Predicting the Anxiety of Beginner Taekwondo Girls Based on the Relationship between Personality Traits and Perceived Stress
Subject Areas : Sport psychology
Samaneh Pour Haji
1
,
Mirhamid Salehian
2
1 - Department of Physical Education, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
2 - Department of Physical Education, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
Keywords: Anxiety, Taekwondo Girls, Beginner, Personality Traits, Perceived Stress.,
Abstract :
Objective: The purpose of this research is to predict the anxiety of beginner taekwondo girls based on the relationship between personality traits and perceived stress.
Methods: The research is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of descriptive method, which was carried out in the field. The statistical population of this research includes all beginner taekwondo girls in Tabriz city. The statistical sample of this research was determined based on Morgan's table as a random cluster of 159 people. Beck's anxiety questionnaire (1988), McCree and Costa's personality traits (2015) and Cohen's perceived stress (1983) were used to collect data. After confirming the validity and reliability, the mentioned questionnaires were distributed and collected among the research sample.
Results: Descriptive statistical methods (frequency table, percentages, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to check the normality of the distribution and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze and research the data. According to the type of scale and the results of the above tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to check the correlation of variables, respectively, for normal distribution.
Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that personality traits have a significant effect on the anxiety of beginner Taekwondo girls, that is, personality traits can predict the anxiety of Taekwondo girls. According to the results, it is concluded that the perceived stress has a significant effect on the anxiety of beginner Taekwondo girls, that is, the perceived stress can predict the anxiety of Taekwondo girls.
References:
Abdi and Gharayagh Zandi (2018). The effect of eight sessions of immunization training against stress on the reduction of pre-match anxiety in adolescent boys. Strategic studies of sport and youth, 18(45), 315-326. (in Persian)
Alam Alhdayy H. (2021). Math anxiety, J Psycho Educ Sci, 5(1):99-119. (in Persian)
Amaro, R., & Brandão, T. (2023). Competitive anxiety in athletes: Emotion regulation and personality matter. Kinesiology, 55(1), 108-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.55.1.12
Anshel, M. H.,Williams, L.R.T., & Williams, S.M. (2000). Coping style following acute stress in competitive sport. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 751-773. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540009600515
Avery, C., Shipherd, A. M., Gomez, S., & Barczarenner, K. (2022). Exploring Stress Mindset and Perceived Stress between College Student-Athletes and Non-Athletes. Int J Exerc Sci, 15(5), 1554-1562.
Bakk, Z., & Vermunt, J. K. (2016). Robustness of stepwise latent class modeling with continuous distal outcomes. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.955104
Balyan, K. Y., Tok, S., Tatar, A., Binboga, E., & Balyan, M. (2016). The relationship among personality, cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, physiological arousal, and performance in male athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10(1), 48-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2015-0013
Berzonsky, M. D. (1982). Inter-and intraindividual differences in adolescent storm and stress: a life-span developmental view. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 2(3), 211-217. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/027243168200200302
Bhadauriya, B., & Tripathi, R. (2018). Stress management technique for athletes during sports: A critical review. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 8(5-s), 67-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1956
Biggs, A., Brough, P., & Drummond, S. (2017). Lazarus and Folkman's psychological stress and coping theory. The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice, 349-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118993811.ch21
Binboga, E., Guven, S., Catıkkaş, F., Bayazıt, O., & Tok, S. (2012). Psychophysiological responses to competition and the big five personality traits. J Hum Kinet, 33, 187-194. https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10078-012-0057-x
Bridge, C. A., Ferreira da Silva Santos, J., Chaabene, H., Pieter, W., & Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44, 713-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2022). Personality: Theory and research: John Wiley & Sons.
Chen, X., Zhang, G., Yin, X., Li, Y., Cao, G., Gutiérrez-García, C., & Guo, L. (2019). The relationship between self-efficacy and aggressive behavior in boxers: the mediating role of self-control. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 212. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.00212
Chiodo, S., Tessitore, A., Cortis, C., Cibelli, G., Lupo, C., Ammendolia, A., . . . Capranica, L. (2011). Stress‐related hormonal and psychological changes to official youth Taekwondo competitions. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 21(1), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01046.x
Costa Jr, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Dye, D. A. (1991). Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: A revision of the NEO Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(9), 887-898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90177-D
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1999). A five-factor theory of personality. The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives, 2, 51-87.
