pistachio by-product

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1 - Effects of Two Sources of Tannins on Performance, Nitrogen Utilization and Efficiency of Microbial Nitrogen Synthesis in Dairy Goats
ا. مختارپور ع.ع. ناصریان ف. پورملایی س. صفا

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tannic acid (TA) and pistachio by-product tannin extract (PBE) on N utilization and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) in Saanen dairy goats. The experimental design was a change over design with three أکثر

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tannic acid (TA) and pistachio by-product tannin extract (PBE) on N utilization and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) in Saanen dairy goats. The experimental design was a change over design with three treatments and three periods using six mid lactation multiparous dairy goats. Tannic acid solution and PBE were added to fresh alfalfa at ensiling to get the final concentration of about 1% tannin as dry matter (DM) basis. Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) untreated alfalfa silage (AS), 2) AS treated with TA (AS+TA) and 3) AS treated with PBE (AS+PBE). Intake of DM, organic matter (OM) and N and also milk yield and composition (as percent or as g/d) were not affected by tannin additions. A considerable shift occurred in the pattern of N excretion in goats fed PBE diet compared to control silage diet. Urinary N losses had a tendency (P<0.10) to lower (17.4 vs. 19.2 g/d) and fecal N losses was higher for goats fed AS + PBE compared with those fed the AS silage diet (14.6 vs. 12.6 g/d). As a proportion of N intake or as g N loss per d, retained N was higher (P<0.05) in goats fed AS + PBE compared to those fed the control diet. Microbial nitrogen synthesis (MN) was not affected by tannin additions. However, a trend (P<0.10) for less efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMN) was observed in tannin fed goats compared to those fed the control diet. Although, tannins added to AS may exert some beneficial effects on N utilization and also environmental N outputs, they may interfere with rumen fermentation lead to decrease in EMN in goats especially those fed with PBE. تفاصيل المقالة

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2 - Crude Protein Fractions and in vitroGas Production of Alfalfa Silages Treated with Pistachio by-Products Extract
ا. مختارپور ع.ع. ناصریان ر. ولی‌زاده م. دانش مسگران ف. پورملایی

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the crude protein fractionation, in vitro gas production and the biological effects of tannins in alfalfa silage treated with different levels of pistachio by-products (PB) extract. PB was soaked in water with a ratio of 1:5 (w أکثر

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the crude protein fractionation, in vitro gas production and the biological effects of tannins in alfalfa silage treated with different levels of pistachio by-products (PB) extract. PB was soaked in water with a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) for 12 h. After filtering and concentrating, the crude extract was added to fresh alfalfa to a final concentration of 1%, 2% and 3% tannin dry matter (DM) and then ensiled for 60 days. Four treatments were as follows: alfalfa silage without addition of PB extract as a control (T0), PB tannin added at 1% (T1), 2% (T2) and 3% DM (T3). Treating alfalfa silage decreased the formation of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds and increased crude protein fraction B2 during ensilage. Cumulative in vitro gas production after 96 h incubation, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) decreased in T2 and T3 compared to the control. The gas production and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) of treated silages increased in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) which indicates that the presence of phenolic compounds and tannins depressed the gas production. It can be concluded that treating alfalfa silage with PB extract can reduce the nitrogen losses during ensilage and degradability of organic matter (OM) by microbial inhibition. تفاصيل المقالة

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3 - Effect of Processing Protein Supplements with Tannin Extracted from Pistachio by-Products on Performance of Holstein Dairy Cows in Early Lactation
م. شریفی ع.ع. ناصرانی ع.م. طهماسبی ر. ولی‌زاده

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of processing protein meals by tannin extracted from pistachio by-product on apparent total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of dairy cows. For tannin extraction, one kilogram of sun-dried pi أکثر

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of processing protein meals by tannin extracted from pistachio by-product on apparent total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of dairy cows. For tannin extraction, one kilogram of sun-dried pistachio by-products was immersed in four liters of water for 48 h. Then, pistachio by-products were removed from the water and the extract obtained was sprayed on protein supplements (canola meal and soybean meal) with an equal ratio of 1:1 (L/kg) and was dried in the shade. Eight nulliparous Holstein dairy cows with 27 ± 49days in milk(DIM) and milk production of 38 ± 4 kg/d were used in the form of a replicated Latin square (4×4) design. The experiment was performed in four 21-day periods consisting of 14 days for adaptation and 7 days for recording. The experimental treatments were as follows: 1) ration based on soybean meal, 2) ration based on soybean meal processed with the extracted tannin by water-extracted tannin from pistachio by-product, 3) ration based on canola meal and 4) ration based on canola meal processed with water-extracted tannin from pistachio by-product. Spraying extracted tannin on protein supplement increase concentration by 370 and 246% in soybean meal and canola meal, respectively. Intake of dry matter (DM) and total tract apparent digestibility were not affected by treatments. Although daily milk production (kg/d) and milk protein percentage were not affected by treatments, cows fed tannins produced more milk and milk protein. Tannins decreased rumen ammonia concentration only in the canola diets. Soybean treatment had the highest and processed canola treatment with tannin had the lowest rates of ammonia nitrogen in the rumen. Treated protein supplements with tannins decreased ruminal pH, soybean treatments showed the highest and processed canola treatment had the lowest pH rates with tannin. Although blood urea nitrogen was not affected by the treatments, processing the rations with tannin reduced blood urea nitrogen linearly however; other blood metabolites were not affected by treatments. Results of this study show that under our experimental conditions, processing protein supplements with tannin had no negative effect on animals, Further experiments should be done in this regard and on the rations containing higher levels of tannin. تفاصيل المقالة

