Investigating the effect of deviant behaviors in the workplace on job performance through transformational leadership and moral leadership (Case study: Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan))
Subject Areas : Human Capital EmpowermentAbbas Ghaedamini Harouni 1 , reza Ebrahimzadeh Dastjerdi 2 , Ali Reza Ebrahimpour 3
1 - Ph.D. Student, Cultural Managementof Facuty Management. South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran ,Iran
2 - Assistant Professor of Facuty Management Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor of Facuty Management South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran ,Iran
Keywords: Transformational Leadership, job performance, Ethical Leadership, deviant behaviors in the workplace,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of deviant behaviors in the workplace on job performance through transformational leadership and ethical leadership. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of how to collect descriptive information. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all employees working in (Case study: Islamic Azad University of Isfahan (Khorasgan)) 660 people through the Cochran sampling formula 244 people as a sample through stratified sampling method appropriate to the volume were chosen. Research instruments Standard Questionnaire of Deviant Behaviors in the Workplace of Applebam et al. (2007), Standard Questionnaire of Job Performance of Tsui et al. (1997) and Standard Questionnaire of Rahim et al.'s Leadership Transformation (2006) and Standard Questionnaire of Moral Leadership of Brown et al. The validity of the questionnaires was examined based on content, face and structural validity, and after the necessary terms, the validity was confirmed. On the other hand, the validity of the questionnaires by Cronbach's alpha method was 0.90, 0.88, respectively. Were estimated to be 0.90 and 0.87 and the data were analyzed at the inferential level including structural equation modeling.The results showed that deviant behaviors in the workplace through transformational leadership have a negative and significant effect on job performance. The coefficient of this effect is -0.43 and through moral leadership has a negative and significant effect on job performance that the coefficient of this effect is -0.58
رضایی کلیدی بری، حمیدرضا. سلطانی ابراهیم سرائی، فاطمه. بخشعلی زاده، داود(1399) در پژوهشی با عنوان نقش رهبری اخلاقی در عملکرد کارکنان، فصل نامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، سال15، شماره1، ص108-115.
شعبانی نژاد و همکاران(1395) بررسی رابطه بین ادراک سبک رهبری اخلاقی مدیران و عملکرد کارکنان ، مجله مدیریت سلامت، دوره 19، شماره65، ص22-30.
فرحبد، فرزین. بخشغلی زاده، داود. بنی حاتم(1396) تحلیل رابطۀ میان متغیرهای اخلاقی با رفتار فرانقش، فصل نامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، سال12، شماره4، ص1-10.
منتخب یگانه ، محمد.بشلیده، کیومرث. شمسی، مرجان. هزاریان، سولماز(1394) در پژوهشی با عنوان بررسی رابطة رهبری اخلاقی با رفتارهای انحرافی در محیط کار:نقش میانجی تعهد عاطفی و جو اخلاقی، فصل نامه مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دوره 14،شماره1، ص137-153.
مهاجران، بهناز. دیوبند، افشین(1396) تحلیل رابطۀ سبک رهبری اخلاقی و سکوت سازمانی با خلاقیت کارکنان، فصل نامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، سال12، شماره2، ص137-148.
میر کمالی، سید محمد. کرمی، محمد رضا(1395) بررسی رابطه بین ادراک سبک رهبری اخلاقی مدیران و عملکرد کارکنان، مجله مدیریت توسعه و تحول، دوره8، شماره24، ص11-22.
نوید ادهم، مهدی. شفیع زاده، حمید (1398) بررسی رابطه رهبری تحول گرا با عملکرد شغلی معلمان دوره دوم متوسطه شهر تهران، فصل نامه نوآوری های آموزشی، سال19، شماره74، ص35-56.
همتی، فاطمه. مهداد، علی(1397) رابطه رهبری اخلاقی با عملکرد انطباقی: نقشمیانجیگرانه انگیزش درونی، فصل نامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، سال13، شماره4، ص38-44.
Abdullah, A., & Marican, S. (2017). Relationship between leadership perception and engagement in workplace deviant behavior. TheMalaysian Journal of Social Administration, 9(1), 131-150.
Aksu ali(2016). Organizational deviance and multi-factor leadership. Journal Educational Research and Reviews. Vol. 11(8), pp. 589-597.
Appelbaum, H. Laconi. Matousek. (2007). "Positive and negative deviant workplace behaviors: Causes, impacts and solutions". Corporate governance international journal of business in society, l 7,( 5),586-598.
