Spirulina: A healthy green sun with bioactive properties
Subject Areas : Microbial BiotechnologyBahareh Nowruzi 1 , Mahnaz Jafari 2 , shaghayegh babaie 3 , Atena Motamedi 4 , AmirAli Anvar 5
1 - Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Mailbox: 775/14515, Postcode: 1477893855, ORCID: 0000-0002-9015-2512
2 - Assistant professor, Department of food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Department of food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
4 - Department of food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
5 - 2Department of food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: Cyanobacteria, Spirulina, bioactive properties, complete food source, antimicrobial compounds,
Abstract :
Spirulina is a photosynthetic cyanophyte that can grow in high intensity sunlight and very alkaline conditions and high temperatures. This algae contains vitamin supplements in the diet. Spirulina will be introduced as a complete food source in the near future. In fact, one of the most important problems in the food industry is the use of synthetic preservatives and synthetic food additives that increase the risk of cancer. Therefore, efforts are being made around the world today to isolate new and safe antioxidants from natural sources. Among these, the natural products (secondary metabolites) of cyanobacteria are an important source of new drug compounds. Natural products not only have medicinal value themselves, but are also used as building models to create synthetic analogues. The chemical composition of Spirulina includes protein (70-55%), carbohydrates (25-25%), essential fatty acids (18%), vitamins, minerals and pigments such as carotene, chlorophyll a and phycocyanin. Because there is great potential for exploiting this algae and turning it into a dietary supplement in the production of a variety of food products such as cookies and biscuits, ice cream and cream cheese, and that in a small volume of this algae, it can be used as a golden key in nutrition. In this article, considering the potential potential of Cyanobacterium Spirulina, the morphological structure, life cycle, nutritional composition, antiviral activity, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, safety, anti-nephrotoxicity properties, increased visual acuity, weight loss and Blood lipids are treated. Obviously, the introduction of valuable properties of cyanobacteria Spirulina can be a suitable substitute for many antimicrobial compounds and synthetic antioxidants that not only pose no risk to the consumer, but can also improve consumer health. On the other hand, since the present study reviews the latest findings on cyanobacteria Spirulina, it is hoped that this study could pave the way for the introduction of edible microalgae with healing properties that can be used in the food industry.
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Pharmaceutical Health Services Research. 2018, 9(1):5-12.
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Sci. Microbiol. Technol. Med 2020. Elsevier Amsterdam: 441-453.
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biotechnology. 2019, 17(2): 18-29.
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_||_
K. Nostosins, trypsin inhibitors isolated from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain
FSN. Journal of natural products. 2014, 77(8):1784-90.
2. Nowruzi B, Haghighat S, Fahimi H, Mohammadi E. Nostoc cyanobacteria species: a new and
rich source of novel bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potential. Journal of
Pharmaceutical Health Services Research. 2018, 9(1):5-12.
3. Nowruzi B, Sarvari G, Blanco S. Applications of cyanobacteria in biomedicine. InHandb. Algal
Sci. Microbiol. Technol. Med 2020. Elsevier Amsterdam: 441-453.
4. Nowruzi B, Sarvari G, Blanco S. The cosmetic application of cyanobacterial secondary
metabolites. Algal Research. 2020, 49:101959.
5. Nowruzi B, Wahlsten M, Jokela J. A report on finding a new peptide aldehyde from
cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Bahar M by LC-MS and Marfey’s analysis. Iranian journal of
biotechnology. 2019, 17(2): 18-29.
6. Nowruzi B, Blanco S. In silico identification and evolutionary analysis of candidate genes
involved in the biosynthesis methylproline genes in cyanobacteria strains of Iran.
Phytochemistry Letters. 2019, 29:199-211.
7. Nowruzi B, Khavari-Nejad RA, Sivonen K, Kazemi B, Najafi F, Nejadsattari T. Identification
and toxigenic potential of a Nostoc sp. Algae. 2012, 27(4):303-405.
8. Rajabpour N, Nowruzi B, Ghobeh M. Investigation of the toxicity, antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities of some cyanobacterial strains isolated from different habitats. Acta
Biologica Slovenica. 2019, 62:2-15.
9. Safavi M, Nowruzi B, Estalaki S, Shokri M. Biological Activity of Methanol Extract from
Nostoc sp. N42 and Fischerella sp. S29 Isolated from Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems.
International Journal on Algae. 2019, 21(4): 31-45.
10. Nowruzi B, Khavari-Nejad RA, Sivonen K, Kazemi B, Najafi F, Nejadsattari T. Optimization
of cultivation conditions to maximize extracellular investments of two Nostoc strains.
Algological Studies. 2013, 142(1):63-76.
