مسیرهای مصرف اعتبارات خرد و توانمندسازی اقتصادی زنان وام گیرنده ؛ شواهدی از ایران
Subject Areas : Education and trainingمرضیه فراشی 1 , مهدی رحیمیان 2 , سعید غلامرضایی 3
1 - دانش‏آموخته‏ کارشناسی ارشد توسعه روستایی، گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان
2 - دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان
3 - دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان
Keywords: زنان, توانمندسازی, اعتبارات خرد, مشاغل خرد,
Abstract :
ارتباط بین توانمند سازی زنان و اعتبارات خرد در بسیاری از کشورها از جمله ایران مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. اما مطالعات کمی تأثیر مسیر مصرف مالی خرد در توانمندسازی زنان را بررسی کرده اند. بنابراین ، هدف از این مطالعه پاسخ به این سوال مهم است که مسیر مصرف اعتبار خرد چه تاثیری در توانمندسازی زنان دارد. در این تحقیق 13 مصرف اعتبار توسط زنان مشخص شد. این مسیرها را می توان به سه مسیر کلی تقسیم کرد: (1) راه اندازی یک شغل خرد (2) سرمایه گذاری وام بصورت غیرمستقیم با امکان بازگشت وام (3) مصرف وام بدون امکان بازگشت. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل 800 نفر از زنان در شهرستان نهاوند بود که از اعتبارات خرد استفاده کرده‌اند. حجم نمونه بر اساس جدول کرجسی و مورگان 260 نفر تعیین و نمونه‌گیری به صورت طبقه‌ای با انتساب متناسب انجام شد. پایایی و روایی پرسشنامه، به ترتیب با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (بیشتر از 7/0) و روش اعتبار محتوایی مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها با نرم افزار SPSS20 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که زنان در مسیر اول از دو گروه دیگر توانمندی بیشتری دارند. مصرف وام در مسیر سوم، اگرچه زنان را بیشتر از مسیر سوم توانمند خواهد کرد اما نتایج مقایسه میانگین، میانگین توانمندی اقتصادی گروه دوم و سوم تفاوت معناداری با هم ندارند. بنابراین ضروری است که موسسات پرداخت کننده اعتبارات خرد با بررسی اساسی قوانین پرداخت این گونه اعتبارات، کنترل بیشتری بر نحوه استفاده زنان از اعتبار خود اعمال کنند.
Adhikari, D. B., & Shrestha, J. (2013). Economic impact of microfinance in Nepal: A case study of the Manamaiju Village Development Committee, Kathmandu. Economic Journal of Development Issues, 36-49.
Aggarwal, R., Goodell, J. W., & Selleck, L. J. (2015). Lending to women in microfinance: Role of social trust. International Business Review, 24(1), 55-65.
Ahlin, C., & Jiang, N. (2008). Can micro-credit bring development? Journal of Development Economics, 86(1), 1-21.
Akinsanmi, A. (2005). Women, Poverty and Productivity: A voice from Nigeria. Women and Environments International Magazine (66-67), 17-18.
Al-Amin, M., & Chowdhury, T. (2008). Women, poverty and empowerment: An investigation into the dark side of microfinance. Asian Affairs, 30(2), 16-29.
Al-Shami, S. S. A., Razali, M. M., Majid, I., Rozelan, A., & Rashid, N. (2016). The effect of microfinance on women’s empowerment: Evidence from Malaysia. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 22(3), 318-337.
Ali, I., & Hatta, Z. A. (2012). Women's empowerment or disempowerment through microfinance: Evidence from Bangladesh. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 6(2), 111-121.
Alsop, R., Bertelsen, M., & Holland, J. (2005). Empowerment in practice: From analysis to implementation: The World Bank.
Amin, R., & Becker, S. (1998). NGO-promoted microcredit programs and women's empowerment in rural Bangladesh: quantitative and qualitative evidence. Journal of Developing Areas, 32(2), 221-236.
Amin, S., Rai, A. S., & Topa, G. (2003). Does microcredit reach the poor and vulnerable? Evidence from northern Bangladesh. Journal of Development Economics, 70(1), 59-82.
Anderson, C. L., Locker, L., & Nugent, R. (2002). Microcredit, social capital, and common pool resources. World Development, 30(1), 95-105.
