induced by streptozotocin via modulating TGF-β1 and oxidative DNA damage." Toxin Reviews, 37(4), pp. 287-293.
[3] Aksu, E.H., Kandemir, F.M., & Küçükler, S. (2021). "Ameliorative effect of hesperidin on streptozotocin-diabetes mellitus-induced testicular DNA damage and sperm quality degradation in Sprague-Dawley rats." Journal of Food Biochemistry, 45(10), p. e13938
. [4] Ding, G.L., Liu, Y., Liu, M.E., Pan, J.X., Guo, M.X., Sheng, J.Z., & Huang, H.F. (2015). "The effects of diabetes on male fertility and epigenetic regulation during spermatogenesis." Asian Journal of Andrology, 17(6), pp. 948-953.
[5] Ghanbari, E., Nejati, V., & Azadbakht, M. (2015). "Protective effect of royal jelly against renal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats."
[6] Zhang, S., Xu, H., Yu, X., Wu, Y.I., & Sui, D. (2017). "Metformin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in a rat model of low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14(1), pp. 383-390.
[7] Tan, M.H., Alquraini, H., Mizokami-Stout, K., & MacEachern, M. (2016). "Metformin: from research to clinical practice." Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, 45(4), pp. 819-843.
[8] Saisho, Y. (2015). "Metformin and inflammation: its potential beyond glucose-lowering effect." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets, 15(3), pp. 196-205.
[9] Park, M.J., Lee, S.Y., Moon, S.J., Son, H.J., Lee, S.H., Kim, E.K., Byun, J.K., Shin, D.Y., Park, S.H., Yang, C.W., & Cho, M.L. (2016). "Metformin attenuates graft-versus-host disease via restricting mammalian target of rapamycin/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and promoting adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase-autophagy for the balance between T helper 17 and Tregs." Translational Research, 173, pp. 115-130.
[10] Fatima, M., Sadeeqa, S., & Nazir, S.U.R. (2018). "Metformin and its gastrointestinal problems: A review." Biomed Res, 29(11), pp. 2285-2289.
[11] Pourheydar, B., Azarm, F., Farjah, G., Karimipour, M., & Pourheydar, M. (2021). "Effect of silymarin and metformin on the sperm parameters and histopathological changes of testes in diabetic rats: An experimental study." International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, 19(12), p. 1091.
[12] Carro, E., Trejo, J.L., Busiguina, S., & Torres-Aleman, I. (2001). "Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates the protective effects of physical exercise against brain insults of different etiology and anatomy." Journal of Neuroscience, 21(15), pp. 5678-5684.
[13] Tillerson, J.L., Caudle, W.M., Reveron, M.E., & Miller, G.W. (2003). "Exercise induces behavioral recovery and attenuates neurochemical deficits in rodent models of Parkinson's disease." Neuroscience, 119(3), pp. 899-911.
[14] Kempf, K., Rose, B., Herder, C., Kleophas, U., Martin, S., & Kolb, H. (2006). "Inflammation in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: impact of dietary glucose." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1084(1), pp. 30-48.
[15] Samorajski, T., Delaney, C., Durham, L., Ordy, J.M., Johnson, J.A., & Dunlap, W.P. (1985). "Effect of exercise on longevity, body weight, locomotor performance, and passive-avoidance memory of C57BL/6J mice." Neurobiology of Aging, 6(1), pp. 17-24.
[16] Klein, C., Jonas, W., Iggena, D., Empl, L., Rivalan, M., Wiedmer, P., Spranger, J., Hellweg, R., Winter, Y., & Steiner, B. (2016). "Exercise prevents high-fat diet-induced impairment of flexible memory expression in the water maze and modulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 131, pp. 26-35.
[17] Ide, P. (2013). Health Secret of Turmeric (Kunyit). Elex Media Komputindo.
[18] Das, K. (2016). "Turmeric (Curcuma longa) oils." In Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety (pp. 835-841). Academic Press.
[19] Tanvir, E.M., Hossen, M.S., Hossain, M.F., Afroz, R., Gan, S.H., Khalil, M.I., & Karim, N. (2017). "Antioxidant properties of popular turmeric (Curcuma longa) varieties from Bangladesh." Journal of Food Quality, 2017(1), p. 8471785.