Dehghan Nayeri, Mina (2012). Investigating the quality of life and perceived stress of nurses in Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals. master thesis. Department of Nursing Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. (in Persian)
Dunkley, D. M., & Kyparissis, A. (2008). What is DAS self-critical perfectionism really measuring? Relations with the five-factor model of personality and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(6), 1295-1305. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.022
Eysenck, H. J. (1994). Normality–abnormality and the three-factor model of personality. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-98548-001
Fata L, Mootabi F, Bolhari J, Kazemzadeh Atoofi M. (2018). Stress management: A guide book for workshop training, Tehran: Danjeh, p.12. (in Persian)
Fink, G. (2010). Stress: Definition and history. Stress science: neuroendocrinology, 3(9), 3-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045046-9.00076-0
Fink, G. (2016). Stress, definitions, mechanisms, and effects outlined: Lessons from anxiety Stress: Concepts, cognition, emotion, and behavior (pp. 3-11): Elsevier.
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Besser, A., Su, C., Vaillancourt, T., Boucher, D., ... & Gale, O. (2016). The Child–Adolescent Perfectionism Scale: Development, psychometric properties, and associations with stress, distress, and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34(7), 634-652. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0734282916651381
Fortes, L. d. S., Lira, H. A. A. d. S., Lima, R. C. R. d., Almeida, S. S., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2016). Mental training generates positive effect on competitive anxiety of young swimmers? Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 18, 353-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2015v18n3p353
Gan, Y., Wang, R., Li, J., Wang, X., & Fan, H. (2022). The relationship between nightmare experience and athletes’ personality traits and anxiety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12900. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph191912900
Ganji, Hamzeh General Psychology (2014). , p. 366. (in Persian)
Ganji, M. (2015). Abnormal psychology; DSM- 5. Tehran: Savalan. (in Persian)
Ghorbanzadeh, B., & Bayar, P. (2013). Comparison of the Pre-Competition and Post-Competition Anxiety Levels of Taekwondo Athletes. Life Science Journal, 10(2), 5-10. (in Persian)
Goldstein, D. S. (2010). Adrenal responses to stress. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 30, 1433-1440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-010-9606-9
Gould, D., Petlichkoff, L. M., Prentice, B., & Tedeschi, F. (2000). Psychology of sports injuries. Sports Science Exchange Roundtable, 11(2), 1-4.
Habib, M. B., Waris, S., & Afzal, S. (2019). Personality traits predict in sports performance among University athletes. THE SPARK" A HEC Recognized Journal", 4, 149-159.
Hammermeister, J., & Burton, D. (2001). Stress, appraisal, and coping revisited: Examining the antecedents of competitive state anxiety with endurance athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 15(1), 66-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.1.66
Humara, M. (1999). The relationship between anxiety and performance: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. Athletic Insight, 1(2), 1-14.
Jackson, M., Ramsden, E., & Cantor, D. (2014). Evaluating the role of Hans Selye in the modern history of stress. Stress, shock, and adaptation in the twentieth century.
Jarvis, M. (2005). Sport psychology: Routledge Modular Psychology: Routledge.
