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1 - Code Glosses in Academic Writing: The Comparison of Iranian and Native Authors
Mahdi Dehghan Azizeh ChalakOne of the challenges of academic writing is the creation of a structurally and communicatively well-organized and coherent text. Metadiscourse enables authors of journal articles to achieve this goal by raising the writers‘ awareness about discourse features whic أکثرOne of the challenges of academic writing is the creation of a structurally and communicatively well-organized and coherent text. Metadiscourse enables authors of journal articles to achieve this goal by raising the writers‘ awareness about discourse features which can contribute to a better academic content production. Also, L1 background has always been a hot topic in applied linguistics and native versus non-native comparisons have been of particular interest in this field. The purpose of this study was to see whether native English speakers and Iranians use code glosses as a sub-category of metadiscourse similarly in their academic writings. To this end, the introduction section of 30 journal articles written by native and Iranian non-native English authors were investigated and the number of code-glosses in each group was counted and analyzed. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to answer the research question of this study. The result of data analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between the frequency count of code glosses used by Iranian and native English authors. This study can have pedagogical implications for EAP course designers as well as academic writing instructors and students. تفاصيل المقالة -
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2 - A Study of the Research Article Discussion Section Written by Native Authors: Hyland’s (2005) Metadiscourse Model in Focus
Jafar Asadi Seyed Hesamuddin Aliasin Rasool Morad-JozAcademic writing in general and writing research articles in particular have long been considered a crucial mode of discourse, which is due to its challenging requirements for writers. Metadiscourse resources aid the reader in reading comprehension through coherence and أکثرAcademic writing in general and writing research articles in particular have long been considered a crucial mode of discourse, which is due to its challenging requirements for writers. Metadiscourse resources aid the reader in reading comprehension through coherence and cohesion. This study attempts to analyze research article discussion sections written by native authors regarding metadiscourse markers. To this end, 40 research article discussions by native writers from humanities were selected and analyzed. The purpose of the study is to discover the number and types of metadiscourse markers and rhetorical techniques used in composing these texts. The study continues on a qualitative research design, through text analysis, on the basis of Hyland’s (2005) Metadiscourse Model. The findings indicated that the writers used the interactive metadiscourse markers twice as often as the interactional ones. This research could have a direct bearing on teaching writing and material design to enable EFL learners to use an optimal extent of these resources effectively. تفاصيل المقالة -
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3 - Roles of Visual and Linguistic Metadiscourses in Developing Persuasive Infographic Resumes
Omid Allaf-AkbaryAn infographic resume is an effective medium of exchanging information from job applicants to employers, and it greatly affects and persuades employers to take action. The current study examines both how frequently linguistic and the visual metadiscourse markers (MMs) a أکثرAn infographic resume is an effective medium of exchanging information from job applicants to employers, and it greatly affects and persuades employers to take action. The current study examines both how frequently linguistic and the visual metadiscourse markers (MMs) are employed in infographic resumes and the role they take in creating persuasion. A corpus of 30 infographic resumes totaling about 2463 words was extracted from digital content marketers, software engineers, and service advisors. To compare the employment of the two metadiscourse types, and find out the way visual metadiscourse perfectly coordinated with linguistic metadiscourse in creating persuasive interaction and evoking employers to hire the job applicants, we built on Hyland’s (2019) metadiscourse model and Kumpf's (2000) visual metadiscourse to analyze the corpora. Results indicated that boosters and attitude markers demonstrated higher frequencies than other linguistic MMs and were considered to be meaningful and influential ways of persuasive language. In addition, it was shown that all visual metadiscourse categories were mostly established in the data examined. The findings revealed that both linguistic and visual metadiscourse is significant in establishing the discourse, attracting the audience, and satisfying the employers’ curiosity. They were proved to be essential in persuasive language. تفاصيل المقالة -
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4 - The Impact of Online Metadiscourse Markers Instruction on Iranian EFL Learners' Expository Writing: A Mixed Methods Study
Mozhdeh Tahmasbi Majid Fatahipour Neda GharagozlooFocusing on metadiscourse markers during EFL writing classes has garnered research attention, yet few studies were conducted on online expository writing. This study explores the effect of metadiscourse markers instruction on expository writing of 80 male and female EFL أکثرFocusing on metadiscourse markers during EFL writing classes has garnered research attention, yet few studies were conducted on online expository writing. This study explores the effect of metadiscourse markers instruction on expository writing of 80 male and female EFL learners in the school context, selected through convenience sampling and an interview followed with a smaller number of participants. Initially, the eighty participants were assigned to experimental (n=40) and control (n=40) groups after checking homogeneity in terms of English proficiency level. The participants in the experimental group received explicit instruction of markers, whereas the control group received the conventional curriculum-based writing instruction that included similar material/topics, except for the explicit focus on metadiscourse markers, all through a uniform digital platform mandated in the state-run schools. The frequency/use of metadiscourse markers in the writing assignments of the participants per session and the total was noted, and then a corpus of 80 collected essays was analyzed by a trained rater and researcher to both analyze whether metadiscourse markers instruction had any significant effect on expository writings and to determine which metadiscourse markers showed up in the texts written by students more. Finally, a semi-structured interview was conducted with eight EFL instructors to explore their attitudes. Statistical test of Analysis of Covariance showed a significant effect of metadiscourse markers instruction on EFL learners’ expository writing. Another finding was that participants employed interactional metadiscourse markers frequently. Implications for policy-makers, students, and teachers indicate that free access to online writing resources improves learning perceptions/outcomes. تفاصيل المقالة -