Avey, J. B., Palanski, M. E., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011). When leadership goes unnoticed: The moderating role of follower selfesteem on the relationship between ethical leadership and follower behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(4), 573-582.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought And Action: A Social Cognitive View. A Dissertation for a Doctor of Applied Psychology of Prentice-Hall University.
Bean, A. E., Ordowich, C., & Westley, W. A. (1985). Including the supervisor in employee involvement efforts. National Productivity Review, 5(1), 64-77.
Boenke.k, B .N, Distefano.j.j, and Distefano.A.C. (2003). "Transformational leadership", Leadership and Organizational journal, Vol.1, No.24, p.5-6
Bordia, P., Restubog, S., & Tang, R. (2008). When employees strike back: investigating mediating mechanisms between psychological contract breach and workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5):1104-1117.
Bouckenooghe D, Zafar A, Raja U. (2015). How ethical leadership shapes employees’ job performance: The mediating roles of goal congruence and psychological capital. Journal of Business Ethics; 129(2):251-264.
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97, 117-134.
Burke, S., and Collins, K.M. (2001). "Gender differences in leadership styles and management skills", Women in Management Review, Vol. 16, No.5.pp 244-256
Den Hartog, D. N.; Belschak, F. D. (2012). Work engagement and Machiavellianism in the ethical leadership process. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(1), 35˚47.
Effelsberg, D., Solga, M., & Gurt, J. (2014). Transformational leadership and follower’s unethical behavior for the benefit of the company: A two-study investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(1), 81-93.
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59(3), 291-309.
Friedman, A., Carmeli, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2018). When does respectful engagement with one's supervisor foster help-seeking behaviors and performance? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 104, 184-198.
Green, A. E., Miller, E. A., & Aarons, G. A. (2013). Transformational leadership moderates the relationship between emotional exhaustion and turnover intention among community mental health providers. Community mental Health Journal, 49(4), 373- 379.
Henle, C. A., Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2005). The role of ethical ideology in workplace deviance. Journal of BusinessEthics, 56(3), 219-230.
Higgs, M. (2003)."How can we make sense of leadership in the 21st century", Leadership and Organization Development Journal, Vol.24, No.5, pp271-284
Howladar, Mohammad Harisur Rahman, Sahidur Rahman1, Aftab Uddin(2018) Deviant Workplace Behavior and Job Performance:The Moderating Effect of Transformational Leadership. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 147-183.
Jiang, H., Chen, Y., Sun, P., & Yang, J. (2017). The relationship between Authoritarian leadership and employees’ deviantworkplace behaviors: The mediating effects of psychologicalcontract violation and organizational cynicism. Frontiers inPsychology, 8, 732-712.
Laitinen, E. K. (2002). A dynamic performance measurement system:evidence from small Finnish technology companies.Scandinavian Journal of Management, 18(1), 65-99.
Landrum, N. E., Howell, J. P., and Paris, L. (2000). "Leadership for strategic change", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21(3): 150- 156
Mayer David M, Stefan Thau . Kristina M. Workman . Marius Van Dijke . David De Cremer)2012). Leader mistreatment, employee hostility, and deviant behaviors: Integrating self-uncertainty and thwarted needs perspectives on deviance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 117 . 24–40.
Mayer David M, Stefan Thau . Kristina M. Workman . Marius Van Dijke . David De Cremer)2012). Leader mistreatment, employee hostility, and deviant behaviors: Integrating self-uncertainty and thwarted needs perspectives on deviance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 117 . 24–40.
Neves, P.; Story, J. (2013). Ethical leadership and reputation: Combined indirect effects on organizational deviance. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(1), 1-12.
Porath, C., & Pearson, C. (2013). The price of incivility. Harvard Business Review, 91(1-2), 114-121, 146.
Resick, CH.J., Hanges, P.J., & Dickson, M.W. (2006). A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Endorsement of Ethical Leadership, Journal of Business Ethics, 63, 345-359
Sharma, N., Schuster, P. L.-T., Ba, T., & Singh, V. K. (2016). Effect of workplace ncivility on job satisfaction and turnover intentions inIndia. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 5(2),234-249.
Sheraz, A., Zaheer, A., Nadeem, M., (2012), Enhancing employee performance through ethical leadership, transformational leadership and organizational culture in development sector of Pakistan, African Journal of Business Management, 6(4), 1244.