Arestoff, F., & Djemai, E. (2016). Women’s empowerment across the life cycle and generations: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 87, 70-87.
Armendáriz, B., & Morduch, J. (2010). The economics of microfinance: MIT press.
Ashburn, K., & Warner, A. (2010). Can economic empowerment reduce vulnerability of girls and young women to HIV? Emerging insights. International Center for Research on Women: Washington DC, USA.
Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Glennerster, R., & Kinnan, C. (2015). The miracle of microfinance? Evidence from a randomized evaluation. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 7(1), 22-53.
Boden, S., & Zoe, O. (1997). Gender and Empowerment: Definition Approaches and Implication for Policy. Inst. Dev. Stud., Brigton, 3-5.
Cheston, S., & Kuhn, L. (2002). Empowering women through microfinance. Draft, Opportunity International, 64.
Chin, Y.-M. (2012). Male backlash, bargaining, or exposure reduction?: women’s working status and physical spousal violence in India. Journal of population Economics, 25(1), 175-200.
Crépon, B., Devoto, F., Duflo, E., & Parienté, W. (2015). Estimating the impact of microcredit on those who take it up: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Morocco. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 7(1), 123-150.
Cuong, N. V. (2008). Is a governmental Micro‐Credit Program for the poor really pro‐poor? Evidence from Vietnam. The Developing Economies, 46(2), 151-187.
de Jong, E., Smits, J., & Longwe, A. (2017). Estimating the causal effect of fertility on women’s employment in Africa using twins. World Development, 90, 360-368.
de Moraes, A. F. J., & Rocha, C. (2013). Gendered waters: the participation of women in the ‘One Million Cisterns’ rainwater harvesting program in the Brazilian Semi-Arid region. Journal of cleaner production, 60, 163-169.
Drolet, J. (2009). Women and microcredit: Implications for social and economic development. Social Development Issues, 31(1), 55-68.
Duflo, E. (2012). Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic literature, 50(4), 1051-1079.
Eckert, S., Gerring, N., Jun, K.-N., Lacouture, M., Lean, S. F., Liu, J., & Walter, A. (2017). Strengthening Women’s Civic and Political Participation: A Synthesis of the Scholarly Literature. Research and Innovation Grants Working Papers Series.
Farashi, M., Rahimian, M., & Gholamrezai, S. (2018). Microcredits: social empowering or disempowering of rural women: the case of Nahavand township. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 13(2).
Fasoranti, M. (2010). The influence of micro-credit on poverty alleviation among rural dwellers: A case study of Akoko North West Local Government Area of Ondo State. African Journal of Business Management, 4(8), 1438.
Feldhoff, C. H., Liu, Y., & Feldhoff, P. R. (2019). Does microfinance have an impact on borrower's consumption patterns and women's empowerment? : Weidener Diskussionspapiere.
Ferreira, F. H., & Walton, M. (2005). World development report 2006: equity and development (Vol. 28): World Bank Publications.
Fetterman, D. M. (1994). Empowerment evaluation. Evaluation practice, 15(1), 1-15.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Ganle, J. K., Afriyie, K., & Segbefia, A. Y. (2015). Microcredit: Empowerment and disempowerment of rural women in Ghana. World Development, 66, 335-345.
García-Pérez, I., Muñoz-Torres, M.-J., & Fernández-Izquierdo, M.-Á. (2017). Microfinance literature: A sustainability level perspective survey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 3382-3395.
Garikipati, S. (2008). The impact of lending to women on household vulnerability and women’s empowerment: evidence from India. World development, 36(12), 2620-2642.
Garikipati, S., Agier, I., Guérin, I., & Szafarz, A. (2017). The cost of empowerment: multiple sources of women’s debt in rural India. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(5), 700-722.
Garikipati, S., Johnson, S., Guérin, I., & Szafarz, A. (2017). Microfinance and gender: Issues, challenges and the road ahead. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(5), 641-648.
Ghosh, S., & Van Tassel, E. (2013). Funding microfinance under asymmetric information. Journal of Development Economics, 101, 8-15.
Goetz, A. M., & Gupta, R. S. (1996). Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural credit programs in Bangladesh. World development, 24(1), 45-63.