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5 - Textual Analysis of Discussion Sections of English Language Journals in Sport Management by English Native and Iranian Authors: A Focus on the Hyland`s Metadiscourse Model
Jafar AsadiIn general, the development of written academic discourse and the acquisition of English, especially for academic purposes, has increased the study of language and communication styles that researchers and students must master in order to adequately socialize in a resea أکثرIn general, the development of written academic discourse and the acquisition of English, especially for academic purposes, has increased the study of language and communication styles that researchers and students must master in order to adequately socialize in a research environment. This study investigated the use of meta-discourse elements by Native and Iranian writers using 20 sports management research papers (10 English speakers and 10 Iranian authors). We sought to check if the use of meta-discourse elements is different. To this end, Hyland's (2005) model of metadiscourse is used as an analytical framework for identifying the properties of metadiscourse elements. The results of the independent t-test showed that there are no significant differences in the overall use of metadiscourses between English and Iranian writers. The results of the research can lay a solid foundation for the development of teaching materials. Traditional academic writing requires researchers to adopt an objective and personal style when reporting research تفاصيل المقالة -
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6 - Functional Analysis of Transition Markers in Academic Students' Essays: A Cross-Disciplinary Study
Azadeh Mallaki Seyed Foad Ebrahimi Mohammad Taghi FarvardinTransition markers contribute as necessary metadiscoursal devices facilitating the reader’s comprehension and improving cohesion in an academic text. Transition represents a change from an idea to the other in writing, fulfilled by the use of transition terms or p أکثرTransition markers contribute as necessary metadiscoursal devices facilitating the reader’s comprehension and improving cohesion in an academic text. Transition represents a change from an idea to the other in writing, fulfilled by the use of transition terms or phrases. English writing classes are increasingly focusing on using transitional words and phrases (Lili 2021). Thus, the current paper aims to examine the frequency and functions of transition markers in students’ academic essays. Hence, 100 essays (making a total of 293.692 words) were chosen from the Michigan Corpus of Upper-Level Student Papers (MICUSP) and analyzed according to Hyland's (2005) classification of transition into type and function. It was shown that transition markers had enough frequency to be considered in teaching writing. The results confirmed the links among ideas internal and external to the text. It was also indicated that transition markers mainly used signal additive, causative, and contrastive functions between the main clauses or statements. Moreover, the research results can be directly applied to syllabus design for academic essay writing. تفاصيل المقالة -
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7 - A Comparative Study of Personal and Impersonal Meta-discourse in Academic Writing
Reza Ghafar Samar Shahrzad AminiThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the use of personal and impersonal metadiscourse (MD) by Persian- and English-speaking writers in academic writing. For this purpose, 80 abstracts were selected (40 written by Persian-speaking writers and 40 by English أکثرThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the use of personal and impersonal metadiscourse (MD) by Persian- and English-speaking writers in academic writing. For this purpose, 80 abstracts were selected (40 written by Persian-speaking writers and 40 by English-speaking ones) and analyzed. These abstracts were selected from endocrinology and metabolism journals published during 2010 to 2012. The results of the study indicated that Persian speakers used more impersonal MD while the use of personal MD was higher in English speakers’ written text. Among the four subcategories of impersonal MD, code glosses and references to text/code were used more by Persian speakers, while English speakers used more Phoric markers and discourse labels in their writing. The use of first person plural we as a type of personal MD was more frequent than the first person singular I, and in comparison with Persian speakers, English speakers used nouns as a type of personal MD more in their writing. تفاصيل المقالة -
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8 - The Effect of Portfolio Assessment on the Development of Metadiscourse Markers Awareness in EFL Learners' Oral Performance
tooba mardaniPortfolio assessment as one of the alternatives to testing is defined as the systematic collection of student work measured against predetermined scoring criteria. This paper aimed to investigate the effect of portfolio assessment in the oral performance of EFL learners أکثرPortfolio assessment as one of the alternatives to testing is defined as the systematic collection of student work measured against predetermined scoring criteria. This paper aimed to investigate the effect of portfolio assessment in the oral performance of EFL learners in an attempt to examine its impact on their metadiscourse awareness. To determine the impact of portfolio assessment on the oral performance and metadiscourse awareness of EFL learners, 60 university students majoring in English language teaching were initially selected. After being homogenized for their proficiency level, they were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). As the treatment, portfolio assessment was employed as the teaching technique for the experimental group. Data was then subjected to different statistical procedures. The results of data analysis revealed that the participants in the EG outperformed those in the CG with regard to the achievement in their overall oral performance. Second, the findings showed that experimental groups’ awareness to metadiscourse markers significantly increased after instruction. The findings of the present study have implications for learners and teachers in the realm of TEFL in particular and education in general. تفاصيل المقالة -
