Evaluation of AKT and mTOR Protein Changes in Response to Eccentric and Concentric Physical Activity in Healthy Young Men

Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology

Alireza  Hemmati Sarapardeh ¹ (Department of Sports Physiology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran)
Fatemeh  Shab Khiz ² (Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran)
Khosro  Ebrahim ³ (Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran)

Received: 2021-04-14 Accepted : 2021-06-12 Published : 2022-02-20

Keywords: concentric contraction, eccentric contraction, mTOR, AKT,

Abstract :

Skeletal muscle resorption is caused by the biosynthesis of new structures involved in the muscle contraction in terms of the increased skeletal muscle cross-sectional area, which is recognized as one of the major muscle changes as a result of exercise. This study aimed to investigate the response of mTOR and AKT proteins to distinct eccentric and concentric resistance training in healthy subjects. Ten healthy men were randomly divided into two groups (5 patients in the eccentric group - 5 in eccentric group). Isokinetic contraction protocols included eccentric and concentric knee extension with maximum power and angular velocity of 60 degrees per second. The torques assigned to each subject were assumed to match the workload in both protocols, with a rotational speed of 60 degrees per second. Contractions consisted of a maximum of 12 sets of 10 repetitions for the right leg, a rest time of 30 seconds between each set. At the beginning and end of the study, biopsy of the lateral broad muscle tissue was performed. A biopsy was performed in both distal and proximal directions of lateral flat muscle. Tissue analysis using immunocytochemistry was used to assess the expression of mTOR and AKT proteins in each group. A dependent t-test and a covariance test were used to assess the data. For data analysis, SPSS21 and Exell 2013 software were utilized. The findings indicated that after one session of exercise, intra-group increases in mTOR and AKT proteins were significant in both eccentric and concentric groups (p ≤0.05).However, the inter-group changes of mTOR and AKT proteins showed no difference between two groups. In general, the present study showed that a session of eccentric and concentric activity leads to changes in the factors involved in skeletal muscle strength and hypertrophy. Besides, these changes in aggregate eccentric contraction are more than concentric.

References:

1. Abeyrathna P., Su Y., 2015. The critical role of Akt in cardiovascular function. Vascular Pharmacology, 74: 38-48


2. Bodine S., 2006. mTOR signaling and the molecular adaptation to resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(11): 1950-1957.


3. Brook M.S., Wilkinson D.J., Mitchell W.K., Lund J.N., Szewczyk N.J., Greenhaff PL., 2015, Skeletal muscle hypertrophy adaptations predominate in the early stages of resistance exercise training, matching deuterium oxide-derived measures of muscle protein synthesis and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling. The FASEB Journal, 29(11): 4485-44


4. Ci Y., Shi K., An J., Yang Y., Hui K., Wu P., 2014. ROS inhibit autophagy by downregulating ULK1 mediated by the phosphorylation of p53 in selenite-treated NB4 cells. Cell Death and Disease, 5(11):


5. Dieli-Conwright C.M., Kiwata J.L., Tuzon C.T., Spektor T.M., Sattler F.R., Rice J.C., 2016. Acute Response of PGC-1alpha and IGF-1 Isoforms to Maximal Eccentric Exercise in Skeletal Muscle of Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(4): 1161-11


6. Gunadi JW., Tarawan VM., Setiawan I., Goenawan H., Ratnawati H., Limyati Y., 2020. Adaptation of aerobic training essentially involved autophagy, mitochondrial marker and muscle fibre genetic modulation in rat cardiac muscles, Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 104(6): 1938-1947.


7. Hoffman N.J., Parker B.L., Chaudhuri R., Fisher-Wellman K.H., Kleinert M., Humphrey S.J., 2015. Global Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Human Skeletal Muscle Reveals a Network of Exercise-Regulated Kinases and AMPK Substrates. Cell Metabolism, 22(5): 922-9


8. Huang C.J., Rodriguez A.L., Visavadiya N.P., Fico B.G., Slusher A.L., Ferrandi P.J., 2019. An exploratory investigation of apoptotic and autophagic responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following maximal aerobic exercise in obese individuals, Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 28: 1-8.


9. Kwon I., Jang Y., Cho J.Y., Jang Y.C., Lee Y., 2018. Long-term resistance exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy is associated with autophagy modulation in rats. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 68(3): 269-2


10. Luciano T.F., Marques S.O., Pieri B.L., de Souza D.R., Araujo L.V., Nesi R.T. 2017. Responses of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in Wistar rats to different resistance exercise models. Physiological Research, 66(2):317-323


11. Luo L., Lu A-M., Wang Y., Hong A., Chen Y., Hu J., 2013. Chronic resistance training activates autophagy and reduces apoptosis of muscle cells by modulating IGF-1 and its receptors, Akt/mTOR and Akt/FOXO3a signaling in aged rats. Experimental Gerontology, 48(4): 427-436


12. Mammucari C., Schiaffino S., Sandri M., 2008. Downstream of Akt: FoxO3 and mTOR in the regulation of autophagy in skeletal muscle. Autophagy, 4(4): 524-52


13. Ma Z, Qi J., Meng S., Wen B, Zhang J., 2013. Swimming exercise training-induced left ventricular hypertrophy involves microRNAs and synergistic regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(10): 2473-24


14. Nemati J., 2015. Effect of resistance training on mTOR and P70S6K Signaling pathway in skeletal muscle of rats. Journal of Sport Physiology and Physical Activity, 8(1): 1149-11


15. Ogasawara R., Kobayashi K., Tsutaki A, Lee K., Abe T., Fujita S., 2013. mTOR signaling response to resistance exercise is altered by chronic resistance training and detraining in skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(7): 934-9


16. O'Hara MH., Karasic TB., Vasilevskaya I., Redlinger M., Loaiza-Bonilla A., Teitelbaum UR., 2017. Phase II trial of the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine with FOLFOX and bevacizumab in front line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 35(15): 3545-3545.


17. Rademaker G., Hennequière V., Peixoto P., Bellahcene A., Castronovo V., Peulen O., 2017. Myoferlin, a new autophagy player in pancreatic cancer cells. Scientific Congresses and Symposiums, http://hdl.handle.net/2268/211492.


18. Spangenburg E., Le Roith D., Ward C.W., Bodine S.C., 2008. A functional insulin‐like growth factor receptor is not necessary for load‐induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The Journal of physiology, 586(1): 283-291.


19. Thoreen CC., Kang SA., Chang JW., Liu Q., Zhang J., Gao Y., 2009. An ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor reveals rapamycin-resistant functions of mTORC1. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(12): 8023-80


20. Watson K., Baar K., 2014. mTOR and the health benefits of exercise. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 36:130-13


21. Weng T.P., Huang S.C., Chuang Y.F., Wang J., 2013. Effects of interval and continuous exercise training on CD4 lymphocyte apoptotic and autophagic responses to hypoxic stress in sedentary men. PLoS One, 8(11): e80248.


22. Yoeli-Lerner M., Toker A., 2006. Akt/PKB signaling in cance,a function in cell motility and invasion. Cell Cycle, 5(6): 603-60