Javidmehr, Mahmoud. (2016). Examining the relationship between perceived stress and social anxiety. The second international congress of community empowerment in the field of management, economy, entrepreneurship and cultural engineering, Tehran. (in Persian)
Johnson SJ, Batey M, Holdsworth L. (2009). Personality and Health: the mediating role of trait emotional intelligence andwork locus of control. Pers Individ Dif. 47(9), 470-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.025
Kemarat, S., Theanthong, A., Yeemin, W., & Suwankan, S. (2022). Personality characteristics and competitive anxiety in individual and team athletes. PLoS One, 17(1), e0262486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262486
Keshavarz, Davoud, Mousavi, Seyyed Ali Mohammad and Jalali, Mohammad Reza (2014). Personality characteristics in Iranian and non-Iranian student athletes. Counseling and Psychotherapy Quarterly, 4(14), 38-50. (in Persian)
Khan, M. K., Khan, A., Khan, S. U., & Khan, S. (2017). Effects of anxiety on athletic performance. Res Inves Sports Med, 1(1), 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000508
Khosravi Moradi, Leila and Nazemi, Malihe. (2014). Athletes' sports competition, the first national conference of physical training and sports sciences, Varamin. (in Persian)
Kim, H.-B., Johnson, J. A., Lee, E.-J., & Ha, P. (2019). An investigation into the history of the taekwondo uniform since the Korean Peninsula's liberation from Japan Martial Arts in Asia (pp. 83-97): Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351167802-8
Kneisl CR, Trigoboff E. (2004). Contemporary psychiatric-mental health nursing. Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual review of psychology, 44(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245
Lim, T., & O’Sullivan, D. M. (2016). Case study of mental skills training for a taekwondo olympian. J Hum Kinet, 50(1), 235-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0161
Matthews, G. (2016). Traits, cognitive processes and adaptation: An elegy for Hans Eysenck's personality theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 103, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.037
McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr, P. T. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American psychologist, 52(5), 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.52.5.509
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective: Guilford Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203428412
McLoughlin, E., Fletcher, D., Slavich, G. M., Arnold, R., & Moore, L. J. (2021). Cumulative lifetime stress exposure, depression, anxiety, and well-being in elite athletes: A mixed-method study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101823
Mehr Safar, Amirhossein, Moghadamzadeh, Ali, Gharayagh Zandi, Hassan and Sanaeifar, Farhad. (2015). Psychometric characteristics of the revised Persian version of competitive state anxiety questionnaire-2 in athletes in Tehran, Educational Measurement, 6(23), 189-211. (in Persian) https://doi.org/10.22054/jem.2016.5738
Mihailescu, L., Dubiţ, N., Mihailescu, L. E., & Potop, V. (2021). Particularities of the changes in young swimmers’ body adaptation to the stimuli of physical and mental stress in sports training process. PeerJ, 9, e11659. https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.11659
Mirzaei, A., Nikbakhsh, R., & Sharififar, F. (2013). The relationship between personality traits and sport performance. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(3), 439-442.
Mohammadzadeh, Ali and Jamhari Kohneshahri, Seyyed Rahim (2015). Comparison of personality traits, trait-state anxiety and existential anxiety in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and normal people. Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 83-91. (in Persian)
Morrow, A. (2011). Steress Definition. Retrieved from: Dying.About.com/od/glossary/g/stress.html.
Nazir M, Rosli A, Haider M. (2018). Relationship between personality traits and academic stress among postgraduate students in Pakistan. Soc Behave Sci , 10(15), 87-111.
Olefir, V. (2018). Personality resources as a mediator of the relationship between antecedents of stress and pre-competitive anxiety. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(4), 2230-2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.04335
Öztürk, E. (2023). Investigation of the pre-competition anxiety levels of national team athletes participating in the kickboxing European championship according to their personality characteristics. African Educational Research Journal, 11(2), 170-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.112.23.019
Park, J.-W., Lim, S.-Y., & Bretherton, P. (2012). Exploring the truth: A critical approach to the success of Korean elite sport. Journal of sport and social issues, 36(3), 245-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723511433864
Park, S.-U., Jeon, J.-W., Ahn, H., Yang, Y.-K., & So, W.-Y. (2022). Big data analysis of the key attributes related to stress and mental health in Korean Taekwondo student athletes. Sustainability, 14(1), 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010477
Parnabas, V. A., Mahamood, Y., & Parnabas, J. (2013). The relationship between cognitive and somatic anxiety on performance of student-athletes of Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP). Malay, 64, 57.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2013.010301
Patsiaouras, A., Chatzidimitriou, M., Charitonidis, K., Giota, A., & Kokaridas, D. (2017). The Relationship of personality and trait anxiety between male and female volleyball players. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 5(3), 39-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/acadpub.aassjournal.5.3.39
Paunonen, S. V. (2003). Big Five factors of personality and replicated predictions of behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(2), 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.411
Petito, A., Altamura, M., Iuso, S., Padalino, F. A., Sessa, F., D'Andrea, G., . . . Bellomo, A. (2016). The relationship between personality traits, the 5HTT polymorphisms, and the occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in elite athletes. PLoS One, 11(6), e0156601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156601
Phelps, B. J. (2015). Behavioral perspectives on personality and self. The Psychological Record, 65, 557-565.