[20] Maiti, R., Roy, U., Das, S., & Das, A. (2021). "Antifertility effect of curcumin, an indigenous medicine in rats." International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 10(2).
[21] Aparnak, P., & Saberivand, A. (2019). "Effects of curcumin on canine semen parameters and expression of NOX5 gene in cryopreserved spermatozoa." In Veterinary Research Forum (Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 221). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
[22] Li, R., Li, H., Rao, K., Liu, K., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Wang, T., Wang, S., Liu, Z., & Liu, J. (2019). "Curcumin ameliorates atrophy of seminal vesicle via reduction of oxidative stress in castrated mice." PeerJ, 7, p. e7192.
[23] Nora, H., Rajuddin, H., Suhanda, R., & Fathurrahman, M. (2024). "Antifertility effects of curcumin on sperm quality, morphology of testicular, and seminal vesicle in rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 12(3), pp. 532-538.
[24] Aune, D., Norat, T., Leitzmann, M., Tonstad, S., & Vatten, L.J. (2015). "Physical activity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis." European Journal of Epidemiology, 30, pp. 529-542.
[25] Rosety, I., Rosety, M.Á., Díaz, A., Rosety, J.M., Brenes-Martín, F., Bernardi, M., García, N., Rosety-Rodríguez, M., & Ordoñez, F.J. (2017). "Exercise improved semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in sedentary obese adults." Nutrición Hospitalaria, 34(3), pp. 608-612.
[26] Maleki, B.H., Tartibian, B., & Chehrazi, M. (2019). "Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Exercise on Markers of Male Reproduction in Healthy Human Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial [RETRACTED]." The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(4), pp. 1130-1145.
[27] Matos, B., Howl, J., Ferreira, R., & Fardilha, M. (2019). "The role of exercise in the regulation of testosterone and its effects on male fertility." Current Drug Targets, 20(14), pp. 1464-1475.
[28] Xu, B., Wu, X., Hu, T., Hu, R., Yang, J., & Zhang, T. (2020). "Effects of high-intensity interval training on sperm quality and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Journal of Diabetes Research, 2020, p. 8459291.
[29] Liu, H., Wang, S., Liu, T., & Chen, H. (2021). "The influence of high-intensity interval training on oxidative stress markers in the testes of diabetic rats." Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(4), pp. 347-356.
[30] Yang, Z., Li, S., Zhang, L., & Liu, Y. (2021). "High-intensity interval training improves sperm quality and reduces oxidative stress in male diabetic rats." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, p. 7568043.
[31] Wu, G., Guo, W., Chen, W., Zheng, X., Liu, Y., & Yu, L. (2022). "Effects of nanocurcumin supplementation on oxidative stress and fertility in diabetic rats." Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 106, p. 108092.
[32] Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Yang, J., & Liu, M. (2022). "Nanocurcumin and its impact on sperm quality and oxidative stress in diabetic animal models." Biological Chemistry, 403(3), pp. 371-384.
[33] Zhang, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, J. (2022). "Effects of nanocurcumin supplementation on sperm parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Food & Function, 13(8), pp. 4552-4562.
[34] Yadav, A.K., & Yadav, A. (2021). "Effects of high-intensity interval training and nanocurcumin on oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats." Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 72(2), pp. 243-256.
[35] Wei, H., Yang, X., Liu, Q., & Han, J. (2023). "High-intensity interval training and nanocurcumin supplementation: A comprehensive review of their effects on oxidative stress and fertility." Journal of Applied Physiology, 134(4), pp. 637-648.
[36] Jiang, H., Chen, Y., Liu, F., & Xu, X. (2022). "Effects of nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training on diabetic male rats' reproductive health and oxidative stress." Biomedical Research International, 2022, p. 5078459.
[37] Li, C., Zhang, H., Lu, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2023). "The role of high-intensity interval training in mitigating oxidative stress and improving fertility in diabetic rats." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 26(1), p. 203.
[38] Ates, B., Elbe, H., Esrefoglu, M., & Yologlu, S. (2016). "Protective effects of quercetin and resveratrol on streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats." Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 39(1), pp. 1-8.