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9 - The Impact of Explicit Instruction of Metadiscourse Markers on EFL Learners' Listening Comprehension
tooba mardaniAccording to Hyland (2000), metadiscourse is recognized as an important means of facilitating communication, supporting a writer's position, and building a relationship with an audience. This study aims to investigate the impact of explicit instruction of metadiscourse أکثرAccording to Hyland (2000), metadiscourse is recognized as an important means of facilitating communication, supporting a writer's position, and building a relationship with an audience. This study aims to investigate the impact of explicit instruction of metadiscourse markers on EFL learners' listening comprehension. The participants of this study were 50 undergraduate students majoring in English Translation at the University of Khorasgan. To elicit the relevant data, participants were given a pretest of listening comprehension to check their initial knowledge and unprompted use of metadiscourse markers. The participants were divided into two groups randomly. Students in the experimental group were taught metadiscourse markers in addition to a process method, while those students in the control group were thought only a process method. Finally, a post test measuring their listening comprehension with metadiscourse markers in focus was administered. The results indicated generally that explicit instruction of metadiscourse markers significantly improves EFL learners' listening comprehension. The findings call practitioners to pay more serious attention to metadiscourse markers in making EFL curricula. تفاصيل المقالة -
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10 - Functional Analysis of Hedges and Boosters in Academic Students Essays: Across Disciplinary Study
آزاده ملاکی سید فواد ابراهیمی محمد تقی فروردینHedging and boosting are significant communicative resources to construe and attain persuasion in different fields and particular genres of academic writing. Hedges allow the researcher to address possible problems, raise objections or anticipate opposition to the resea أکثرHedging and boosting are significant communicative resources to construe and attain persuasion in different fields and particular genres of academic writing. Hedges allow the researcher to address possible problems, raise objections or anticipate opposition to the research claims while contributing something new to the ongoing dialogue in a research field. Boosters enormously help to achieve the essential writers’ need to convince their readership of the truth in their propositions. They are mainly used whenever writers consider it not too risky to include them in their propositions. This study aims to investigate the frequencies and functions of hedges and boosters in academic students' essays. To meet this end, 96 students' essays (a total of 269.428 words) were selected from the Michigan Corpus of Upper-Level Student Papers (MICUSP), including English and Psychology disciplines. The corpus was analyzed based on Abdollahzadeh (2019)classification of hedges. The results showed that hedges and boosters were frequent enough to be considered in teaching writing, either reducing or increasing the force of written utterances. The results of this study could be used directly in the syllabus designed for academic essay writing. تفاصيل المقالة -
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11 - A Contrastive Study of Stance-Markers in Opinion Columns of English vs. Farsi Newspapers
مینا باباپور داوود کوهیThis contrastive study was conducted to contrastively analyze English and Farsi newspaper opinion columns in terms of the frequency of different types of stance markers.60 newspaper opinion columns (30 written in English and 30 written in Farsi) from 10 wide spread news أکثرThis contrastive study was conducted to contrastively analyze English and Farsi newspaper opinion columns in terms of the frequency of different types of stance markers.60 newspaper opinion columns (30 written in English and 30 written in Farsi) from 10 wide spread newspapers published in the United States and Iran in 2015 were analyzed. Hyland’s (2005) model of stance markers (hedges, boosters, attitude markers, and self-mention) was used as the framework of analysis.The findings revealed that hedges and self-mentions used by English columnists were considerably more frequent than those employed by the Farsi columnists. In contrast, Farsi columnists used large number of boosters and attitude markers. Although, attitude markers were in the last position of sub-categories of stance markers in both corpora.Generally, it could be concluded that the similarities and differences among columnists could be related to the cultural and linguistic preferences of the writers in languages. This study could be beneficial for EFL students and teachers in understanding intercultural linguistic problems in language use, and could be used to lead to creative reading and writing in journalism and ESP courses. تفاصيل المقالة -
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12 - A Functional Investigation of Self-mention in Soft Science Master Theses
