Introducing a new CMOS-MTJ architecture for fast and highly low power 4:2 approximate compressors: insights into their applications in image processing
Subject Areas : Electronic Engineering
1 - Islamic Azad University of yazd
Keywords: Approximate multiplier, MATLAB, 4:2 compressor, Adiabatic MTJ/CMOS hybrid structure, ADS.,
Abstract :
The performance of digital signal processors (DSPs) can be improved by introducing some acceptable errors, such as the inaccuracy of hardware computational blocks. In fault-tolerant signal and image processing, approximation multipliers are used. These programs are superior in speed and energy efficiency but sacrifice accuracy. In this paper, we focus on the design of a 4:2 approximation compressor, which is at the heart of the inexact multipliers. This study proposes a concept for an approximation multiplier that uses an MTJ-based 4:2 approximation compressor to reduce hardware and power consumption compared to current designs. Using 180 nm CMOS technology and a novel adiabatic MTJ/CMOS hybrid structure, a method is proposed to create compressor circuits with a 4:2 approximation compressor. The evaluation findings in the above-mentioned technology show a significant improvement in the proposed system. The compressor performance was simulated in ADS and calculated in terms of delay, power and power delay product (PDP) with values of 969.53 µj, 067.41 ps and 216.2 fsj, respectively. When multiplying images in MATLAB, the proposed compressor is used to simulate an 8×8 multiplier. The MSSIM and PSNR are competitive with values of 26.79 and 15.52, respectively, which is comparable to more complex approximation coefficients.
[1] R. Reis, Y. Cao, and G. Wirth, Circuit design for reliability: Springer, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4078-9
[2] S. Mittal, "A survey of techniques for approximate computing," ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), vol. 48, pp. 1-33, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1145/2893356
[3] M. Pedram and J. M. Rabaey, Power aware design methodologies: Springer Science & Business Media, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1007/b101914
[4] Y. Zhang, W. Zhao, J.-O. Klein, W. Kang, D. Querlioz, Y. Zhang, et al., "Spintronics for low-power computing," in 2014 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 2014, pp. 1-6.
[5] W. C. Athas, L. J. Svensson, J. G. Koller, N. Tzartzanis, and E. Y.-C. Chou, "Low-power digital systems based on adiabatic-switching principles," IEEE Transactions on very large scale integration (VLSI) systems, vol. 2, pp. 398-407, 1994. DOI: 10.1109/92.335009
[6] S. Matsunaga, J. Hayakawa, S. Ikeda, K. Miura, H. Hasegawa, T. Endoh, et al., "Fabrication of a nonvolatile full adder based on logic-in-memory architecture using magnetic tunnel junctions," Applied Physics Express, vol. 1, p. 091301, 2008. DOI:10.1143/APEX.1.091301
[7] E. Deng, Y. Zhang, J.-O. Klein, D. Ravelsona, C. Chappert, and W. Zhao, "Low power magnetic full-adder based on spin transfer torque MRAM," IEEE transactions on magnetics, vol. 49, pp. 4982-4987, 2013. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2013.2245911
[8] S. Venkataramani, S. T. Chakradhar, K. Roy, and A. Raghunathan, "Approximate computing and the quest for computing efficiency," in Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Design Automation Conference, 2015, pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1145/2744769.275116
[9] B. K. Mohanty and A. Choubey, "Efficient design for radix-8 booth multiplier and its application in lifting 2-D DWT," Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, vol. 36, pp. 1129-1149, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-016-0349-9
[10] S. Tabrizchi, N. Azimi, and N. Keivan, "Design a novel ternary half adder and multiplier based on carbon nano-tube field effect transistors (CNTFETs)," Frontiers, vol. 1, pp. 423-433, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.1500366
[11] P. Aliparast, Z. D. Koozehkanani, and F. Nazari, "An ultra high speed digital 4-2 compressor in 65-nm CMOS," International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, vol. 5, p. 593, 2013. DOI: 10.7763/IJCTE.2013.V5.756
[12] F. Sharifi, Z. Saifullah, and A.-H. Badawy, "Design of adiabatic MTJ-CMOS hybrid circuits," in 2017 IEEE 60th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), 2017, pp. 715-718. DOI: 10.1109/MWSCAS.2017.8053023
[13] M. Ahmadinejad and M. H. Moaiyeri, "Energy-efficient magnetic 5: 2 compressors based on SHE-assisted hybrid MTJ/FinFET logic," Journal of Computational Electronics, vol. 19, pp. 206-221, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s10825-019-01441-0
[14] M. Maleknejad, S. M. Mirhosseini, and S. Mohammadi, "A CNFET-based PVT-tolerant hybrid majority logic 4: 2 compressor design for high speed energy-efficient applications," Microprocessors and Microsystems, p. 104031, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2021.104031
[15] L. Maddisetti, R. K. Senapati, and J. Ravindra, "Accuracy evaluation of a trained neural network by energy efficient approximate 4: 2 compressor," Computers & Electrical Engineering, vol. 92, p. 107137, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2021.107137
[16] B. Fang, H. Liang, D. Xu, M. Yi, Y. Sheng, C. Jiang, et al., "Approximate multipliers based on a novel unbiased approximate 4-2 compressor," Integration, vol. 81, pp. 17-24, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2021.05.003
[17] M. M. D. Savio, T. Deepa, P. D. Dharshini, K. Sonali, and O. Singh, "Design of High speed Multiplier using Input Scrambled 5-3 compressor for Error Tolerant image processing," in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2022, p. 012044. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2335/1/012044
[18] R. G. Shankar and D. Ananthi, "Approximate Booth Multipliers using Compressors and Counter," in 2023 International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), 2023, pp. 1658-1662. DOI: 10.1109/ICICT57646.2023.10134198
[19] P. J. Edavoor, S. Raveendran, and A. D. Rahulkar, "Approximate multiplier design using novel dual-stage 4: 2 compressors," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 48337-48351, 2020. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2978773
[20] N. Srinivas and Y. R. Rao, "Design of High Speed 5: 2 Compressor for Fast Arithmetic Circuits," International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), vol. 6, 2017.