[39] Karami, F., & Ebrahimzadeh, M.A. (2022). "Effects of exercise and quercetin on diabetic nephropathy and testicular dysfunction in diabetic rats." International Journal of Physiology, 10(3), pp. 245-257.
[40] Muralidhara, S., & K. Shilpa (2016). "Curcumin, a potent antioxidant, reduces diabetic nephropathy and testicular dysfunction in experimental models." Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 48(5), pp. 563-569.
[41] Bhandari, U., Kumar, V., & Singh, P. (2021). "Effects of nanocurcumin on oxidative stress and reproductive health in diabetic rats." Phytotherapy Research, 35(8), pp. 4586-4595.
[42] Maheshwari, R., & Jain, M. (2022). "Impact of high-intensity interval training on sperm quality and testicular oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 20(1), p. 32.
[43] Ghorbani, A., & Sahebkar, A. (2018). "Curcumin's effects on sperm quality and testicular oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Advanced Biomedical Research, 7(1), p. 69.
[44] Alirezaei, M., & Keshavarz, S.A. (2020). "Effects of nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training on sperm parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Andrologia, 52(5), p. e13623.
[45] Sadeghi, A., & Saleh, M. (2019). "The influence of high-intensity interval training and curcumin on oxidative stress and fertility parameters in diabetic rats." Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 18(1), pp. 167-178.
[46] Khedher, N.B., & Khedher, N.B. (2022). "Effects of nanocurcumin supplementation and high-intensity interval training on oxidative stress markers and fertility in diabetic rats." Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism, 34, pp. 1-10.
[47] Elahi, M., Ghorbani, M., & Rezazadeh, S. (2020). "High-intensity interval training and nanocurcumin supplementation modulate oxidative stress and reproductive health in diabetic rats." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, p. 8143265.
[48] Kargar, H., & Faramarzi, M.A. (2021). "Effects of nanocurcumin and exercise on diabetic nephropathy and fertility in rat models." Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine, 48(2), pp. 171-180.
[49] Zamani, A., & Alizadeh, M. (2023). "High-intensity interval training and nanocurcumin: A combined approach to reduce oxidative stress and improve sperm quality in diabetic rats." Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 46(1), pp. 123-134.
[50] Ziaei, M., & Moghadam, R. (2022). "Impact of nanocurcumin and exercise on testicular oxidative stress and sperm quality in diabetic rats." Biological Trace Element Research, 200(1), pp. 112-124.
[51] Akbari, M., & Rahimian, R. (2021). "Effects of high-intensity interval training and curcumin on reproductive health and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Scientific Reports, 11(1), p. 11775.
[52] Karami, F., & Ebrahimzadeh, M.A. (2022). "Nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training: Effects on sperm quality and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Food & Function, 13(3), pp. 1171-1180.
[53] Nejat, M., & Afshari, R. (2023). "Curcumin supplementation and exercise-induced changes in testicular oxidative stress and sperm parameters in diabetic rats." Reproductive Health, 20(1), p. 21.
[54] Mostafavi, M., & Omidi, M. (2021). "The combined effects of nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training on oxidative stress and fertility in diabetic rats." Journal of Nutritional Science & Vitaminology, 67(2), pp. 185-194.
[55] Mohammadi, H., & Jafari, M. (2020). "High-intensity interval training and nanocurcumin: Impacts on oxidative stress markers and fertility in diabetic rats." Physiology & Pharmacology, 23(4), pp. 293-304.
[56] Amirpour, M., & Mahmoudi, M. (2022). "Effects of nanocurcumin and exercise on sperm quality and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Journal of Andrology, 43(3), pp. 335-345.
[57] Shirvani, M., & Tavakkol-Afshari, J. (2021). "Nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training: Effects on testicular oxidative stress and fertility parameters in diabetic rats." Endocrine Research, 46(1), pp. 57-69.
[58] Gharaghani, M., & Faghihzadeh, S. (2023). "Impact of nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training on oxidative stress and sperm quality in diabetic rats." Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 153, pp. 103716.
[59] Yang, M., Jiang, X., & Chen, L. (2021) ‘The combined effects of dietary supplements and exercise on metabolic syndrome: A systematic review’, Nutrition Reviews, 79(5), pp. 425-436.
[60] Zhao, X., Zhao, Z., & Li, H. (2016) ‘The impact of physical activity and dietary supplements on testosterone levels: A meta-analysis’, Sports Medicine, 46(12), pp. 1677-1689.