سمیه افسری داوود کوهیThis study is a quantitative and functional corpus-based study of self-mention in soft science Master theses. One important purpose of this study was to find out the functions of self-mention in soft science Master theses. For this purpose, 20 soft science Master theses أکثرThis study is a quantitative and functional corpus-based study of self-mention in soft science Master theses. One important purpose of this study was to find out the functions of self-mention in soft science Master theses. For this purpose, 20 soft science Master theses in four disciplines (Applied linguistics, Psychology, Geography, and Political sciences), were randomly selected out of the library of four American universities. Five Master theses were selected in each discipline, in a period of seven years (2007-2014). The present study analyzed only the discussion section of these Master theses. The quantitative analysis of the corpus showed that the frequency of the various forms of self-mention in soft science Master theses is quite different. Among the analyzed resources, “I” with the frequency of 49 was the most frequently used first person pronouns. Based on Tang and John’s (1999) taxonomy of the discourse roles of personal pronouns, self- mentions were functionally analyzed. The findings of the functional dimension of the present study showed that the most frequent discoursal role of self-mentions in the corpus was the recounter of research process, whereas the least frequent role was originator. تفاصيل المقالة -
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13 - A Comparative Study of Metadiscourse in Academic Writing: Male vs. Female Authors of Research Articles in Applied Linguistics
ناصر غفوری رقیه عقبی طلبLike conversation and other modes of communication, writing is a rich medium for gender performance. In fact, writing functions to construct the disciplines as well as the gender of its practitioners. Despite the significance of author gender, as one constitutive dimens أکثرLike conversation and other modes of communication, writing is a rich medium for gender performance. In fact, writing functions to construct the disciplines as well as the gender of its practitioners. Despite the significance of author gender, as one constitutive dimension of any writing, it has been relatively under-researched. One way, by means of which author gender is practiced, and revealed in written discourse, is the incorporation and use of metadiscoursal categories. Examining 20 applied linguistics research articles (10 written by native male English writers and 10 written by native female English writers), the present study sought to examine whether male and female native English writers differed in their use of metadiscoursal elements. For this purpose, Hyland’s (2005) model of metadiscourse was employed as an analytical framework to identify the type of metadiscoursal elements. The results of Independent samples t-test showed that English male and female writers did not differ significantly in their overall use of metadiscourse; but, significant differences were observed in categorical distribution of metadiscoursal elements. The findings of the study can provide a sound basis for the development of pedagogical materials. تفاصيل المقالة -
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14 - Towards the Development of a Socially-Informed, Process-Oriented Model of Research in Metadiscourse
داود کوهیSince the early development of interest in the interpersonal dimensions of academic communication in the 1980s, the analytic potentials of the concept of metadiscourse have motivated a large number of investigations. Although these analytic potentials have facilitated t أکثرSince the early development of interest in the interpersonal dimensions of academic communication in the 1980s, the analytic potentials of the concept of metadiscourse have motivated a large number of investigations. Although these analytic potentials have facilitated the study of diverse academic genres, there has always been a risk of detachment of textual analyses form the contextual origins and motivations. In some cases, this detachment has been so observable that the true discoursal nature of the interpersonal dimensions of academic communication has been reduced to classifications of a large number of pure textual properties. As a reaction to this reductionist trend, the present article provides a preliminary framework within which the contextual origins of metadiscourse features can be understood. It is suggested that if the findings of metadiscourse research are meant to be interpreted in meaningful ways, they should be contextualized within such process-oriented frameworks. تفاصيل المقالة -
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15 - A Contrastive Study of Metadiscourse in English and Persian Editorials
داود کوهی منیژه موجودThe original impetus for this cross-linguistic study came from a need to explore the effect of cultural factors and generic conventions on the use and distribution of metadiscourse within a single genre. To this end, the study as a contrastive rhetoric research, examine أکثرThe original impetus for this cross-linguistic study came from a need to explore the effect of cultural factors and generic conventions on the use and distribution of metadiscourse within a single genre. To this end, the study as a contrastive rhetoric research, examined a corpus of 60 newspaper editorials (written in English and Persian) culled from 10 elite newspapers in America and Iran. Based on Hyland’s (2005) model of metadiscourse, both interactive and interactional metadiscourse resources were analyzed. The results disclosed that genre conventions had a determining role in the writers’ choice of some metadiscourse resources that contributed to some similarities in the use and distribution of metadiscourse resources across English and Persian data. In addition, some differences were found between two sets of editorials which were attributed to cultural/linguistic backgrounds of both groups of editorialists. The interactional category and attitude markers proved to be the predominant metadiscourse category and subcategory in newspaper editorials genre. Overall, the findings suggested that metadiscourse has a decisive role in the construction of persuasion in newspaper editorials genre. تفاصيل المقالة -
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16 - Gearing the Discursive Practice to the Evolution of Discipline: Diachronic Corpus Analysis of Stance Markers in Research Articles’ Methodology Section
