The Effect of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Resistance Training on LXR Gene Expression and Serum TNFα Levels in CABG Patients

Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology

Fahimeh Parhizi ¹ , Amir Rashidlamir ² , Rambod khajei ³ , Mohammd Reza Ramzanpour ⁴ , Mohsen Vazifehdoost ⁵

1 - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabour Branch, Neyshabour, Iran
2 - Associate Professor, Ph.D. in Biochemistry and Exercise Metabolism, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 - Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Biochemistry and Metabolism, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
4 - Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Biochemistry and Metabolism, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
5 - Department of Food Science and Industries, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabour Branch, Neyshabour, Iran

Received: 2019-07-26 Accepted : 2019-12-03 Published : 2020-02-20

Keywords: LXR, TNFα, Aerobic resistance training, Cardiac rehabilitation,

Abstract :

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death in the world. According to the American Heart Association, the prevalence of the cardiovascular diseases has an inflammatory basis, and general inflammation plays a central role in the development of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic resistance training on LXR gene expression and serum TNFα levels in CABG patients. Twenty-four men who underwent bypass surgery were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into experimental (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. The experimental group performed aerobic resistance training for eight weeks (3 sessions per week) and the control group did not. Blood samples were taken 48 hours before the start of the first training session and also 48 hours after the last training session while all subjects fated. Independent and paired samples Student's t-test and Shapirovilk test were used to normalize the data at a significant level of 0.05. The results of the present study showed that the training group experienced a significant increase in LXR mRNA gene expression and a decrease in serum TNFα levels as a result of eight weeks of aerobic resistance training compared to the control group. The same changes were seen as the within group differences in the pre-test and post-test in the training group. The findings of this study showed that an eight-week combined aerobic and resistance training program could regularly increase the LXR gene expression and decrease serum TNFα levels in CABG patients

References:

1. Afzali A., Masoudi R., Etemadifar SH., Moradi M., Moghaddasi J., 1389. The effect of sedation programs on anxiety of patients undergoing cardiac angiography. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, 11(3): 84-93 [in Persian].


2. AfzalAghaei E., Hadian M.R., Attar-Moghaddam B., Tavakol K., Zandparsa, A.F., Jalai Sh., Abdollah, A., Mousavi Sh., 2010. The effect of cardiac rehabilitation on blood lipid profile changes in iranian men and women with coronary artery disease referred to cardiac rehabilitation unit of hospital Novin Rehabilitation- Faculty of Rehabilitation. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 4(5): 17-29 [in Persian].


3. Beckie T.M., Beckstead J.W., Groer M.W. 2010. The Influence of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Coronary Heart Disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 25(1): 52–60.


4. Butcher L., Thomas A., Backx K., Roberts A., Webb R., Morris K., 2008. Low-intensity exercise exerts beneficial effects on plasma lipids via PPAR gamma. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40: 1263-1270.


5.  Byrkjeland R., Nilsson BB.,Westheim A S.,Arnesen H., Seljeflot I. 2011. Inflammatory markers as related to disease severity in patients with chronic heart failure. Limited effects of exercise training. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 71(7): 598-605.


6. Csiszar A., Ungvari Z.,2004. Synergistic effects of vascular IL-17 and TNFalpha may promote coronary artery disease. Medical Hypotheses, 63: 696-698.


7. Conroy SM., Courneya KS., Brenner DR., Shaw E., O'Reilly   R., Yasui Y., 2016. Impact of   Aerobic Exercise on Levels of IL-4 andIL-10: Results from Two Randomized Intervention Trials. Cancer Medicine, 5(9): 2385-2397.


8.  Cote I., Ngo Sock, T., Levy, E., Lavoie, J.M., 2012. An atherogenic diet decreases liver   FXR   gene   expression   and   causes   severe   hepatic   steatosis   and   hepatic   cholesterol accumulation:  effect of endurance training. European Journal of Nutrition, 52(5): 1523-1532.


9. Falahi A., Gaienee A.,2012. The Effects of Continuous and Interval Exercise training on Quality of Life in Heart Patients after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG). Sport Biosciences, 10:115-129 [in Persian].


10. Gaeini1 AA., Sattarifard S., CafiZadeh S., Nejatian M.,2013. The comparison of eight weeks of combined and aerobic training on functional capacity, body composition and strength in post-coronary artery bypass graft cardiac patients. Cardiovascular Nursing Journal, 2(1): 34-41 [in Persian].


11.  Ghanbari-Niaki A., Ghanbari-Abarghooi S., Gholizadeh M. 2015. Heart ATP-Binding Cassette protein A1and G1, Peroxisome Proliferator- Activated Receptor-α and Liver X Receptors Genes Expression in Response to Intensive Treadmill Running and Red Crataegus pentaegyna (Sorkh valik) in Male Rats. Zahedan Journal of Medical Sciences, 17(5): 29-33 [in Persian].


12.  Heimerl S., Langmann T., Moehle C., Mauerer R., Dean M., Beil F-U., et al., 2002. Mutations in the Human ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ABCG5and ABCG8 in Sitosterolemia. Human Mutation in Brief, 2002: 20:151.


13.  Homayoni K., Khosropanah Sh., 2010. Principles of cardiac rehabilitation. (1), Roshan Ketab Publications, Tehran [in Persian].


14.  Kazemi Nasab F., Marandi M., GhaediK., Esfarjani F., Moshtaghian J.,2010. The effect of aerobic training on lipid profile and expression of hepatic x-alpha LXRα receptor gene in male rats. Genetics in the Third Millennium, 10(2): 2715-2721 [in Persian].