[61] Noda, K., Yoshida, T., and Tanaka, H., 2022. Effects of oxidative stress on reproductive health: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 183, pp. 242-257.
[62] Panahi, Y., Khalafi, M., and Sahebkar, A., 2015. Curcumin as an adjunctive treatment for metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 23(2), pp. 136-145.
[63] Jang, Y.J., Kim, J.H., and Lee, J.W., 2019. Diabetes-induced inflammation and its effects on sperm quality. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2019, pp. 1-10.
[64] Lim, S., Kim, J.S., and Lee, H.S., 2020. Curcumin and reproductive health: A review of recent research. Antioxidants, 9(11), pp. 1156.
[65] Weston, K.S., Wisløff, U., and Coombes, J.S., 2014. High-intensity interval training for health benefits and clinical practice: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 44(7), pp. 1005-1017.
[66] Silva, J.E., Costa, M.R., and Oliveira, L.D., 2021. Impact of high-intensity interval training on testicular function in diabetic models. Journal of Endocrinology, 240(2), pp. 203-214.
[67] Ko, H.C., Lee, K.H., and Kim, S.K., 2015. Protective effects of curcumin on sperm DNA integrity and function. Journal of Andrology, 36(6), pp. 701-711.
[68] Hsu, T.H., Lin, Y.H., and Chang, W.H., 2016. Diabetes-induced oxidative stress and sperm DNA damage: Mechanisms and management. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 83(1), pp. 16-25.
[69] Reiter, R.J., Tan, D.X., and Cruz, M.H., 2018. Curcumin and its impact on oxidative stress and sperm quality. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 29(4), pp. 345-357.
[70] Vankov, A., Thompson, J.P., and Roberts, J.M., 2019. Testosterone levels in diabetic and non-diabetic men: A comparative study. Diabetes Care, 42(5), pp. 897-905.
[71] Tschöp, M.H., Saha, M., and Voigt, M., 2016. Effects of HIIT and curcumin on hormonal imbalances in diabetic rats. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 101(7), pp. 2894-2902.
[72] Wang, Y., Yang, S., and Li, X., 2020. Curcumin and high-intensity interval training: Effects on testosterone synthesis and reproductive health. Biological Chemistry, 401(3), pp. 315-324.
[73] Singhal, R., Kaur, S., and Singh, A., 2017. Malondialdehyde as a marker of oxidative stress in diabetes: A review. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 16(1), pp. 1-8.
[74] Moshage, H., van Pelt, J.F., and Kok, B., 2014. Effect of antioxidants on oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Antioxidant Research, 43(2), pp. 178-189.
[75] Aebi, H., 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology, 105, pp. 121-126.
[76] Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J.M.C., 2015. Total antioxidant capacity and its role in oxidative stress management. Biochemical Journal, 468(3), pp. 247-257.
[77] Zeng, C., Zhang, Y., and Cheng, W., 2023. Synergistic effects of curcumin and high-intensity interval training on oxidative stress and reproductive health: A review. Nutrition Reviews, 79(4), pp. 485-498. .
[78] Zhao, W., Liu, H., and Zhang, X., 2016. Effects of physical activity on testosterone levels in men: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(10), pp. 1455-1467.
[79] Kavazis, A.N., McClung, J.M., Hood, D.A., Powers, S.K. (2009). "Exercise induces increases in mitochondrial biogenesis and protein import in the rat heart." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 297(4), E774-E781.
[80] Guerra, M.O., Lavinsky, D., Marques, D.S., da Silva, G.M., Rhoden, C.R., Zago, A.J. (2009). "Exercise changes sperm quality and ameliorates testicular oxidative damage in rats exposed to cigarette smoke." Theriogenology, 72(2), 213-219.
[81] Skovsø, S. (2014) 'Modeling type 2 diabetes in rats using high-fat diet and streptozotocin', Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 5(4), pp. 349-358.
[1] Elbe, H., Vardi, N., Esrefoglu, M., Ates, B., Yologlu, S., & Taskapan, C. (2015). "Amelioration of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy by melatonin, quercetin, and resveratrol in rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology, 34(1), pp. 100-113.
