A comparative study on the extracts from the fruits of Ficus auriculata L.: GC-MS profiling, phytochemical composition, biological activities and in-silico ADMET study

Subject Areas : Medicinal and Herbal Plants

Garima Tamta ¹ , Nisha Mehra ² , Shishir Tandon ³ , Viveka Nand ⁴ , Manish Pant ⁵ , Vinita Gouri ⁶

1 - Department of Chemistry, IFTM University, Moradabad, India
2 - Department of Applied Science, Shivalik College of Engineering Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
3 - Department of Chemistry, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, India
4 - Department of Chemistry, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, India
5 - Department of Mathematics, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, India
6 - Department of Zoology, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, India

Received: 2023-09-07 Accepted : 2024-03-09 Published : 2024-09-21

Keywords: Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Ficus auriculata L., In-silico, ADMET study, Phytochemical,

Abstract :

Ficus auriculata L., commonly known as, “elephant ear fig” is a species of fig tree in Moraceae family and globally found in tropical and subtropical forests. The present comparative study investigated the GC-MS analysis, phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant assays and antidiabetic activity of methanol and hexane extracts from the fruits of Ficus auriculata which was collected from two different agro-climatic conditions in Uttarakhand, namely Almora (Hill region) and Haldwani (Tarai region). The GC-MS analysis of Almora unripe hexane fruit extract (AUFHE) and Haldwani unripe hexane fruit extract (HUFHE) gave rise to the characterization of two chemical profiles composed of 37 and 40 bioactive compounds with γ-sitosterol (15.46% and13.44%) as the most abundant component, respectively. Moreover, in Almora unripe methanol fruit extract (AUFME) and Haldwani unripe methanol fruit extract (HUFME), 24 and 23 bioactive compounds were characterized among which linoleic acid (71.41%) and hexadecadienoate (26.42%) were the most prevalent compounds, respectively. In view of the obtained results, HUFME exhibited prominent total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents. AUFME also showed potent antioxidant activity when using DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity assay (IC50 =447.45 ± 0.53 µg/mL), whereas strong metal chelation assay was found for HUFHE (IC50= 502.07 ± 2.50 µg/mL). Furthermore, AUFME and HUFME displayed potent anti-diabetic activity. In addition, ADMET study predicted that F. auriculata could be considered an effective bioactive source of phytoconstituents for various biological efficacies. The observed pharmacological properties could be attributed to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids and fatty acids in F. auriculata fruit.

References:

Agrawal, P., Jain, M., 2023. A review of selected herbs responsible for wound management. Trends Phytochem. Res. 7(3), 170-185.
Anish, R.J., Rumaisa, F., Aswathy, T.R., Kalpana, V.N.S., Rauf, A.A., 2023. Molecular docking, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant evaluation of Pterospermum rubiginosum B. Heyne. Trends Phytochem. Res. 7(2), 95-109.
Anjum, N.I.S.H.A.T., Tripathi, Y.C., 2019. In vitro alpha-amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities of fruits of Ficus auriculata Lour. Int. J Pharm. Bio. Sci. 10, 134-141.
Behl, T., Gupta, A., Albratty, M., Najmi, A., Meraya, A.M., Alhazmi, H.A., Bungau, S.G., 2022. Alkaloidal phytoconstituents for diabetes management: Exploring the unrevealed potential. Molecules 27(18), 5851.
Boelsma, E., Hendriks, H.F., Roza, L. 2001. Nutritional skin care: Health effects of micronutrients and fatty acids. Am. J. Clinnutr. 73(5), 853-864.
Bushra, S., Farooq, A., Muhammad, A., Nazamid, S., 2012. Effect of drying techniques on the total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of selected fruits. J. Med. Plants Res. 6(1), 161-167.
Chen, C.W., Ho, C.T., 1995. Antioxidant properties of polyphenols extracted from green and black teas. J. Food Lipids 2(1), 35-46.
Daina, A., Michielin, O., Zoete, V., 2017. Swiss ADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Sci. Rep. 7, 42717.
Davis, A.M., Riley, R. J., 2004. Predictive ADMET studies, the challenges and the opportunities. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 8(4), 378-386.
Dubey, R.K., Upadhyay, G., Singh, V., Pandey, S., 2020. Antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging activity of Parkia roxburghii, G. Don, a lesser known leguminous tree from North East India. S. Afr. J Bot. 131, 454-461.
Dweck, A.C., 2006. Isoflavones, phytohormones and phytosterols. J. Appl. Cosm. 24(1), 17.
El-Fishawy, A., Zayed, R., Afifi, S., 2011. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Ficus auriculata Lour. J. Nat Prod. 4, 184-195.
Elhawary, S.S., Younis, I.Y., El Bishbishy, M.H., Khattab, A.R., 2018. LC-MS/MS Based chemometric analysis of phytochemical diversity in 13 Ficus spp. (Moraceae): Correlation to their in vitro antimicrobial and in silico quorum sensing inhibitory activities. Ind. Crops Prod. 126, 261-271.
Farhana, S., Aziz, S., Rahman, S., Afrin, S., Bhuiyan, M.N.I., Al-Reza, S. M., 2022. Chemical composition of fixed oil and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata root. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 34(4), 101921.
Gouri, V., Upreti, S., Samant, M., 2022. Evaluation of target-specific natural compounds for drug discovery against leishmaniasis. Parasitol. Int. 102622.
Hsu, C.L., Chen, W., Weng, Y.M., Tseng, C.Y., 2003. Chemical composition, physical properties, and antioxidant activities of yam flours as affected by different drying methods. Food Chem. 83(1), 85-92.
Jia, C. Y., Li, J. Y., Hao, G. F., Yang, G. F., 2020. A drug-likeness toolbox facilitates ADMET study in drug discovery. Drug Discov. Today 25(1), 248-258.
Kidane, Y., Bokrezion, T., Mebrahtu, J., Mehari, M., Gebreab, Y.B., Fessehaye, N., Achila, O.O., 2018. In vitro inhibition of-amylase and-glucosidase by extracts from Psiadiapunctulata and Meriandra bengalensis. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 9.
Kumar, R., Kumar, A., Sharma, R., Baruwa, A., 2010. Pharmacological review on natural ACE inhibitors. Der Pharm. Lett. 2(2), 273-293.
Ma, J.N., Ma, C.M., 2015. Antifungal Inhibitory Activities of Caffeic and Quinic Acid Derivatives. In Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention (pp. 635-641). Academic Press.
Mahadevan, S., Giridhar, A., Singh, A.K., 1986. Calorimetric measurements on as-sbse glasses. J. Non Cryst. Solids 88(1), 11-34.
Mehra, N., Tamta, G., Nand, V., Singh, J.P., 2022. Nutritional profiling, antibacterial potential, and cluster analysis in Foeniculum vulgare seeds against human pathogenic bacteria. J. Food Process. Preserv. 46(8), e16763.
Mehra, N., Tandon, S., 2021. Traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Ficus auriculata: A review. J. Drug Deliv. Ther. 11(3), 163-169.
Mohammadhosseini, M., Frezza, C., Venditti, A., Sarker, S., 2021. A systematic review on phytochemistry, ethnobotany and biological activities of the genus Bunium L. Chem. Biodivers. 18(11), e2100317. Mohammadhosseini, M., Frezza, C., Venditti, A., Akbarzadeh, A., 2019. Ethnobotany and phytochemistry of the genus Eremostachys Bunge. Curr. Org. Chem. 23, 1828-1842.
Orphanides, A., Goulas, V., Gekas, V., 2013. Effect of drying method on the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of spearmint. Czech J. Food Sci. 31(5), 509-513.
Paşayeva, L., Özalp, B., Fatullayev, H., 2020. Potential enzyme inhibitory properties of extracts and fractions from fruit latex of Ficus carica-based on inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. J. Food Meas. Charact. 14, 2819-2827.
Sadasivam, S., Manickam, A., 1992. Biochemical Methods for Agricultural Sciences. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
Shahinuzzaman, M., Akhtar, P., Amin, N., Ahmed, Y., Anuar, F.H., Misran, H., Akhtaruzzaman, M., 2021. New insights of phenolic compounds from optimized fruit extract of Ficus auriculata. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 1-14.
Sharma, N., Palia, P., Chaudhary, A., Verma, K., Kumar, I., 2020. A review on pharmacological activities of lupeol and its triterpene derivatives. J. Drug Deliv. Ther. 10(5), 325-332.
Shin, Y.J., Shon, M.S., Kim, G.N., Lee, S.C., 2014. Antioxidant and anti-adipogenic activities of persimmon tannins. Food Sci. Biotech. 23(5), 1689-1694.
Singh, A.K., Rai, S.N., Maurya, A., Mishra, G., Awasthi, R., Shakya, A., Singh, M.P., 2021. Therapeutic potential of phytoconstituents in management of Alzheimer’s disease. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 19.
Sun, B., Ricardo-da-Silva, J.M., Spranger, I., 1998. Critical factors of vanillin assay for catechins and proanthocyanidins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46(10), 4267-4274.
Tamta, G., Mehra, N., Tandon, S., Nand, V., Biswas, S., 2021. In vitro antimicrobial assay of leaves, bark and fruits of Ficus auriculata collected from two different regions of Uttarakhand. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 9(1), 930-935.
Tamuly, C., Buragohain, R., Hazarika, M., Bora, J., Gajurel, P.R., 2015. Assessment of antioxidant activity of six Ficus species—Underutilized fruits from Arunachal Pradesh in north east India. Int. J. Fruit Sci. 15(1), 85-99.
Tripathi, N., Kumar, S., Singh, R., Singh, C.J., Singh, P., Varshney, V.K., 2013. Isolation and Identification of γ-sitosterol by GC-MS from the leaves of (Decne). Open Bio. Comp. J. 4(1).
Uitterhaegen, E., Sampaio, K.A., Delbeke, E.I., De Greyt, W., Cerny, M., Evon, P., Merah, O., Talou, T., Stevens, C.V., 2016. Characterization of French coriander oil as source of petroselinic acid. Molecules 21(9), 1202.
Walia, A., Kumar, N., Singh, R., Kumar, H., Kumar, V., Kaushik, R., Kumar, A.P., 2022. Bioactive compounds in Ficus fruits, their bioactivities, and associated health benefits: A review. J. Food Qual. 19.
WHO., 2004. WHO Guidelines on Safety Monitoring of Herbal Medicines in Pharmacovigilance Systems. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Yunus, S.N.M., Zolkeflee, N.K.Z., Jaafar, A.H., Abas, F., 2021. Metabolite identification in different fractions of loureiro fruit using the 1H-NMR metabolomics approach and UHPLC-MS/MS. S. Afr. J. Bot. 138, 348-363.