شیرین رضایی داود کوهی مهناز سعیدیDespite widespread interest and research among applied linguists to explore metadiscourse use, very little is known of how metadiscourse resources have evolved over time in response to the historically developing practices of academic communities. Motivated by such an a أکثرDespite widespread interest and research among applied linguists to explore metadiscourse use, very little is known of how metadiscourse resources have evolved over time in response to the historically developing practices of academic communities. Motivated by such an ambition, the current research drew on a corpus of 874315 words taken from three leading journals of applied linguistics in order to trace the diachronic evolution of stance markers in methodology section of research articles from 1996 to 2016. Hyland’s (2005b) model of metadiscourse was adopted for the analysis of the selected corpus. The data were explored using concordance software AntConc (Anthony, 2011). Moreover, a Chi-Square statistical measure was run to determine statistical significances. The analysis revealed a significant decline in the overall frequency of stance markers in methodology section of RAs. Interestingly, this decrease was entirely due to the overall decline in the use of self-mentions. Approaching interactional dimension of academic writing from such a diachronic perspective, it might be argued that the very selective use of stance markers by academic writers over time means metadiscourse does not operate in vacuum and is sensitive to changes within disciplines and their academic practices. تفاصيل المقالة -
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17 - Loyalty to Traditional Prescriptions or Facing the Challenge of Realities: An Investigation into the Status of Metadiscourse Awareness in Academic Writing Coursebooks
داوود کوهیThe well-established affiliation of metadiscourse research tradition to the philosophy of ESP raises some inevitable expectations on how much and how well the concept has been geared to meet the practical necessities of academic writing pedagogy. In light of such an exp أکثرThe well-established affiliation of metadiscourse research tradition to the philosophy of ESP raises some inevitable expectations on how much and how well the concept has been geared to meet the practical necessities of academic writing pedagogy. In light of such an expectation, a corpus of 35 academic writing coursebooks published during the last three decades was evaluated in terms of the possible realizations of key resources of interaction in pedagogical tasks. Due to its theoretical rigor and analytically operationalized nature, Hyland’s model of metadiscourse (2005a) was taken as the guiding framework for the current evaluation. The quantitative findings emerging from the analysis of the corpus did not sound sufficiently promising, suggesting that those theoretical developments have not yet been ideally translated into pedagogical designs; however, the rich range of resources identified in the tasks (i.e., the 55 categories emerging from the evaluation of the corpus) suggest that the rigorous tradition of research in metadiscourse has contributed to the effective operationalization of the concept for pedagogical objectives. It has been argued that through the effective introduction of the concept of metadiscourse into pedagogical designs and its appropriate operationalization, novice participants of academic/scientific discourse communities would be enabled to redefine the nature of academic communication and get rid of a large number of misconceptions which have become fossilized through long years of the dominance of positivistic thinking. تفاصيل المقالة -
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18 - Reflexive Metadiscourse Markers in Academic Interviews: A Frequency and Functional Study
Oranoos Rezaei Seyed Foad Ebrahimi Saeed YazdaniThere are two different trends for the study of metadiscourse, including interactive and reflexive. The reflexive model suggested by (Mauranen, 1993) and (Ädel, 2010) cares about reflexivity in language. As reflexivity plays a pivotal role in spoken genres, this st أکثرThere are two different trends for the study of metadiscourse, including interactive and reflexive. The reflexive model suggested by (Mauranen, 1993) and (Ädel, 2010) cares about reflexivity in language. As reflexivity plays a pivotal role in spoken genres, this study aimed to study the frequency and functions of reflexive metadiscourse markers in academic interviews. Hence, this study focused on a corpus of three academic interviews carried out in English native academic context that was taken from “The Michigan Corpus of Academe Spoken English” (MICASE). The corpus was analyzed using the model by Ädel that includes four functional categories of metalinguistic comments, discourse organization, speech act labels, and references to the audiences. The results showed that about one-quarter of the personal pronouns were metadiscourse. Besides, among the personal pronouns that perform metadiscourse function, singular first-person pronoun was the most frequent while plural first-person pronoun was very rare. It was also found that among the four functions, the interviewees and interviewers paid more attention to metalinguistic comments and references to the audience. The results of this study could add to the knowledge of those participating in interviews in general and in the academic context in particular. تفاصيل المقالة -
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19 - Metadiscourse Markers in Quantitative and Qualitative Applied Linguistics Research Articles' Discussions: A Comparative Study
Marzieh Bagherkazemi Milad Moradpour Moghadam Vajargahi S. Sadat JavadiMetadiscourse markers are aspects of a text’s organization denoting a writer’s stance toward its propositional content. Given the ideological difference between quantitative and qualitative research in terms of determinacy, metadiscourse markers can be viewe أکثرMetadiscourse markers are aspects of a text’s organization denoting a writer’s stance toward its propositional content. Given the ideological difference between quantitative and qualitative research in terms of determinacy, metadiscourse markers can be viewed as a venue through which writers’ epistemological positions are presented. The present study was designed to compare the use frequency of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers in the discussion section of 20 quantitative and 20 qualitative applied linguistics research articles, with reference to Hyland's (2005) framework. The analysis involved the comparison of frequency counts of metadiscourse markers across the two corpora using a series of Chi-square tests. To that end, the results were computed and analyzed through SPSS. The results revealed significant differences in terms of the frequency of all interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers except for frame markers, evidentials, attitude markers, engagement markers, and boosters. The findings of study have important implications for academic writing instruction. تفاصيل المقالة -