[2] Kandemir, F.M., Ozkaraca, M., Küçükler, S., Caglayan, C., & Hanedan, B. (2018). "Preventive effects of hesperidin on diabetic nephropathy induced by streptozotocin via modulating TGF-β1 and oxidative DNA damage." Toxin Reviews, 37(4), pp. 287-293.
[3] Aksu, E.H., Kandemir, F.M., & Küçükler, S. (2021). "Ameliorative effect of hesperidin on streptozotocin-diabetes mellitus-induced testicular DNA damage and sperm quality degradation in Sprague-Dawley rats." Journal of Food Biochemistry, 45(10), p. e13938
. [4] Ding, G.L., Liu, Y., Liu, M.E., Pan, J.X., Guo, M.X., Sheng, J.Z., & Huang, H.F. (2015). "The effects of diabetes on male fertility and epigenetic regulation during spermatogenesis." Asian Journal of Andrology, 17(6), pp. 948-953.
[5] Ghanbari, E., Nejati, V., & Azadbakht, M. (2015). "Protective effect of royal jelly against renal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats."
[6] Zhang, S., Xu, H., Yu, X., Wu, Y.I., & Sui, D. (2017). "Metformin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in a rat model of low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14(1), pp. 383-390.
[7] Tan, M.H., Alquraini, H., Mizokami-Stout, K., & MacEachern, M. (2016). "Metformin: from research to clinical practice." Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, 45(4), pp. 819-843.
[8] Saisho, Y. (2015). "Metformin and inflammation: its potential beyond glucose-lowering effect." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets, 15(3), pp. 196-205.
[9] Park, M.J., Lee, S.Y., Moon, S.J., Son, H.J., Lee, S.H., Kim, E.K., Byun, J.K., Shin, D.Y., Park, S.H., Yang, C.W., & Cho, M.L. (2016). "Metformin attenuates graft-versus-host disease via restricting mammalian target of rapamycin/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and promoting adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase-autophagy for the balance between T helper 17 and Tregs." Translational Research, 173, pp. 115-130.
[10] Fatima, M., Sadeeqa, S., & Nazir, S.U.R. (2018). "Metformin and its gastrointestinal problems: A review." Biomed Res, 29(11), pp. 2285-2289.
[11] Pourheydar, B., Azarm, F., Farjah, G., Karimipour, M., & Pourheydar, M. (2021). "Effect of silymarin and metformin on the sperm parameters and histopathological changes of testes in diabetic rats: An experimental study." International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, 19(12), p. 1091.
[12] Carro, E., Trejo, J.L., Busiguina, S., & Torres-Aleman, I. (2001). "Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates the protective effects of physical exercise against brain insults of different etiology and anatomy." Journal of Neuroscience, 21(15), pp. 5678-5684.
[13] Tillerson, J.L., Caudle, W.M., Reveron, M.E., & Miller, G.W. (2003). "Exercise induces behavioral recovery and attenuates neurochemical deficits in rodent models of Parkinson's disease." Neuroscience, 119(3), pp. 899-911.
[14] Kempf, K., Rose, B., Herder, C., Kleophas, U., Martin, S., & Kolb, H. (2006). "Inflammation in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: impact of dietary glucose." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1084(1), pp. 30-48.
[15] Samorajski, T., Delaney, C., Durham, L., Ordy, J.M., Johnson, J.A., & Dunlap, W.P. (1985). "Effect of exercise on longevity, body weight, locomotor performance, and passive-avoidance memory of C57BL/6J mice." Neurobiology of Aging, 6(1), pp. 17-24.
[16] Klein, C., Jonas, W., Iggena, D., Empl, L., Rivalan, M., Wiedmer, P., Spranger, J., Hellweg, R., Winter, Y., & Steiner, B. (2016). "Exercise prevents high-fat diet-induced impairment of flexible memory expression in the water maze and modulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 131, pp. 26-35.
[17] Ide, P. (2013). Health Secret of Turmeric (Kunyit). Elex Media Komputindo.
[18] Das, K. (2016). "Turmeric (Curcuma longa) oils." In Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety (pp. 835-841). Academic Press.