[21] K. M. Reddy, M. Vasantha, Y. N. Kumar, and D. Dwivedi, "Design and analysis of multiplier using approximate 4-2 compressor," AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 107, pp. 89-97, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2019.05.021
[22] J. S. Moodera, L. R. Kinder, T. M. Wong, and R. Meservey, "Large magnetoresistance at room temperature in ferromagnetic thin film tunnel junctions," Physical review letters, vol. 74, p. 3273, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3273
[23] R. Zand, A. Roohi, S. Salehi, and R. F. DeMara, "Scalable adaptive spintronic reconfigurable logic using area-matched MTJ design," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 63, pp. 678-682, 2016. DOI: 10.1109/TCSII.2016.2532099
[24] B. Behin-Aein, J.-P. Wang, and R. Wiesendanger, "Computing with spins and magnets," MRS Bulletin, vol. 39, pp. 696-702, 2014. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1411.6960
[25] W. Zhao, E. Belhaire, C. Chappert, and P. Mazoyer, "Spin transfer torque (STT)-MRAM--based runtime reconfiguration FPGA circuit," ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS), vol. 9, pp. 1-16, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1145/1596543.1596548
[26] R. K. Yadav, A. K. Rana, S. Chauhan, D. Ranka, and K. Yadav, "Adiabatic technique for energy efficient logic circuits design," in 2011 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical and Computer Technology, 2011, pp. 776-780. DOI:10.1109/ICETECT.2011.5760223
[27] P. Hasini and T. K. Murthy, "A Novel high-speed transistorized 8x8 Multiplier using 4-2 Compressors," International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, vol. 3, pp. 359-365, 2015.
[28] [H. Qi, Y.-B. Kim, and M. Choi, "A high speed low power modulo 2 n+ 1 multiplier design using carbon-nanotube technology," in 2012 IEEE 55th international midwest symposium on circuits and systems (MWSCAS), 2012, pp. 406-409. DOI: 10.1109/MWSCAS.2012.6292043
[29] C.-H. Chang, J. Gu, and M. Zhang, "Ultra low-voltage low-power CMOS 4-2 and 5-2 compressors for fast arithmetic circuits," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 51, pp. 1985-1997, 2004. DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2004.835683
[30] E. Deng, Y. Zhang, J.-O. Klein, D. Ravelsona, C. Chappert, and W. Zhao, "Low power magnetic full-adder based on spin transfer torque MRAM," IEEE transactions on magnetics, vol. 49, pp. 4982-4987, 2013. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2013.2245911
[31] F. Sabetzadeh, M. H. Moaiyeri, and M. Ahmadinejad, "A majority-based imprecise multiplier for ultra-efficient approximate image multiplication," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 66, pp. 4200-4208, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/tcsi.2019.2918241
[32] O. Akbari, M. Kamal, A. Afzali-Kusha, and M. Pedram, "Dual-quality 4: 2 compressors for utilizing in dynamic accuracy configurable multipliers," IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 25, pp. 1352-1361, 2017. DOI: 10.1109/TVLSI.2016.2643003
[33] A. G. M. Strollo, E. Napoli, D. De Caro, N. Petra, and G. Di Meo, "Comparison and extension of approximate 4-2 compressors for low-power approximate multipliers," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 67, pp. 3021-3034, 2020. DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2020.2988353
[34] Z. Wang, A. C. Bovik, H. R. Sheikh, and E. P. Simoncelli, "Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity," IEEE transactions on image processing, vol. 13, pp. 600-612, 2004. DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2003.819861
[35] U. SIPI, "The USC-SIPI image database," ed, 2016.
[36] D. Esposito, A. G. M. Strollo, E. Napoli, D. De Caro, and N. Petra, "Approximate multipliers based on new approximate compressors," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 65, pp. 4169-4182, 2018. DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2018.2839266
[37] Y. J. Chang, Y. C. Cheng, Y. F. Lin, S. C. Liao, C. H. Lai, and T. C. Wu, "Imprecise 4‐2 compressor design used in image processing applications," IET Circuits, Devices & Systems, vol. 13, pp. 848-856, 2019. DOI: 10.1049/iet-cds.2018.5403
[38] M. Sam Daliri, K. Navi, R. Faghih Mirzaee, S. Sam Daliri, and N. Bagherzadeh, "A new approach for designing compressors with a new hardware‐friendly mathematical method for multi‐input XOR gates," IET Circuits, Devices & Systems, vol. 11, pp. 46-57, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2016.0041