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20 - A Sociopragmatic Analysis of Textual Metadiscourse Markers in English and Persian Scientific Texts
Jhale Bagheri Reza Biria Sajad ShafieeThis study aimed to explore the function and frequency of textual metadiscourse markers (MDMs) in scientific English and Persian texts. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of textual markers characterizing the selected genre, four different textbooks, two أکثرThis study aimed to explore the function and frequency of textual metadiscourse markers (MDMs) in scientific English and Persian texts. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of textual markers characterizing the selected genre, four different textbooks, two written in English and two in Persian were analyzed to identify the textual metadiscourse categories (including logical markers, code glosses, and sequencers) used in these texts and to determine the sociopragmatic differences existing in these languages, chi-square test was run and the findings suggested that textual MDMs were present in both English and Persian texts, but they differed in their frequency of occurrence. The contrastive comparison between the English and Persian texts revealed that the frequency of the textual MDMs was greater in the Persian texts. Therefore, it was concluded that such discrepancy could be attributed to the differing rate of explicitness in these two languages. The Persian writers were more interested in explicating their ideas for readers through the text via the use of textual markers (TMs) to a greater extent. It was further found that different factors may influence the use of MDMs, namely the culture, the writer's preferences, the text, and its genre. The implications could include the precaution that Iranian EFL writers ought to be advised to approximate their writing style, in terms of using MDMs, to that of native speakers of English while writing in English. تفاصيل المقالة -
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21 - Metadiscourse Markers in the Abstract Sections of Persian and English Law Articles
Keihaneh, Karimi Mahboube Maleki Maryam FarniaAbstracts are well-accepted as the clarity and fidelity of language in any article assists the readership to get the central points of the research in a brief l but effective manner. Meanwhile, as a significant feature of any piece of discourse, meta-discourse markers c أکثرAbstracts are well-accepted as the clarity and fidelity of language in any article assists the readership to get the central points of the research in a brief l but effective manner. Meanwhile, as a significant feature of any piece of discourse, meta-discourse markers can effectively render article abstract texts more reader-friendly and coherent. The present study aims at investigating the extent to which English and Persian abstract sections of Law articles are cross-culturally similar or different in applying metadiscourse markers. To this end, 80 articles, 40 in each language, were carefully selected from Law articles published from 2010 to 2015 in online archives of leading journals. The selected corpora were analyzed through the models suggested by Hyland and Tse (2004) and Hyland (2005) to find out the type, number, and frequency of the markers, respectively. The findings of the study revealed that English authors enlisted a larger number of metadiscourse markers than their Persian counterparts; Persian authors, on the other hand, employed larger number of transitions among others. Such observed differences may stem from the culture-specific application and organization of discourse followed by diverse nationalities and norms. تفاصيل المقالة -
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22 - Metadiscourse Markers in the Abstract Section of Applied Linguistics Research Articles: Celebrity vs. Non-celebrity Authors <br> DOR: 20.1001.1.23223898.2021.9.37.10.8
Parisa Ahmadi Javad Gholami Reza Abdi Zila MohammadniaMetadiscourse involves the self-reflective linguistic expressions that refer to the evolving text, the writer, and the imagined readers of that text. This study utilized an interpersonal model of metadiscourse to examine the authors' use of metadiscourse in the Abstract أکثرMetadiscourse involves the self-reflective linguistic expressions that refer to the evolving text, the writer, and the imagined readers of that text. This study utilized an interpersonal model of metadiscourse to examine the authors' use of metadiscourse in the Abstract sections of Applied Linguistics Research Articles (RAs). It investigated the distributions of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers at a corpus of 110 RAs published by celebrity and non-celebrity authors to determine the ways academic writers deploy these resources at a hight-stake research genre to persuade readers in their discourse community. The findings revealed that frame markers with a relative frequency of 112 were the most frequent strategy category for the non-celebrity authors. Moreover, evidentials with a relative frequency of 3 were the least frequently used strategy for the celebrity authors. There were no significant differences in the use of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers between celebrity and non-celebrity authors. These findings might have implications for the teaching of academic writing and scholarly publishing and for novice writers who aim to publish their studies in academic journals. تفاصيل المقالة -
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23 - Effects of Explicit Instruction of Metadiscourse Markers on Persuasive Writing Ability and the Learners’ Attitude towards Teaching Academic Writing with Online Modality
Majid Fatahipour Mozhdeh Tahmasbi Neda GharagozlooPersuasive writing is considered a complex genre for EFL learners to master and yet vital for academic arguments. As metadiscourse markers are recognizable and familiar devices to persuade, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of their explicit onlin أکثرPersuasive writing is considered a complex genre for EFL learners to master and yet vital for academic arguments. As metadiscourse markers are recognizable and familiar devices to persuade, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of their explicit online instruction on Iranian EFL learners' persuasive writing. The participants were homogenous EFL learners at the intermediate level, divided into two groups: experimental (n=40) and control (n=40). An official e-platform used in Iranian state-run schools was used for online instruction. According to a regular schedule, the participants received different passages containing metadiscourse markers. The teacher assigned the experimental group to notice and discuss the markers in small groups. Then, a passage-related topic was assigned and the learners wrote a persuasive essay in each session. For the control group, the same procedure was adopted except for the explicit focus on metadiscourse markers. Finally, a writing test demonstrated the significant effect of explicit instruction on persuasive writing of EFL learners, through statistical analysis explaining participants’ attitude and high frequency of - interactive type markers. Learners’ attitudes were also examined through interviews. Pedagogical implications are suggested to include explicit focus on metadiscourse markers in writing courses. تفاصيل المقالة -