Shin, Y., Sung, S. Y., Choi, J. N., Kim, M. S,. (2014), Top management ethical leadership and firm performance: Mediating role of ethical and procedural justice climate, Journal of Business Ethics, 129(1), 43-57.
Sims, R. L. (2010). A study of deviance as a retaliatory response to organizational power. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(4), 553-563.
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels betweencounterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 269-292.
Stouten, J.; Dijke, M.; Mayer, D. M.; Cremer, D. D.; Euwema, M. C. (2013). Can a leader be seen as too ethical? The curvilinear effects of ethical leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(5), 680-695.
Sun, R., & Wang, W. (2017). Transformational leadership, employee turnover intention, and actual voluntary turnover in publicorganizations. Public Management Review, 19(8), 1124-1141.
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on models of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment,8(4), 216-226.
Yilmaz, E. (2010). The analysis of organizational creativity in schools regarding principals ethical leadership characteristics. Journal of social and behavioral sciences, 2(2), 3949-953.
رضایی کلیدی بری، حمیدرضا. سلطانی ابراهیم سرائی، فاطمه. بخشعلی زاده، داود(1399) در پژوهشی با عنوان نقش رهبری اخلاقی در عملکرد کارکنان، فصل نامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، سال15، شماره1، ص108-115.
شعبانی نژاد و همکاران(1395) بررسی رابطه بین ادراک سبک رهبری اخلاقی مدیران و عملکرد کارکنان ، مجله مدیریت سلامت، دوره 19، شماره65، ص22-30.
فرحبد، فرزین. بخشغلی زاده، داود. بنی حاتم(1396) تحلیل رابطۀ میان متغیرهای اخلاقی با رفتار فرانقش، فصل نامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، سال12، شماره4، ص1-10.
منتخب یگانه ، محمد.بشلیده، کیومرث. شمسی، مرجان. هزاریان، سولماز(1394) در پژوهشی با عنوان بررسی رابطة رهبری اخلاقی با رفتارهای انحرافی در محیط کار:نقش میانجی تعهد عاطفی و جو اخلاقی، فصل نامه مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دوره 14،شماره1، ص137-153.
مهاجران، بهناز. دیوبند، افشین(1396) تحلیل رابطۀ سبک رهبری اخلاقی و سکوت سازمانی با خلاقیت کارکنان، فصل نامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، سال12، شماره2، ص137-148.
میر کمالی، سید محمد. کرمی، محمد رضا(1395) بررسی رابطه بین ادراک سبک رهبری اخلاقی مدیران و عملکرد کارکنان، مجله مدیریت توسعه و تحول، دوره8، شماره24، ص11-22.
نوید ادهم، مهدی. شفیع زاده، حمید (1398) بررسی رابطه رهبری تحول گرا با عملکرد شغلی معلمان دوره دوم متوسطه شهر تهران، فصل نامه نوآوری های آموزشی، سال19، شماره74، ص35-56.
همتی، فاطمه. مهداد، علی(1397) رابطه رهبری اخلاقی با عملکرد انطباقی: نقشمیانجیگرانه انگیزش درونی، فصل نامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، سال13، شماره4، ص38-44.
Abdullah, A., & Marican, S. (2017). Relationship between leadership perception and engagement in workplace deviant behavior. TheMalaysian Journal of Social Administration, 9(1), 131-150.
Aksu ali(2016). Organizational deviance and multi-factor leadership. Journal Educational Research and Reviews. Vol. 11(8), pp. 589-597.
Appelbaum, H. Laconi. Matousek. (2007). "Positive and negative deviant workplace behaviors: Causes, impacts and solutions". Corporate governance international journal of business in society, l 7,( 5),586-598.
Avey, J. B., Palanski, M. E., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011). When leadership goes unnoticed: The moderating role of follower selfesteem on the relationship between ethical leadership and follower behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(4), 573-582.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought And Action: A Social Cognitive View. A Dissertation for a Doctor of Applied Psychology of Prentice-Hall University.
Bean, A. E., Ordowich, C., & Westley, W. A. (1985). Including the supervisor in employee involvement efforts. National Productivity Review, 5(1), 64-77.
Boenke.k, B .N, Distefano.j.j, and Distefano.A.C. (2003). "Transformational leadership", Leadership and Organizational journal, Vol.1, No.24, p.5-6
Bordia, P., Restubog, S., & Tang, R. (2008). When employees strike back: investigating mediating mechanisms between psychological contract breach and workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5):1104-1117.