Piepiora, P., Kwiatkowski, D., Bagińska, J., & Agouridas, D. (2021). Sports level and the personality of American football players in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413026
Piepiora, P., Petre, L., & Witkowski, K. (2021). Personality of karate competitors due to their sport specialization. Arch Budo, 17, 51-58.
Piepiora, P., Piepiora, Z., & Bagińska, J. (2022). Personality and sport experience of 20–29-year-old polish male professional athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 854804. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2022.854804
Poulus, D., Coulter, T., Trotter, M., & Polman, R. (2022). Perceived stressors experienced by competitive esports athletes. International Journal of Esports, 1(1), Article number: 73.
Rabbitt, P. (1986). Models and paradigms in the study of stress effects Energetics and human information processing (pp. 155-174): Springer.
Rezaei, Alireza (2017). Prediction of trained soldiers' personality traits and life events. Master's Thesis in Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Quds City Branch. (in Persian)
Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American psychologist, 41(7), 813. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.41.7.813
Rout, U. R., & Rout, J. K. (2002). What is Stress? Stress Management for Primary Health Care Professionals, 17-24.
Schultz, Duane; Personality theories, Tehran, Arsbaran. (2014). 5th edition. Pages 156-60. (in Persian)
Shabani Bahar, Gholamreza; Yelfani, Ali and Arsalan, Ashkan. (2010). Comparison of personality traits and the level of anxiety and depression of ancient karans with wrestling, taekwondo and liver sports. Journal of Sports Management, (9), 149. (in Persian)
Shaffer, M. (2012). Life after stress: Springer Science & Business Media.
Shaw SE. (2021). Health education for the public: stress and stress management. Top Clin Nurs. 1(1):53-7.
Shayer, M. (1986). Data processing and science investigation in schools. Research Papers in Education, 1(3), 237-253.https://doi.org/10.1080/0267152860010305
Shrivastava, P., VenuGopal, R., & Singh, Y. (2010). A study of personality dimensions in sports performance. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, 6(1), 39-42.
Steca, P., Baretta, D., Greco, A., D'Addario, M., & Monzani, D. (2018). Associations between personality, sports participation and athletic success. A comparison of Big Five in sporting and non-sporting adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 176-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.040
Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and social psychology review, 10(4), 295-319.http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
Šunje, H., & Vardo, E. (2023). Examination of Differences in Pre-Competition Anxiety and Big Five Personality Traits in Esport Players and Athletes. http://dx.doi.org/10.51558/2490-3647.2023.8.1.545
Thompson, R., Kaufman, K., De Petrillo, L., Glass, C., & Arnkoff, D. (2011). One year follow-up of Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) with archers, golfers, and runners. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5, 99-116.http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.5.2.99
Wagner, J., Lüdtke, O., & Robitzsch, A. (2019). Does personality become more stable with age? Disentangling state and trait effects for the big five across the life span using local structural equation modeling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116: 666-680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000203
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2023). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology: Human kinetics.
Abdi and Gharayagh Zandi (2018). The effect of eight sessions of immunization training against stress on the reduction of pre-match anxiety in adolescent boys. Strategic studies of sport and youth, 18(45), 315-326. (in Persian)
Alam Alhdayy H. (2021). Math anxiety, J Psycho Educ Sci, 5(1):99-119. (in Persian)
Amaro, R., & Brandão, T. (2023). Competitive anxiety in athletes: Emotion regulation and personality matter. Kinesiology, 55(1), 108-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.55.1.12
Anshel, M. H.,Williams, L.R.T., & Williams, S.M. (2000). Coping style following acute stress in competitive sport. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 751-773. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540009600515
Avery, C., Shipherd, A. M., Gomez, S., & Barczarenner, K. (2022). Exploring Stress Mindset and Perceived Stress between College Student-Athletes and Non-Athletes. Int J Exerc Sci, 15(5), 1554-1562.