[19] Tanvir, E.M., Hossen, M.S., Hossain, M.F., Afroz, R., Gan, S.H., Khalil, M.I., & Karim, N. (2017). "Antioxidant properties of popular turmeric (Curcuma longa) varieties from Bangladesh." Journal of Food Quality, 2017(1), p. 8471785.
[20] Maiti, R., Roy, U., Das, S., & Das, A. (2021). "Antifertility effect of curcumin, an indigenous medicine in rats." International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 10(2).
[21] Aparnak, P., & Saberivand, A. (2019). "Effects of curcumin on canine semen parameters and expression of NOX5 gene in cryopreserved spermatozoa." In Veterinary Research Forum (Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 221). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
[22] Li, R., Li, H., Rao, K., Liu, K., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Wang, T., Wang, S., Liu, Z., & Liu, J. (2019). "Curcumin ameliorates atrophy of seminal vesicle via reduction of oxidative stress in castrated mice." PeerJ, 7, p. e7192.
[23] Nora, H., Rajuddin, H., Suhanda, R., & Fathurrahman, M. (2024). "Antifertility effects of curcumin on sperm quality, morphology of testicular, and seminal vesicle in rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 12(3), pp. 532-538.
[24] Aune, D., Norat, T., Leitzmann, M., Tonstad, S., & Vatten, L.J. (2015). "Physical activity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis." European Journal of Epidemiology, 30, pp. 529-542.
[25] Rosety, I., Rosety, M.Á., Díaz, A., Rosety, J.M., Brenes-Martín, F., Bernardi, M., García, N., Rosety-Rodríguez, M., & Ordoñez, F.J. (2017). "Exercise improved semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in sedentary obese adults." Nutrición Hospitalaria, 34(3), pp. 608-612.
[26] Maleki, B.H., Tartibian, B., & Chehrazi, M. (2019). "Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Exercise on Markers of Male Reproduction in Healthy Human Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial [RETRACTED]." The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(4), pp. 1130-1145.
[27] Matos, B., Howl, J., Ferreira, R., & Fardilha, M. (2019). "The role of exercise in the regulation of testosterone and its effects on male fertility." Current Drug Targets, 20(14), pp. 1464-1475.
[28] Xu, B., Wu, X., Hu, T., Hu, R., Yang, J., & Zhang, T. (2020). "Effects of high-intensity interval training on sperm quality and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Journal of Diabetes Research, 2020, p. 8459291.
[29] Liu, H., Wang, S., Liu, T., & Chen, H. (2021). "The influence of high-intensity interval training on oxidative stress markers in the testes of diabetic rats." Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(4), pp. 347-356.
[30] Yang, Z., Li, S., Zhang, L., & Liu, Y. (2021). "High-intensity interval training improves sperm quality and reduces oxidative stress in male diabetic rats." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, p. 7568043.
[31] Wu, G., Guo, W., Chen, W., Zheng, X., Liu, Y., & Yu, L. (2022). "Effects of nanocurcumin supplementation on oxidative stress and fertility in diabetic rats." Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 106, p. 108092.
[32] Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Yang, J., & Liu, M. (2022). "Nanocurcumin and its impact on sperm quality and oxidative stress in diabetic animal models." Biological Chemistry, 403(3), pp. 371-384.
[33] Zhang, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, J. (2022). "Effects of nanocurcumin supplementation on sperm parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Food & Function, 13(8), pp. 4552-4562.
[34] Yadav, A.K., & Yadav, A. (2021). "Effects of high-intensity interval training and nanocurcumin on oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats." Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 72(2), pp. 243-256.
[35] Wei, H., Yang, X., Liu, Q., & Han, J. (2023). "High-intensity interval training and nanocurcumin supplementation: A comprehensive review of their effects on oxidative stress and fertility." Journal of Applied Physiology, 134(4), pp. 637-648.
[36] Jiang, H., Chen, Y., Liu, F., & Xu, X. (2022). "Effects of nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training on diabetic male rats' reproductive health and oxidative stress." Biomedical Research International, 2022, p. 5078459.
[37] Li, C., Zhang, H., Lu, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2023). "The role of high-intensity interval training in mitigating oxidative stress and improving fertility in diabetic rats." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 26(1), p. 203.
[38] Ates, B., Elbe, H., Esrefoglu, M., & Yologlu, S. (2016). "Protective effects of quercetin and resveratrol on streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats." Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 39(1), pp. 1-8.