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24 - A Comparative Study of Textual Metadiscourse Markers in Introduction and Method Sections of Applied Linguistics Research Articles
Alireza Jalilifar Fariba KabezadehOne important approach to macro structure study of a text is to analyze it in relation to its generic structure. The present study investigated variations in the use of textual meta-discourse markers (TMMs) in two major sections of research articles (RAs), that is intro أکثرOne important approach to macro structure study of a text is to analyze it in relation to its generic structure. The present study investigated variations in the use of textual meta-discourse markers (TMMs) in two major sections of research articles (RAs), that is introduction and method. It aimed to find out how TMMs are deployed and whether differences in the rhetorical structures of introduction and method account for any change in the distribution and use of TMMs. Sixty-five RAs from international journals published 2005 onward were selected. In order to identify TMMs, Hylands' (2004) model of metadiscourse markers (MMs) was used. Findings marked variations in the use of TMMs in introduction and method sections which, in turn, justify generic variations in the two sections. An awareness of the kinds of meanings that can be construed and the linguistic resources available to do so may be an important step in students’ learning to manage these resources in their own writing. تفاصيل المقالة -
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25 - Engagement Markers: a Technique for Improving Writing Skills
Hamid Allami Haleh SerajfardWriters use metadiscourse markers to create and maintain relationship with their readers, influencing them by addressing them directly in various ways. The present study aimed at exploring the use of engagement markers as related to the quality of texts produced by IELT أکثرWriters use metadiscourse markers to create and maintain relationship with their readers, influencing them by addressing them directly in various ways. The present study aimed at exploring the use of engagement markers as related to the quality of texts produced by IELTS student writers. To this end a quasi-experimental design was conducted through which 30 university level IELTS student writers were selected to comprise an experimental group which received instruction on the use of engagement markers. Another group of 30 students was selected to form the control group which received instruction on developing compositions only through a process method. The results indicate significant differences between the performance of experimental group and that of control group in terms of effectiveness of produced texts. تفاصيل المقالة -
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26 - Contrastive Analysis of Metadiscourse Markers Used by Non-native (Iranians) vs. Native (Americans) Speakers in Developing ELT Materials
Esmail Faghih Maryam MohseniMetadiscourse is a widely used term in current discourse analysis and language education, referring to an interesting, and relatively new approach to conceptualizing interaction between text producers and their texts and between text producers and users. Despite the gro أکثرMetadiscourse is a widely used term in current discourse analysis and language education, referring to an interesting, and relatively new approach to conceptualizing interaction between text producers and their texts and between text producers and users. Despite the growing importance of the term, however, it is often understood in different ways and used to refer to different aspects of language use. In the present study the metadiscourse markers used in texts developed by non-native (Iranians) and the ones written by native (Americans) speakers are contrastively analyzed. The framework of this research was Ken Hyland's model (2005) proposed as interactional and interactive resources. The purpose of this study was to see whether interactional metadiscouse markers are different and/or similar in texts developed by non-native (Iranians) and native (Americans) speakers and to what extent these interactional metadiscourse markers are different and/or similar. Moreover, this study also aimed at investigating whether interactive metadiscourse markers are different and/or similar in texts developed by non-native (Iranians) and native (Americans) speakers, and to what extent these interactive matadiscourse markers are different and/or similar. The data collection procedure was carefully performed and the raw data submitted to SPSS (version 17.0) program to calculate the required statistical analysis in order to address the research questions and hypotheses of the study. The results of the research revealed that the interactive metadiscourse markers were not statistically different in texts developed by non-natives (Iranians) and native (Americans). But the interactional metadiscourse markers were statistically different in texts developed by non-native (Iranians) and native (Americans). Thus interactional metadiscourse markers were not statistically similar in both texts. تفاصيل المقالة -
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27 - A Comparative Study on the English to Persian Translation of Hedges in the Abstracts of M.A. Theses in English Translation Studies