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4 - An Investigation on the Effect of Adding Different Levels of Molasses on the Silage Quality of Pistachio (Pistachio vera) by Product and Wheat Straw Mixture Silages
ن. دنک اس.اس. آیدین ب. دوگان داس ام. آوسی ام. ساورانلو

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding different levels of molasses (1-5%) on the silage quality, in vitro methane production and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of pistachio (Pistachio vera) by-product and wheat straw mixture أکثر

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding different levels of molasses (1-5%) on the silage quality, in vitro methane production and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of pistachio (Pistachio vera) by-product and wheat straw mixture silages. For this purpose, silages were prepared with pistachio by-product (85%) and wheat straw (15%) without molasses (control group), and with addition of molasses from 1% to 5% (treatment groups). All the treatments consisted of five replicate silos, and they were prepared in 1.5 L glass jar silos. While silage pH and acetic acid values decreased with addition of molasses levels (P<0.05), silage lactic acid values increased (P<0.05). Butyric and propionic acid were not detected in any of the silages. Addition of all levels of molasses increased in vitro methane production, IVOMD and metabolizable energy (ME) values (P<0.05). As a result, fresh pistachio by-product can be ensiled with addition of wheat straw and molasses to produce good quality silage. It can be concluded that this by product can be ensiled well and used as a roughage source with mixture of other roughage sources for animal nutrition in the regions where fresh pistachio by product is available. تفاصيل المقالة

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5 - Effects of Replacing Alfalfa Hay and Wheat Straw by Pistachio by-Product Silage and Date Waste on the Performance and Blood Parameters of Fattening Lambs
ب. سلطانی نژاد O. دیانی ر. طهماسبی ا. خضری

In this trial effects of feeding pistachio by-product silage with date waste (PBSD) on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain and blood parameters of lambs were studied. Ensiling of pistachio by-products (PBP) with date waste increased dry matter (DM) and metabolizab أکثر

In this trial effects of feeding pistachio by-product silage with date waste (PBSD) on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain and blood parameters of lambs were studied. Ensiling of pistachio by-products (PBP) with date waste increased dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME), but decreased the percentages of crude protein (CP), total tannins and phenolic compounds (P<0.05). Treatment diets were: 1) control (without PBSD); 2) diet containing 7% PBSD; 3) diet containing 14% PBSD and 4) diet containing 21% PBSD (DM basis). Forty male lambs were allocated to four treatments in a completely randomized design. All groups were fed a control diet for 21 days prior to the start of the 90-day experiment. Thereafter, one group (control) continued to receive the same diet while other groups received the diets containing PBSD. At the end of experiment, all lambs were slaughtered on the same day. The lambs fed diets containing 14 or 21% PBSD had more DMI than those fed with the control diet (P<0.05). Feeding 21% PBSD significantly (P<0.05) increased final weight, live daily gain, the weight of the warm or cold carcass and lean meat. The lambs fed 14 and 21% PBSD had lower TG than lambs fed the control diet (P<0.05). Feeding 21% PBSD significantly (P<0.05) increased the blood total protein and albumin concentration when compared with the control group. The concentrations of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) enzymes in blood were not affected. The results showed that feeding 21% PBSD to fattening lambs increased their performance, and it had no adverse effects on liver function. تفاصيل المقالة

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6 - Effect of Tannin Extract from Pistachio by Product on in vitro Gas Production
ام. شریفی آ.آ. ناصریان اچ. خراسانی

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of treated protein supplements with tannin extracted from pistachio by-product (P-PB) on in vitro gas production using fistulated sheep. One portion of P-PB was mixed with four portions of water for 48 h. The extract أکثر

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of treated protein supplements with tannin extracted from pistachio by-product (P-PB) on in vitro gas production using fistulated sheep. One portion of P-PB was mixed with four portions of water for 48 h. The extracted product was sprayed on soybean meal (SBM) or canola meal (CM) with an equal ratio (1:1 v/w) and dried in the shade. The experimental treatments included in this study were: 1) untreated soybean meal (USB), 2) soybean meal treated with tannin extract (SBTT), 3) untreated canola meal (UCM) and 4) canola meal treated with tannin extract (CMTT). Kinetics of gas production was fitted to an exponential model. After 96 h of incubation, the medium size of each syringe was used for determining ammonia N (NH3-N) concentration using distillation method. The results obtained from this study showed that spraying tannin extract on protein supplement increased the amount of tannin to 4.4, 3.13in CM or SBM, respectively. Although gas production rate, fraction b and fraction c decreased by treated protein supplements in comparison with untreated protein supplements, the effects were not significant (P>0.05). The effect of tannin extract on NH3-N was significant (P≤0.05). The highest and the lowest content of NH3 were for SBM with the lowest and CMTT with the highest content of tannin, respectively. Tannin from P-PB decreased organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in treated protein supplements (P≤0.05). Untreated soybean meal and CMTT had the highest and the lowest content of OMD, ME and SCFA, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة

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