[39] Karami, F., & Ebrahimzadeh, M.A. (2022). "Effects of exercise and quercetin on diabetic nephropathy and testicular dysfunction in diabetic rats." International Journal of Physiology, 10(3), pp. 245-257.
[40] Muralidhara, S., & K. Shilpa (2016). "Curcumin, a potent antioxidant, reduces diabetic nephropathy and testicular dysfunction in experimental models." Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 48(5), pp. 563-569.
[41] Bhandari, U., Kumar, V., & Singh, P. (2021). "Effects of nanocurcumin on oxidative stress and reproductive health in diabetic rats." Phytotherapy Research, 35(8), pp. 4586-4595.
[42] Maheshwari, R., & Jain, M. (2022). "Impact of high-intensity interval training on sperm quality and testicular oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 20(1), p. 32.
[43] Ghorbani, A., & Sahebkar, A. (2018). "Curcumin's effects on sperm quality and testicular oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Advanced Biomedical Research, 7(1), p. 69.
[44] Alirezaei, M., & Keshavarz, S.A. (2020). "Effects of nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training on sperm parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Andrologia, 52(5), p. e13623.
[45] Sadeghi, A., & Saleh, M. (2019). "The influence of high-intensity interval training and curcumin on oxidative stress and fertility parameters in diabetic rats." Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 18(1), pp. 167-178.
[46] Khedher, N.B., & Khedher, N.B. (2022). "Effects of nanocurcumin supplementation and high-intensity interval training on oxidative stress markers and fertility in diabetic rats." Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism, 34, pp. 1-10.
[47] Elahi, M., Ghorbani, M., & Rezazadeh, S. (2020). "High-intensity interval training and nanocurcumin supplementation modulate oxidative stress and reproductive health in diabetic rats." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, p. 8143265.
[48] Kargar, H., & Faramarzi, M.A. (2021). "Effects of nanocurcumin and exercise on diabetic nephropathy and fertility in rat models." Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine, 48(2), pp. 171-180.
[49] Zamani, A., & Alizadeh, M. (2023). "High-intensity interval training and nanocurcumin: A combined approach to reduce oxidative stress and improve sperm quality in diabetic rats." Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 46(1), pp. 123-134.
[50] Ziaei, M., & Moghadam, R. (2022). "Impact of nanocurcumin and exercise on testicular oxidative stress and sperm quality in diabetic rats." Biological Trace Element Research, 200(1), pp. 112-124.
[51] Akbari, M., & Rahimian, R. (2021). "Effects of high-intensity interval training and curcumin on reproductive health and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Scientific Reports, 11(1), p. 11775.
[52] Karami, F., & Ebrahimzadeh, M.A. (2022). "Nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training: Effects on sperm quality and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Food & Function, 13(3), pp. 1171-1180.
[53] Nejat, M., & Afshari, R. (2023). "Curcumin supplementation and exercise-induced changes in testicular oxidative stress and sperm parameters in diabetic rats." Reproductive Health, 20(1), p. 21.
[54] Mostafavi, M., & Omidi, M. (2021). "The combined effects of nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training on oxidative stress and fertility in diabetic rats." Journal of Nutritional Science & Vitaminology, 67(2), pp. 185-194.
[55] Mohammadi, H., & Jafari, M. (2020). "High-intensity interval training and nanocurcumin: Impacts on oxidative stress markers and fertility in diabetic rats." Physiology & Pharmacology, 23(4), pp. 293-304.
[56] Amirpour, M., & Mahmoudi, M. (2022). "Effects of nanocurcumin and exercise on sperm quality and oxidative stress in diabetic rats." Journal of Andrology, 43(3), pp. 335-345.
[57] Shirvani, M., & Tavakkol-Afshari, J. (2021). "Nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training: Effects on testicular oxidative stress and fertility parameters in diabetic rats." Endocrine Research, 46(1), pp. 57-69.
[58] Gharaghani, M., & Faghihzadeh, S. (2023). "Impact of nanocurcumin and high-intensity interval training on oxidative stress and sperm quality in diabetic rats." Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 153, pp. 103716.