15. Khajei R., Hosein Haghighi A., Hamediniya MR., Rashid Lamir A. 2016. The effect of eight weeks aerobic exercise on the expression of liver monocyte X-receptor gene value and lipid profile of middle-aged men after cardiac artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 51(3): 5301-5317 [in Persian].


16. Isaksen, K., Munk, P. S., Valborgland, T., Larsen, A.I. 2014. Aerobic interval training in patients with heart failure and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a controlled study evaluating feasibility and effect. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 22(3): 296-303.


17. Isaksen K., Halvorsen B., Scott Munk P., Aukrust P., IngeLarsen A. 2019. Effects of interval training on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with ischemic heart failure. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 53(4): 213-219.


18. Marzolini S., Oh PI., Brooks D.,2012. Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training versus aerobic training alone in individuals with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 19(1): 81-94


19. Moafi S., Zolaktaf V., Rabiei K., Hashemi M., Tarmah H.,2011. Effects of home-based exercise rehabilitation on quality of life after coronary artery bypass graft and PCIearly post-discharge. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 13(6): 25-30.


20. Ngosock ET., Farahnak Z., Lavoie J.M. 2014. Exercise training decreases gene expression of endo-and xeno-sensors in rat small intestine. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39: 1098-1103.


21. Noelia A., Castrillo A., 2011. Liver X receptors as regulators of macrophage inflammatory and metabolic pathwayS. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA), 1812(8): 982-994.


22. Pedersen B.K. 2009. The diseasome of physical inactivity–and the role of myokines in muscle–fat cross. The Journal of Physiology, 587(23): 5559-5568.


23. Pischon T., Boeing H., Hoffmann K., Bergmann M., Schulze M.B., Overvad K.    2008. General   and Abdominal Adiposity and risk of death in Europe. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(20): 2105-2120.


24. Polock M.L., Franklin B.A., Balady G.J., Chaitman B.L., fleg J.L., Fletcher B et al. 2000. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 101: 828-833.


25. Quinet E.M., Savio D.A., Halpern A.R., Chen L., Schuster G.U., Gustafsson JA, Basso MD., 2006. Liver X receptor (LXR)- regulation in LXR-deficient mice: implication for therapeutic targeting. Molecular Pharmacology, 70: 1340-1349.


26. Rashidlamir A. 2012. Investigation of the Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Exercises on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ABCG1 Gene Expression in Female Athletes. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 20(1) :1-9 [in Persian].


27. Rashidlamir A., Ghanbari-Niaki A., Saadatnia A. 2011. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Wrestling and Wrestling Technique Based Circuit Training on Lymphocyte ABCA1 Gene Expression and Plasma Apolipoprotein A-I. World Journal of Sport Sciences, 4(2): 144-150 [in Persian].


28. Sato M., Kawata Y., Erami K., Ikeda I., Imaizumi K. 2008. LXR agonist increases the lymph HDL transport in rats by promoting reciprocally intestinal ABCA1 and apo A-I mRNA levels. Lipids, 43(2): 125-131.


29.  Scott J., Sale C., Greeves J.P., Casey A., Dutton J., Fraser W.D. 2011. Effect of exercise intensity   on the cytokine response to an acute bout of running. Medical Science and Sports Exercises, 43: 2297-2306.


30. Shokrallahnia Roshan A., Sadeghi H., Shirani Sh., Nejatian M. 2013. Effects of strength training and cardiac ‌rehabilitation programs on the biomechanical parameters of blood flow velocity and blood flow rateand its relation with arterial stiffness index in brachial and femoral arteries with coronary artery bypass grafting patients (CABG). Tavanbakhshi Journals, 14: 1-7 [in Persian].


31. Tabas, I., 2011. Pulling down the plug on atherosclerosis: finding theculprit in your heart. Nature Medicine, 17: 791-793.


32. Tall A.R., Yvan-Charvet L. 2015. Cholesterol, inflammation and innate immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology, 15(2): 104-116.


33. Thomas D.G., Doran A.C., Fotakis P., Westerterp M., Antonson P., Jiang H., Jiang XC., Gustafsson J.A. Tabas I., Tall A.R., 2018. LXR Suppresses Inflammatory Gene Expression and Neutrophil Migration through cis-Repression and Cholesterol Efflux. Cell Reports, 25(13): 3774-3785.


34. Tontonoz P., Mangelsdorf D., 2003.Liver X Receptor Signaling Pathways in Cardiovascular Disease. Molecular Endocrinology, 17(6): 985-993.


35. Uchida M.C., Nosaka K., Ugrinowitsch C., Yamashita A., Martins E., Mori Scot A.S., Aoki M.S. 2009. Effect of bench press exercise intensity on muscle soreness and inflammatory mediators. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 27(5): 499-507.


36. Wilund K.R. 2007. Is the anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise responsible for reduced cardiovascular   disease? Clinical Science, 112(11): 543-555.


37. Xue Y., Zhao R., Du S.H., Zhao D., Li D.R., Xu J.T. 2016. Decreased mRNA levels of cardiac Cx43 and ZO1 in sudden cardiac death related to coronary atherosclerosis. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 6: 12-22.


38. Yu-Wen C., Apostolakis A., Gregory Y.H. Lip., 2014.Exercise-induced changes in inflammatory processes. Implications for thrombogenesis in cardiovascular disease. Annals of Medicine, 46(7): 439-455.


39. Zamanpour L., Banitalebi IB., Amir Hosseini E. 2016. Effect of aerobic parallel speed training on the potential of some markers of inflammatory insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 15(5): 300-311 [in Persian].


40.  Zou J., Guo P., Lv N., Huang D. 2015. Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor enhances inflammation and is associated with cancer. Molecular Medicine,12: 6399-6404.