11. Maujean E, Desobry S, Gillet G, Poupard N, Desjardins‐Lavisse I, Desobry‐Banon S.
Influence of pressurised cryogenic nitrogen technology on Arthrospira platensis (spirulina)
preservation during storage. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2021, 56
(5):2443-51.
12. Wu H, Gao K, Villafañe VE, Watanabe T, Helbling EW. Effects of solar UV radiation on
morphology and photosynthesis of filamentous cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. Applied
and environmental microbiology. 2005, 71(9):5004-13.
13. Karkos PD, Leong SC, Karkos CD, Sivaji N, Assimakopoulos DA. Spirulina in clinical
practice: evidence-based human applications. Evidence-based complementary and alternative
medicine. 2011: 1-4.
14. Rajasekar P, Palanisamy S, Anjali R, Vinosha M, Elakkiya M, Marudhupandi T, Tabarsa M,
You S, Prabhu NM. Isolation and structural characterization of sulfated polysaccharide from
Spirulina platensis and its bioactive potential: In vitro antioxidant, antibacterial activity and
Zebrafish growth and reproductive performance. International journal of biological
macromolecules. 2019, 141: 809-21.
15. Zarezadeh M, Faghfouri AH, Radkhah N, Foroumandi E, Khorshidi M, Rasouli A, Zarei M,
Mohammadzadeh Honarvar N, Hazhir Karzar N, Ebrahimi Mamaghani M. Spirulina
supplementation and anthropometric indices: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of
controlled clinical trials. Phytotherapy Research. 2021, 35(2):577-86.
16. Capelli B, Cysewski GR. Potential health benefits of spirulina microalgae. Nutrafoods. 2010,
9(2):19-26.
17. Siva Kiran RR, Madhu GM, Satyanarayana SV. Spirulina in combating protein energy
malnutrition (PEM) and protein energy wasting (PEW)-A review. Journal of Nutrition
Research. 2015, 3(1):62-79.
18. Kumar D, Dhar DW, Pabbi S, Kumar N, Walia S. Extraction and purification of
C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (CCC540). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2014,
19(2):184-8.
19. Tessier R, Calvez J, Khodorova N, Gaudichon C. Protein and amino acid digestibility of 15 N
Spirulina in rats. European Journal of Nutrition. 2020, 1:1-7.
20. Ali SK, Saleh AM. Spirulina-an overview. International journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical sciences. 2012, 4(3):9-15.
21. Banakar V, Alam Q, Rajendra SV, Pandit A, Cladious A, Gnanaprakash K. Spirulina, The
Boon of Nature. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020, 11(1):57
-62.
22. Anantharajappa K, Dharmesh SM, Ravi S. Gastro-protective potentials of Spirulina: role of
vitamin B 12. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2020, 57(2):745-53.
23. Nowruzi B, Jouni J. Identification of Four Different Chlorophyll Allomers of Nostoc Sp. by
Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS) Int J Plant Stu. 2019, 2(1): 1-4.
24. Rosario JC, Josephine RM. Mineral profile of edible algae Spirulina platensis. Int J Curr
Microbiol App Sci. 2015, 4(1):478-83.
25. Shao W, Ebaid R, El-Sheekh M, Abomohra A, Eladel H. Pharmaceutical applications and
consequent environmental impacts of Spirulina (Arthrospira): An overview. Grasas y Aceites.
2019, 70(1):292-301.
26. Ye C, Mu D, Horowitz N, Xue Z, Chen J, Xue M, Zhou Y, Klutts M, Zhou W. Life cycle
assessment of industrial scale production of spirulina tablets. Algal research. 2018, 34:154-63.
27. Coskun ZK, Kerem M, Gurbuz N, Omeroglu S, Pasaoglu H, Demirtas C, Lortlar N, Salman
B, Pasaoglu OT, Turgut HB. The study of biochemical and histopathological effects of
spirulina in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. Bratislavske lekarske listy. 2011, 112(5):235-43.
28. Asghari A, Fazilati M, Latifi AM, Salavati H, Choopani A. A review on antioxidant properties
of Spirulina. Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports. 2016, 3(1):345-51.
29. Czerwonka A, Kaławaj K, Sławińska-Brych A, Lemieszek MK, Bartnik M, Wojtanowski KK,
Zdzisińska B, Rzeski W. Anticancer effect of the water extract of a commercial Spirulina
(Arthrospira platensis) product on the human lung cancer A549 cell line. Biomedicine &
Pharmacotherapy. 2018, 106:292-302.
30. Hassan AM, Abdel-Aziem SH, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Modulation of DNA damage and
alteration of gene expression during aflatoxicosis via dietary supplementation of Spirulina
(Arthrospira) and whey protein concentrate. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2012,
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