Bakk, Z., & Vermunt, J. K. (2016). Robustness of stepwise latent class modeling with continuous distal outcomes. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.955104
Balyan, K. Y., Tok, S., Tatar, A., Binboga, E., & Balyan, M. (2016). The relationship among personality, cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, physiological arousal, and performance in male athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10(1), 48-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2015-0013
Berzonsky, M. D. (1982). Inter-and intraindividual differences in adolescent storm and stress: a life-span developmental view. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 2(3), 211-217. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/027243168200200302
Bhadauriya, B., & Tripathi, R. (2018). Stress management technique for athletes during sports: A critical review. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 8(5-s), 67-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1956
Biggs, A., Brough, P., & Drummond, S. (2017). Lazarus and Folkman's psychological stress and coping theory. The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice, 349-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118993811.ch21
Binboga, E., Guven, S., Catıkkaş, F., Bayazıt, O., & Tok, S. (2012). Psychophysiological responses to competition and the big five personality traits. J Hum Kinet, 33, 187-194. https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10078-012-0057-x
Bridge, C. A., Ferreira da Silva Santos, J., Chaabene, H., Pieter, W., & Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44, 713-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2022). Personality: Theory and research: John Wiley & Sons.
Chen, X., Zhang, G., Yin, X., Li, Y., Cao, G., Gutiérrez-García, C., & Guo, L. (2019). The relationship between self-efficacy and aggressive behavior in boxers: the mediating role of self-control. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 212. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2019.00212
Chiodo, S., Tessitore, A., Cortis, C., Cibelli, G., Lupo, C., Ammendolia, A., . . . Capranica, L. (2011). Stress‐related hormonal and psychological changes to official youth Taekwondo competitions. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 21(1), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01046.x
Costa Jr, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Dye, D. A. (1991). Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: A revision of the NEO Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(9), 887-898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90177-D
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1999). A five-factor theory of personality. The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives, 2, 51-87.
Dehghan Nayeri, Mina (2012). Investigating the quality of life and perceived stress of nurses in Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals. master thesis. Department of Nursing Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. (in Persian)
Dunkley, D. M., & Kyparissis, A. (2008). What is DAS self-critical perfectionism really measuring? Relations with the five-factor model of personality and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(6), 1295-1305. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.022
Eysenck, H. J. (1994). Normality–abnormality and the three-factor model of personality. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-98548-001
Fata L, Mootabi F, Bolhari J, Kazemzadeh Atoofi M. (2018). Stress management: A guide book for workshop training, Tehran: Danjeh, p.12. (in Persian)
Fink, G. (2010). Stress: Definition and history. Stress science: neuroendocrinology, 3(9), 3-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045046-9.00076-0
Fink, G. (2016). Stress, definitions, mechanisms, and effects outlined: Lessons from anxiety Stress: Concepts, cognition, emotion, and behavior (pp. 3-11): Elsevier.
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Besser, A., Su, C., Vaillancourt, T., Boucher, D., ... & Gale, O. (2016). The Child–Adolescent Perfectionism Scale: Development, psychometric properties, and associations with stress, distress, and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34(7), 634-652. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0734282916651381
Fortes, L. d. S., Lira, H. A. A. d. S., Lima, R. C. R. d., Almeida, S. S., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2016). Mental training generates positive effect on competitive anxiety of young swimmers? Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 18, 353-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2015v18n3p353
Gan, Y., Wang, R., Li, J., Wang, X., & Fan, H. (2022). The relationship between nightmare experience and athletes’ personality traits and anxiety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12900. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph191912900
Ganji, Hamzeh General Psychology (2014). , p. 366. (in Persian)
Ganji, M. (2015). Abnormal psychology; DSM- 5. Tehran: Savalan. (in Persian)
Ghorbanzadeh, B., & Bayar, P. (2013). Comparison of the Pre-Competition and Post-Competition Anxiety Levels of Taekwondo Athletes. Life Science Journal, 10(2), 5-10. (in Persian)
Goldstein, D. S. (2010). Adrenal responses to stress. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 30, 1433-1440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-010-9606-9
Gould, D., Petlichkoff, L. M., Prentice, B., & Tedeschi, F. (2000). Psychology of sports injuries. Sports Science Exchange Roundtable, 11(2), 1-4.
Habib, M. B., Waris, S., & Afzal, S. (2019). Personality traits predict in sports performance among University athletes. THE SPARK" A HEC Recognized Journal", 4, 149-159.
Hammermeister, J., & Burton, D. (2001). Stress, appraisal, and coping revisited: Examining the antecedents of competitive state anxiety with endurance athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 15(1), 66-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.1.66
Humara, M. (1999). The relationship between anxiety and performance: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. Athletic Insight, 1(2), 1-14.
