Factor Structure and Validity of the Persian Version of the Desire Thinking Questionnaire

Subject Areas : Tectonostratigraphy

Amir Karami ¹ , Firoozeh Ghazanfari ² , Kourosh Amraei ³

1 - Ph.D. Candidate of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
3 - Assistant Professor of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.

Received: 2020-07-13 Accepted : 2020-08-02 Published : 2020-05-21

Keywords: validity, Reliability, Factor Structure, Desire Thinking Questionnaire, BIS/BAS scales,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study is to examine the factor structure and the validity of Desire Thinking Questionnaire (DTQ) thorough the Persian translated version, which envolves 10 questions and two factors adopted with Iranian cultural context. After translation and confirmation of the content validity by experts, a population of 510 students were selected thorough the academic year of 2020 in Mashhad deploying multi-stage cluster sampling to conduct the tests. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate the construct validity. The exploratory factor analysis identified two factors that were all consistent with the results of previously conducted studies. The results obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposed model. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of Desire Thinking Questionnaire (DTQ) and its factors was obtained from 0.75 to 0.79. Through the criterion validity examination of Desire Thinking Questionnaire (DTQ), the Persian version showed a positive and significant relationship with behavioral activation system and its components, as well as a significant negative relationship with behavioral inhibition system. Finally, it was concluded that the Persian version of DTQ can be considered as a reliable and valid scale to measure desire thinking in Iranian samples.

References:

Abbasi, M., Sadeghi, H., Pirani, Z., & Vatandoust, L. (2016). Behavioral activation and inhibition system's role in predicting addictive behaviors of patients with bipolar disorder of Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 21(6), 616-621. doi: 10.4103/ 1735-9066.197675

Abdi, S., Abdollahi, R., Babapour, J., & Ghoojazadeh, M. (2009). Comparison of personality traits related to brain systems of behavioral activation / inhibition in people with high-risk, low-risk and normal sex. Medical Journal of Tabriz University, 31(3), 49-56. (Persian)

Bywaters, M., Andrade, J., & Turpin, G. (2004). Intrusive and non-intrusive memories in a non-clinical sample: The effects of mood and affect on imagery vividness. Memory, 12, 467-478.

Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319

Caselli, G., Ferla, M., Mezzaluna, C., Rovetto, F., & Spada, M. M. (2012). Desire thinking across the continuum of drinking behaviour. European Addiction Research, 18, 64-69.

Caselli, G., Nikčević, A., Fiore, F., Mezzaluna, C., & Spada, M. M. (2012). Desire thinking across the continuum of nicotine dependence. Addiction Research and Theory, 20, 382-388.

Caselli, G., Soliani, M., & Spada, M. M. (2013). The effect of desire thinking on craving: An experimental investigation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27, 301-306.

Caselli, G., & Spada, M. M. (2010). Metacognitions in desire thinking: A preliminary investigation. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 38, 629-637.

Caselli, G., & Spada, M. M. (2011). The Desire Thinking Questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 1061-1067.

Caselli, G., & Spada, M. M. (2013). The metacognitions about Desire Thinking Questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 1284-1298.

Caselli, G., & Spada, M. M. (2015). Desire thinking: What is it and what drives it?. Addictive Behaviors, 44, 71-79.

Chakroun-Baggioni, N., Corman, M., Spada, M. M., Caselli, G., & Gierski, F. (2017). Desire thinking as a confounder in the relationship between mindfulness and craving: Evidence from a cross-cultural validation of the Desire Thinking Questionnaire. Psychiatry Res, 256, 188-193. doi:https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.051

Fernie, B. A., Caselli, G., Giustina, L., Donato, G., Marcotriggiani, A., & Spada, M. M. (2014). Desire thinking as a predictor of gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 39(4), 793–796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.010.

Field, M., Mogg, K., Zetteler, J., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). Attentional biases for alcohol cues in heavy and light social drinkers: The roles of initial orienting and maintained attention. Psychopharmacology, 176, 88-93.

Franken, I., & Muris, P. (2006). BIS/BAS personality characteristics and college students’ substance use. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(7), 1497-1503. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.005

Franken, I., Muris, P., & Georgieva, I. (2006). Gray's model of personality and addiction. Addict Behav, 31(3), 399-403. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.022

Gray, J. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Green, M., Rogers, P., & Elliman, N. (2000). Dietary restraint and addictive behaviour: The generalisability of Tyffany's cue reactivity model. International Journal of Eating Disorder, 27, 419-427.

Hillebrand, J. (2000). New perspectives on the manipulation of opiate urges and the assessment of cognitive effort associated with opiate urges. Addictive behaviors, 25(1), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4603(99)00007-6

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance
structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural
equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.

Janssen, A. G. (2019). A metacognitive model of alcohol use: A cross-sectional study examining the role of metacognitions and desire thinking. Master Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.

Kavanagh, D. J., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2004). Beating the urge: Implications of research into substance-related desires. Addictive Behaviours, 29, 1359-1372.

Kavanagh, D. J., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2005). Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: The elaborated intrusion theory of desire. Psychological Review, 112, 446-467.

Kavanagh, D. J., May, J., & Andrade, J. (2009). Tests of the elaborated intrusion theory of craving and desire: Feature of alcohol craving during treatment for an alcohol disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 241-254.

Kimbrel, N. A., Nelson-Gray, R. O., & Mitchell, J. T. (2007). Reinforcement sensitivity and maternal style as predictors of psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 1139-1149. doi:10.1016/ j.paid. 2006. 06.028

Marino, C., Caselli, G., Lenzi, M., Monaci, M.G., Vieno, A., Nikcevic, A.V., & Spada, M.M. (2019). Emotion Regulation and Desire Thinking as Predictors of Problematic Facebook Use. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(2), 405-411. doi: 10.1007/s11126-019-09628-1.

Mohammadi, N. (2008). Psychometric properties of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation system scales in Shiraz University students. Daneshvar (Raftar), 15(28), 61-68. (Persian)

Nam, C. R., Lee, D. H., Lee, J. Y., Choi, A. R., Chung, S. J., Kim, D.-J., . . . Choi, J.-S. (2018). The Role of Resilience in Internet Addiction among Adolescents between Sexes: A Moderated Mediation Model. Journal of clinical medicine, 7(8), 222. doi:10.3390/jcm7080222

Robinson, T., & Berridge, K. (1993). The neural basis of craving: An incentive-sensitisation theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18, 247-291.

Spada, M. M., Caselli, G., Slaifer, M., Nikcevic, A., & Sassaroli, S. (2014). Desire thinking as a predictor of problematic internet use. Social Science Computer Review, 32, 474-483.

Tiffany, S. T. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological review, 97(2), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.97.2.147

Tiffany, S. T., & Drobes, D. J. (1990). Imagery and smoking urges: The manipulation of affective content. Addictive Behaviours, 15, 531-539.

Witvliet, C. V., & Vrana, S. R. (1995). Psychophysiological responses to indices of affective dimensions. Psychophysiology, 32, 436-443.