Elham Azarbad Vahid GhahramanThe purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of functions and forms of hedging devices in the abstracts of master’s theses in two languages (English and Persian) written by Iranian students. To this end, 70 abstracts of M.A. theses were selected a أکثرThe purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of functions and forms of hedging devices in the abstracts of master’s theses in two languages (English and Persian) written by Iranian students. To this end, 70 abstracts of M.A. theses were selected as the corpus. The total number of words in both English and Persian abstracts were 19,933 and 23,073, respectively. The categories of hedges were extracted based on Hyland’s taxonomy of hedge. The data were analysed using a number of Chi-Square analyses. The results showed that there was a significant difference between English and Persian texts in the use of hedging. There were more hedging devices in English abstracts, while the Persian versions employed fewer hedge devices. The differences were interpreted to be related to the degree of awareness, purpose, cultural background of the learners, etc. The findings of this study can be helpful in teaching academic writing, teaching Persian to speakers of other languages, and translation instructors. تفاصيل المقالة -
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28 - Metadiscourse Markers: A Contrastive Study of Translated and Non-Translated Persuasive Texts
Tooba MardaniMetadiscourse features are those facets of a text, which make the organization of the text explicit, provide information about the writer's attitude toward the text content, and engage the reader in the interaction. This study interpreted metadiscourse markers in transl أکثرMetadiscourse features are those facets of a text, which make the organization of the text explicit, provide information about the writer's attitude toward the text content, and engage the reader in the interaction. This study interpreted metadiscourse markers in translated and non-translated persuasive texts. To this end, the researcher chose the translated versions of one of the leading newspapers in the United States, The New York Times, and the original versions of Hamshahri newspaper (an Iranian newspaper). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of both textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers in second language (L2) translated and non-translated version of the opinion articles from The New York Times and Hamshahi (6 from each), found out how the translators organize their texts and how these organizations were related to the non-translated texts. Findings of the study revealed that textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers were seen in both sets of data. Regarding the occurrences of textual metadiscourse categories and subcategories, the results showed significant differences between the two groups. It was, however, found that the Iranian writers used interpersonal markers significantly more than the Iranian translators did. The results suggested that metadiscourse markers have a prominent role to help the translators of opinion articles to understand the original texts. تفاصيل المقالة -
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29 - FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF FRAME MARKERS IN STUDENTS' ESSAYS: AN ACROSS DISCIPLINARY STUDY
Azadeh Mallaki Seyed Foad Ebrahimi Mohammad Taghi FarvardinFrame markers are a broad interactive subcategory, displaying the writer-reader relationships. They can be characterized as items to frame information about discourse components and functioning for argument sequencing, labelling, predicting, and shifting while offering أکثرFrame markers are a broad interactive subcategory, displaying the writer-reader relationships. They can be characterized as items to frame information about discourse components and functioning for argument sequencing, labelling, predicting, and shifting while offering readers more discourse clarity. How to make good use of frame markers becomes one of the focuses in English writing classes. Thus, this study investigates the frequency and functions of frame markers in academic students' essays. To this end, 56 students' essays (totally 170.760 words) were selected from the Michigan Corpus of Upper-Level Student Papers (MICUSP), belonging to Philosophy and Psychology disciplines. The corpus was analysed considering Hyland's (2005) model of interactive metadiscourse into frequency and functions. The results showed that the frame markers were frequent enough to be considered in teaching writing genres. Besides, frame markers exhibited a significantly essential way, allowing writers organize their discourse according to certain audience and enabling them to observe the argument coherence and directing their thoughts toward what the author wished. Disciplinary differences concerning frequencies, types and functions of the frame markers were reported. The study results could directly be used in the syllabus designed for writing academic genres. تفاصيل المقالة -
حرية الوصول المقاله
30 - Functional Analysis of Frame Markers in Students' Essays: An Across Disciplinary Study
Azadeh Mallaki Seyed Foad Ebrahimi Mohammad Taghi FarvardinFrame markers are a broad interactive subcategory, displaying the writer-reader relationships. They can be characterized as items to frame information about discourse components and functioning for argument sequencing, labelling, predicting, and shifting while offering أکثرFrame markers are a broad interactive subcategory, displaying the writer-reader relationships. They can be characterized as items to frame information about discourse components and functioning for argument sequencing, labelling, predicting, and shifting while offering readers more discourse clarity. How to make good use of frame markers becomes one of the focuses in English writing classes. Thus, this study investigates the frequency and functions of frame markers in academic students' essays. To this end, 56 students' essays (totally 170.760 words) were selected from the Michigan Corpus of Upper-Level Student Papers (MICUSP), belonging to Philosophy and Psychology disciplines. The corpus was analysed considering Hyland's (2005) model of interactive metadiscourse into frequency and functions. The results showed that the frame markers were frequent enough to be considered in teaching writing genres. Besides, frame markers exhibited a significantly essential way, allowing writers organize their discourse according to certain audience and enabling them to observe the argument coherence and directing their thoughts toward what the author wished. Disciplinary differences concerning frequencies, types and functions of the frame markers were reported. The study results could directly be used in the syllabus designed for writing academic genres. تفاصيل المقالة
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