Jackson, M., Ramsden, E., & Cantor, D. (2014). Evaluating the role of Hans Selye in the modern history of stress. Stress, shock, and adaptation in the twentieth century.
Jarvis, M. (2005). Sport psychology: Routledge Modular Psychology: Routledge.
Javidmehr, Mahmoud. (2016). Examining the relationship between perceived stress and social anxiety. The second international congress of community empowerment in the field of management, economy, entrepreneurship and cultural engineering, Tehran. (in Persian)
Johnson SJ, Batey M, Holdsworth L. (2009). Personality and Health: the mediating role of trait emotional intelligence andwork locus of control. Pers Individ Dif. 47(9), 470-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.025
Kemarat, S., Theanthong, A., Yeemin, W., & Suwankan, S. (2022). Personality characteristics and competitive anxiety in individual and team athletes. PLoS One, 17(1), e0262486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262486
Keshavarz, Davoud, Mousavi, Seyyed Ali Mohammad and Jalali, Mohammad Reza (2014). Personality characteristics in Iranian and non-Iranian student athletes. Counseling and Psychotherapy Quarterly, 4(14), 38-50. (in Persian)
Khan, M. K., Khan, A., Khan, S. U., & Khan, S. (2017). Effects of anxiety on athletic performance. Res Inves Sports Med, 1(1), 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000508
Khosravi Moradi, Leila and Nazemi, Malihe. (2014). Athletes' sports competition, the first national conference of physical training and sports sciences, Varamin. (in Persian)
Kim, H.-B., Johnson, J. A., Lee, E.-J., & Ha, P. (2019). An investigation into the history of the taekwondo uniform since the Korean Peninsula's liberation from Japan Martial Arts in Asia (pp. 83-97): Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351167802-8
Kneisl CR, Trigoboff E. (2004). Contemporary psychiatric-mental health nursing. Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual review of psychology, 44(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245
Lim, T., & O’Sullivan, D. M. (2016). Case study of mental skills training for a taekwondo olympian. J Hum Kinet, 50(1), 235-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0161
Matthews, G. (2016). Traits, cognitive processes and adaptation: An elegy for Hans Eysenck's personality theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 103, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.037
McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr, P. T. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American psychologist, 52(5), 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.52.5.509
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective: Guilford Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203428412
McLoughlin, E., Fletcher, D., Slavich, G. M., Arnold, R., & Moore, L. J. (2021). Cumulative lifetime stress exposure, depression, anxiety, and well-being in elite athletes: A mixed-method study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101823
Mehr Safar, Amirhossein, Moghadamzadeh, Ali, Gharayagh Zandi, Hassan and Sanaeifar, Farhad. (2015). Psychometric characteristics of the revised Persian version of competitive state anxiety questionnaire-2 in athletes in Tehran, Educational Measurement, 6(23), 189-211. (in Persian) https://doi.org/10.22054/jem.2016.5738
Mihailescu, L., Dubiţ, N., Mihailescu, L. E., & Potop, V. (2021). Particularities of the changes in young swimmers’ body adaptation to the stimuli of physical and mental stress in sports training process. PeerJ, 9, e11659. https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.11659
Mirzaei, A., Nikbakhsh, R., & Sharififar, F. (2013). The relationship between personality traits and sport performance. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(3), 439-442.
Mohammadzadeh, Ali and Jamhari Kohneshahri, Seyyed Rahim (2015). Comparison of personality traits, trait-state anxiety and existential anxiety in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and normal people. Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 83-91. (in Persian)
Morrow, A. (2011). Steress Definition. Retrieved from: Dying.About.com/od/glossary/g/stress.html.
Nazir M, Rosli A, Haider M. (2018). Relationship between personality traits and academic stress among postgraduate students in Pakistan. Soc Behave Sci , 10(15), 87-111.