Guérin, I., Kumar, S., & Agier, I. (2013). Women's empowerment: Power to act or power over other women? Lessons from Indian microfinance. Oxford Development Studies, 41(sup1), S76-S94.
Hansen, N. (2015). The development of psychological capacity for action: The empowering effect of a microfinance programme on women in Sri Lanka. Journal of Social Issues, 71(3), 597-613.
Hoque, M., & Itohara, Y. (2009). Women empowerment through participation in micro-credit programme: A case study from Bangladesh. Journal of Social Sciences, 5(3), 244-250.
Hossain, M. S. (2015). Women empowerment in Bangladesh through microfinance. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(17), 167-175.
Huis, M., Lensink, R., Vu, N., & Hansen, N. (2019). Impacts of the Gender and Entrepreneurship Together Ahead (GET Ahead) training on empowerment of female microfinance borrowers in Northern Vietnam. World Development, 120, 46-61.
Huis, M. A., Hansen, N., Otten, S., & Lensink, R. (2017). A three-dimensional model of women’s empowerment: Implications in the field of microfinance and future directions. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1678.
Hulme, D. (1997). Impact assessment methodologies for microfinance: A review: AIMS, USAID.
Ibrahim, S., & Alkire, S. (2007). Agency and empowerment: A proposal for internationally comparable indicators. Oxford development studies, 35(4), 379-403.
Johnson, S. (2004). Gender norms in financial markets: Evidence from Kenya. World Development, 32(8), 1355-1374.
Johnson, S., & Rogaly, B. (1997). Microfinance and poverty reduction: Oxfam.
Kabeer, N. (1998). Money can't buy me love? Re-evaluating gender, credit and empowerment in rural Bangladesh: Institute of Development Studies.
Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment. Development and change, 30(3), 435-464.
Kabeer, N. (2009). Conflicts over credit: re-evaluating the empowerment potential of loans to women in rural Bangladesh. In Microfinance (pp. 128-162): Routledge.
Kaur, A., de Sherbinin, A., Toure, A., & Jensen, L. (2007). Women's economic empowerment: Meeting the needs of impoverished women: United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA).
Khandker, S. R. (2005). Microfinance and poverty: Evidence using panel data from Bangladesh. The World Bank Economic Review, 19(2), 263-286.
Khandker, S. R., Samad, H. A., & Khan, Z. H. (1998). Income and employment effects of micro‐credit programmes: Village‐level evidence from Bangladesh. The Journal of Development Studies, 35(2), 96-124.
Kim, J., Ferrari, G., Abramsky, T., Watts, C., Hargreaves, J., Morison, L., . . . Pronyk, P. (2009). Assessing the incremental effects of combining economic and health interventions: the IMAGE study in South Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87, 824-832.
Klein, E. (2014). Psychological agency: Evidence from the urban fringe of Bamako. World Development, 64, 642-653.
Krishna, A. (2003). Social Capital, Community Driven Development, and Empowerment: A short note on concepts and operations. World Bank working paper, 33077.
Kulkarni, V. S. (2011). Women’s empowerment and microfinance: An Asian perspective study. Occasional Paper, 13.
Malhotra, A., & Schuler, S. R. (2005). Women’s empowerment as a variable in international development. Measuring empowerment: Cross-disciplinary perspectives, 1(1), 71-88.
Malik, K. (2014). Human development report 2014: Sustaining human progress: Reducing vulnerabilities and building resilience: United Nations Development Programme, New York.
Marconatto, D., Cruz, L. B., & Pedrozo, E. A. (2016). Going beyond microfinance fuzziness. Journal of cleaner production, 115, 5-22.
Mayoux, L. (1998). Women's Empowerment and Micro-Finance Programmes Approaches, Evidence and Ways Forward. Retrieved from
McIntosh, C., & Wydick, B. (2005). Competition and microfinance. Journal of Development Economics, 78(2), 271-298.
Mishra, K., & Sam, A. G. (2016). Does women’s land ownership promote their empowerment? Empirical evidence from Nepal. World Development, 78, 360-371.
Misra, A. (2006). Micro finance in India and millennium development goals: Maximizing impact on poverty. Victoria: University of Wellington.