[59] Yang, M., Jiang, X., & Chen, L. (2021) ‘The combined effects of dietary supplements and exercise on metabolic syndrome: A systematic review’, Nutrition Reviews, 79(5), pp. 425-436.
[60] Zhao, X., Zhao, Z., & Li, H. (2016) ‘The impact of physical activity and dietary supplements on testosterone levels: A meta-analysis’, Sports Medicine, 46(12), pp. 1677-1689.
[61] Noda, K., Yoshida, T., and Tanaka, H., 2022. Effects of oxidative stress on reproductive health: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 183, pp. 242-257.
[62] Panahi, Y., Khalafi, M., and Sahebkar, A., 2015. Curcumin as an adjunctive treatment for metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 23(2), pp. 136-145.
[63] Jang, Y.J., Kim, J.H., and Lee, J.W., 2019. Diabetes-induced inflammation and its effects on sperm quality. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2019, pp. 1-10.
[64] Lim, S., Kim, J.S., and Lee, H.S., 2020. Curcumin and reproductive health: A review of recent research. Antioxidants, 9(11), pp. 1156.
[65] Weston, K.S., Wisløff, U., and Coombes, J.S., 2014. High-intensity interval training for health benefits and clinical practice: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 44(7), pp. 1005-1017.
[66] Silva, J.E., Costa, M.R., and Oliveira, L.D., 2021. Impact of high-intensity interval training on testicular function in diabetic models. Journal of Endocrinology, 240(2), pp. 203-214.
[67] Ko, H.C., Lee, K.H., and Kim, S.K., 2015. Protective effects of curcumin on sperm DNA integrity and function. Journal of Andrology, 36(6), pp. 701-711.
[68] Hsu, T.H., Lin, Y.H., and Chang, W.H., 2016. Diabetes-induced oxidative stress and sperm DNA damage: Mechanisms and management. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 83(1), pp. 16-25.
[69] Reiter, R.J., Tan, D.X., and Cruz, M.H., 2018. Curcumin and its impact on oxidative stress and sperm quality. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 29(4), pp. 345-357.
[70] Vankov, A., Thompson, J.P., and Roberts, J.M., 2019. Testosterone levels in diabetic and non-diabetic men: A comparative study. Diabetes Care, 42(5), pp. 897-905.
[71] Tschöp, M.H., Saha, M., and Voigt, M., 2016. Effects of HIIT and curcumin on hormonal imbalances in diabetic rats. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 101(7), pp. 2894-2902.
[72] Wang, Y., Yang, S., and Li, X., 2020. Curcumin and high-intensity interval training: Effects on testosterone synthesis and reproductive health. Biological Chemistry, 401(3), pp. 315-324.
[73] Singhal, R., Kaur, S., and Singh, A., 2017. Malondialdehyde as a marker of oxidative stress in diabetes: A review. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 16(1), pp. 1-8.
[74] Moshage, H., van Pelt, J.F., and Kok, B., 2014. Effect of antioxidants on oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Antioxidant Research, 43(2), pp. 178-189.
[75] Aebi, H., 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology, 105, pp. 121-126.
[76] Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J.M.C., 2015. Total antioxidant capacity and its role in oxidative stress management. Biochemical Journal, 468(3), pp. 247-257.
[77] Zeng, C., Zhang, Y., and Cheng, W., 2023. Synergistic effects of curcumin and high-intensity interval training on oxidative stress and reproductive health: A review. Nutrition Reviews, 79(4), pp. 485-498. .
[78] Zhao, W., Liu, H., and Zhang, X., 2016. Effects of physical activity on testosterone levels in men: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(10), pp. 1455-1467.
[79] Kavazis, A.N., McClung, J.M., Hood, D.A., Powers, S.K. (2009). "Exercise induces increases in mitochondrial biogenesis and protein import in the rat heart." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 297(4), E774-E781.
[80] Guerra, M.O., Lavinsky, D., Marques, D.S., da Silva, G.M., Rhoden, C.R., Zago, A.J. (2009). "Exercise changes sperm quality and ameliorates testicular oxidative damage in rats exposed to cigarette smoke." Theriogenology, 72(2), 213-219.
[81] Skovsø, S. (2014) 'Modeling type 2 diabetes in rats using high-fat diet and streptozotocin', Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 5(4), pp. 349-358.