Olefir, V. (2018). Personality resources as a mediator of the relationship between antecedents of stress and pre-competitive anxiety. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(4), 2230-2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.04335
Öztürk, E. (2023). Investigation of the pre-competition anxiety levels of national team athletes participating in the kickboxing European championship according to their personality characteristics. African Educational Research Journal, 11(2), 170-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.112.23.019
Park, J.-W., Lim, S.-Y., & Bretherton, P. (2012). Exploring the truth: A critical approach to the success of Korean elite sport. Journal of sport and social issues, 36(3), 245-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723511433864
Park, S.-U., Jeon, J.-W., Ahn, H., Yang, Y.-K., & So, W.-Y. (2022). Big data analysis of the key attributes related to stress and mental health in Korean Taekwondo student athletes. Sustainability, 14(1), 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010477
Parnabas, V. A., Mahamood, Y., & Parnabas, J. (2013). The relationship between cognitive and somatic anxiety on performance of student-athletes of Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP). Malay, 64, 57.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/saj.2013.010301
Patsiaouras, A., Chatzidimitriou, M., Charitonidis, K., Giota, A., & Kokaridas, D. (2017). The Relationship of personality and trait anxiety between male and female volleyball players. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 5(3), 39-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/acadpub.aassjournal.5.3.39
Paunonen, S. V. (2003). Big Five factors of personality and replicated predictions of behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(2), 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.411
Petito, A., Altamura, M., Iuso, S., Padalino, F. A., Sessa, F., D'Andrea, G., . . . Bellomo, A. (2016). The relationship between personality traits, the 5HTT polymorphisms, and the occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in elite athletes. PLoS One, 11(6), e0156601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156601
Phelps, B. J. (2015). Behavioral perspectives on personality and self. The Psychological Record, 65, 557-565.
Piepiora, P., Kwiatkowski, D., Bagińska, J., & Agouridas, D. (2021). Sports level and the personality of American football players in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413026
Piepiora, P., Petre, L., & Witkowski, K. (2021). Personality of karate competitors due to their sport specialization. Arch Budo, 17, 51-58.
Piepiora, P., Piepiora, Z., & Bagińska, J. (2022). Personality and sport experience of 20–29-year-old polish male professional athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 854804. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2022.854804
Poulus, D., Coulter, T., Trotter, M., & Polman, R. (2022). Perceived stressors experienced by competitive esports athletes. International Journal of Esports, 1(1), Article number: 73.
Rabbitt, P. (1986). Models and paradigms in the study of stress effects Energetics and human information processing (pp. 155-174): Springer.
Rezaei, Alireza (2017). Prediction of trained soldiers' personality traits and life events. Master's Thesis in Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Quds City Branch. (in Persian)
Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American psychologist, 41(7), 813. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.41.7.813
Rout, U. R., & Rout, J. K. (2002). What is Stress? Stress Management for Primary Health Care Professionals, 17-24.
Schultz, Duane; Personality theories, Tehran, Arsbaran. (2014). 5th edition. Pages 156-60. (in Persian)
Shabani Bahar, Gholamreza; Yelfani, Ali and Arsalan, Ashkan. (2010). Comparison of personality traits and the level of anxiety and depression of ancient karans with wrestling, taekwondo and liver sports. Journal of Sports Management, (9), 149. (in Persian)
Shaffer, M. (2012). Life after stress: Springer Science & Business Media.
Shaw SE. (2021). Health education for the public: stress and stress management. Top Clin Nurs. 1(1):53-7.
Shayer, M. (1986). Data processing and science investigation in schools. Research Papers in Education, 1(3), 237-253.https://doi.org/10.1080/0267152860010305
Shrivastava, P., VenuGopal, R., & Singh, Y. (2010). A study of personality dimensions in sports performance. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, 6(1), 39-42.
Steca, P., Baretta, D., Greco, A., D'Addario, M., & Monzani, D. (2018). Associations between personality, sports participation and athletic success. A comparison of Big Five in sporting and non-sporting adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 176-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.040
Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and social psychology review, 10(4), 295-319.http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
Šunje, H., & Vardo, E. (2023). Examination of Differences in Pre-Competition Anxiety and Big Five Personality Traits in Esport Players and Athletes. http://dx.doi.org/10.51558/2490-3647.2023.8.1.545
Thompson, R., Kaufman, K., De Petrillo, L., Glass, C., & Arnkoff, D. (2011). One year follow-up of Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) with archers, golfers, and runners. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5, 99-116.http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.5.2.99
Wagner, J., Lüdtke, O., & Robitzsch, A. (2019). Does personality become more stable with age? Disentangling state and trait effects for the big five across the life span using local structural equation modeling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116: 666-680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000203
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2023). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology: Human kinetics.