Morduch, J. (1999). The role of subsidies in microfinance: evidence from the Grameen Bank. Journal of Development Economics, 60(1), 229-248.
Mosley, P. (2001). Microfinance and poverty in Bolivia. Journal of development studies, 37(4), 101-132.
Nader, Y. F. (2008). Microcredit and the socio-economic wellbeing of women and their families in Cairo. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(2), 644-656.
Narayan, D. (2005). Conceptual framework and methodological challenges. Measuring empowerment, 1.
Nassani, A. A., Aldakhil, A. M., Abro, M. M. Q., Islam, T., & Zaman, K. (2019). The impact of tourism and finance on women empowerment. Journal of Policy Modeling, 41(2), 234-254.
Ngo, T. M.-P., & Wahhaj, Z. (2012). Microfinance and gender empowerment. Journal of Development Economics, 99(1), 1-12.
Niethammer, C., Saeed, T., Mohamed, S. S., & Charafi, Y. (2007). WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AND ACCESS TO FINANCE IN PAKISTAN. Women's Policy Journal of Harvard, 4.
Norwood, C. (2005). Macro Promises of Microcredit: A Case of a local eSusu in Rural Ghana. Journal of International Women's Studies, 7(1), 1-7.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. (1978). Psychometric Theory McGraw-Hill New York. The role of university in the development of entrepreneurial vocations: a Spanish study.
Pitt, M. M., & Khandker, S. R. (1996). Household and intrahousehold impact of the Grameen Bank and similar targeted credit programs in Bangladesh: The World Bank.
Raha, D., Osbahr, H., & Garforth, C. (2013). Does watershed development implemented through public private partnership empower women? A case review from Rajasthan, Western India. Journal of Cleaner Production, 60, 18-33.
Rahman, A. (1999). Micro-credit initiatives for equitable and sustainable development: who pays? World Development, 27(1), 67-82.
Rahman, M. H., & Naoroze, K. (2007). Women empowerment through participation in aquaculture: Experience of a large-scale technology demonstration project in Bangladesh.
Reinke, J. (1998). How to lend like mad and make a profit: A micro‐credit paradigm versus the start‐up fund in South Africa. The journal of Development Studies, 34(3), 44-61.
Roodman, D., & Morduch, J. (2014). The impact of microcredit on the poor in Bangladesh: Revisiting the evidence. Journal of Development Studies, 50(4), 583-604.
Saha, B., & Sangwan, N. (2019). Credit where credit's due: The enabling effects of empowerment in Indian microfinance. World Development, 122, 537-551.
Said-Allsopp, M., & Tallontire, A. (2015). Pathways to empowerment? Dynamics of women's participation in Global Value Chains. Journal of Cleaner Production, 107, 114-121.
Schuler, S. R., Hashemi, S. M., & Riley, A. P. (1996). Rural credit programs and women’s empowerment in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(4), 635-653.
Sengupta, R., & Aubuchon, C. P. (2008). The microfinance revolution: An overview. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 90(January/February 2008).
Serrano-Cinca, C., & Gutiérrez-Nieto, B. (2014). Microfinance, the long tail and mission drift. International Business Review, 23(1), 181-194.
Serrano-Cinca, C., Gutiérrez-Nieto, B., & Reyes, N. M. (2016). A social and environmental approach to microfinance credit scoring. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 3504-3513.
Swain, R. B., & Wallentin, F. Y. (2009). Does microfinance empower women? Evidence from self‐help groups in India. International Review of Applied Economics, 23(5), 541-556.
Tarozzi, A., Desai, J., & Johnson, K. (2015). The impacts of microcredit: Evidence from Ethiopia. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 7(1), 54-89.
Tedeschi, G. A. (2008). Overcoming selection bias in microcredit impact assessments: a case study in Peru. The Journal of Development Studies, 44(4), 504-518.
Van Rooyen, C., Stewart, R., & De Wet, T. (2012). The impact of microfinance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. World Development, 40(11), 2249-2262.
Weber, O., & Ahmad, A. (2014). Empowerment through microfinance: The relation between loan cycle and level of empowerment. World Development, 62, 75-87.
Wright, G. A. (1999). Examining the impact of microfinance services-increasing income or reducing poverty? Small Enterprise Development, 10(1), 38-47.