Bouckenooghe D, Zafar A, Raja U. (2015). How ethical leadership shapes employees’ job performance: The mediating roles of goal congruence and psychological capital. Journal of Business Ethics; 129(2):251-264.
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97, 117-134.
Burke, S., and Collins, K.M. (2001). "Gender differences in leadership styles and management skills", Women in Management Review, Vol. 16, No.5.pp 244-256
Den Hartog, D. N.; Belschak, F. D. (2012). Work engagement and Machiavellianism in the ethical leadership process. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(1), 35˚47.
Effelsberg, D., Solga, M., & Gurt, J. (2014). Transformational leadership and follower’s unethical behavior for the benefit of the company: A two-study investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(1), 81-93.
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59(3), 291-309.
Friedman, A., Carmeli, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2018). When does respectful engagement with one's supervisor foster help-seeking behaviors and performance? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 104, 184-198.
Green, A. E., Miller, E. A., & Aarons, G. A. (2013). Transformational leadership moderates the relationship between emotional exhaustion and turnover intention among community mental health providers. Community mental Health Journal, 49(4), 373- 379.
Henle, C. A., Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2005). The role of ethical ideology in workplace deviance. Journal of BusinessEthics, 56(3), 219-230.
Higgs, M. (2003)."How can we make sense of leadership in the 21st century", Leadership and Organization Development Journal, Vol.24, No.5, pp271-284
Howladar, Mohammad Harisur Rahman, Sahidur Rahman1, Aftab Uddin(2018) Deviant Workplace Behavior and Job Performance:The Moderating Effect of Transformational Leadership. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 147-183.
Jiang, H., Chen, Y., Sun, P., & Yang, J. (2017). The relationship between Authoritarian leadership and employees’ deviantworkplace behaviors: The mediating effects of psychologicalcontract violation and organizational cynicism. Frontiers inPsychology, 8, 732-712.
Laitinen, E. K. (2002). A dynamic performance measurement system:evidence from small Finnish technology companies.Scandinavian Journal of Management, 18(1), 65-99.
Landrum, N. E., Howell, J. P., and Paris, L. (2000). "Leadership for strategic change", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21(3): 150- 156
Mayer David M, Stefan Thau . Kristina M. Workman . Marius Van Dijke . David De Cremer)2012). Leader mistreatment, employee hostility, and deviant behaviors: Integrating self-uncertainty and thwarted needs perspectives on deviance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 117 . 24–40.
Mayer David M, Stefan Thau . Kristina M. Workman . Marius Van Dijke . David De Cremer)2012). Leader mistreatment, employee hostility, and deviant behaviors: Integrating self-uncertainty and thwarted needs perspectives on deviance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 117 . 24–40.
Neves, P.; Story, J. (2013). Ethical leadership and reputation: Combined indirect effects on organizational deviance. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(1), 1-12.
Porath, C., & Pearson, C. (2013). The price of incivility. Harvard Business Review, 91(1-2), 114-121, 146.
Resick, CH.J., Hanges, P.J., & Dickson, M.W. (2006). A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Endorsement of Ethical Leadership, Journal of Business Ethics, 63, 345-359
Sharma, N., Schuster, P. L.-T., Ba, T., & Singh, V. K. (2016). Effect of workplace ncivility on job satisfaction and turnover intentions inIndia. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 5(2),234-249.
Sheraz, A., Zaheer, A., Nadeem, M., (2012), Enhancing employee performance through ethical leadership, transformational leadership and organizational culture in development sector of Pakistan, African Journal of Business Management, 6(4), 1244.
Shin, Y., Sung, S. Y., Choi, J. N., Kim, M. S,. (2014), Top management ethical leadership and firm performance: Mediating role of ethical and procedural justice climate, Journal of Business Ethics, 129(1), 43-57.
Sims, R. L. (2010). A study of deviance as a retaliatory response to organizational power. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(4), 553-563.
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels betweencounterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 269-292.
Stouten, J.; Dijke, M.; Mayer, D. M.; Cremer, D. D.; Euwema, M. C. (2013). Can a leader be seen as too ethical? The curvilinear effects of ethical leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(5), 680-695.
Sun, R., & Wang, W. (2017). Transformational leadership, employee turnover intention, and actual voluntary turnover in publicorganizations. Public Management Review, 19(8), 1124-1141.
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on models of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment,8(4), 216-226.
Yilmaz, E. (2010). The analysis of organizational creativity in schools regarding principals ethical leadership characteristics. Journal of social and behavioral sciences, 2(2), 3949-953.
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