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1 - Thymus kotschyanus Essential Oil Components and Their Effects on in vitro Rumen Fermentation, Protozoal Population and Acidosis Parameters
ز. میرزایی ف. هژبری د. علیپور

This study aimed to identify chemical composition of Thymus kotschyanus essential oil (TKEO) and to evaluate the effects of different doses of TKEO on in vitro gas production, fermentation parameters, acidosis and protozoal population using a completely randomized desig أکثر

This study aimed to identify chemical composition of Thymus kotschyanus essential oil (TKEO) and to evaluate the effects of different doses of TKEO on in vitro gas production, fermentation parameters, acidosis and protozoal population using a completely randomized design with four replicates. Two diets (D1: 100% forage and D2: 30% forage+70% concentrate) were incubated with buffered rumen fluid as fermentation substrates. The plant materials were dried and hydro-distilled in order to obtain their essential oil (EO). The essential oil was analyzed by capillary GC/MS. Gas production (GP144 h) was recorded up to 144 h of incubation. After 24 h, the parameters of apparent in vitro dry matter digestibility (AIVDMD), true in vitro dry matter digestibility (TIVDMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), partitioning factor (PF) and microbial biomass (MB) were estimated. The main components of TKEO were 25.77% geraniol and 14.85% thymol. Asymptotic GP144 h decreased by TKEO. Addition of TKEO also decreased GP24 h, AIVDMD, TIVDMD and OMD. However, PF and MB increased. Acidosis test was not affected by EO. Inclusion of TKEO decreased the total number of protozoal population. These results indicated that TKEO could potentially be used to modulate rumen fermentation therefore further in vivo research is needed to determine the optimal doses. تفاصيل المقالة

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2 - Chemical Composition and in vitro and in vivo Digestibility of Tea Waste in Sheep
م. زاهدی فر ح. فضائلی ا.ر. صفایی س.م. علوی

Tea processing includes several stages and in three of them namely drying, fiber-mat and screening some of the product is wasted. In this study, 25 percent of the tea processing plants in Iran were selected. Three samples were taken from each plant and analyzed for chem أکثر

Tea processing includes several stages and in three of them namely drying, fiber-mat and screening some of the product is wasted. In this study, 25 percent of the tea processing plants in Iran were selected. Three samples were taken from each plant and analyzed for chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo digestibility and voluntary feed intake. Results showed that crude protein (CP) content of different tea by-products including drying, fiber-mat and screening were 198, 193 and 194 g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively, without significant difference among them. Concentration of ash were 64.0, 62.0 and 56.0 g/kg DM for drying, fiber-mat and screening respectively which was significantly (P<0.05) the lowest in Screening. The content of K, Ca, P, Mg and Na were 16.2, 4.2, 2.5, 2.2 and 0.73 g/kg DM, respectively, without significant difference among the samples. The mean values for in vitro digestibility coefficient of DM, organic matter (OM), OM/DM and gross energy of the tea wastes were 0.48, 0.44, 0.42 and 0.42, respectively. Inclusion of tea waste in the diet significantly (P<0.05) reduced in vivo digestibility coefficient of CP and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The digestible energy was 10.0 MJ/kg which were not significantly different among the three types of tea waste. Inclusion of 80 g/kg DM tea waste in the diet significantly (P<0.05) reduced voluntary feed intake. Tea waste can be included in the diet of ruminants but its level should be limited due to presence of anti-nutritional factors. تفاصيل المقالة

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3 - Comparison of in vitro Gas Production, Nutritive Value, Metabolizable Energy and Organic Matter Digestibility of some Chickpea Varieties
ت. آیسان آی. یولگر ام. کالیبر اس. ارگول اچ. اینسی د. مارت م. طغیانی

This study was carried out to determine the nutritional value of different chickpea varieties using in vitro gas production technique.As a result, significant variations in terms of chemical composition, gas production rate and metabolizable energy, net lactation energy أکثر

This study was carried out to determine the nutritional value of different chickpea varieties using in vitro gas production technique.As a result, significant variations in terms of chemical composition, gas production rate and metabolizable energy, net lactation energy and digestible organic matter were found among the 8 different chickpea varieties. The crude protein contents of chickpea varieties ranged from 15.26 to 18.52% DM; the crude fat contents of chickpea varieties ranged from 4.14 to 5.33% DM; ash content of chickpea seeds varied from 2.69 to 3.46% DM. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of chickpea varieties varied from 12.46 to 17.29% DM and 3.80 to 4.87% DM, respectively. 24 h total in vitro gas production of varieties ranged from 58.67 to 81.66 mL/200 mg dry matter (DM).The calculated metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible organic matter (DOM) contents of chickpea varieties ranged from 10.25 to 13.83 MJ/kg DM and 68.69 to 91.64%, respectively.In conclusion, chickpea can be used successfully for ruminant feeding and also Çağatay and Izmir 92 varieties are better than the other varieties studiedaccording to their nutritive values. تفاصيل المقالة

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4 - Evaluation of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) and Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) Pods as a Feed for Sheep
اس. مدجکال ر. بداس اچ. بوس‌بوآ اس. لاپز

The nutritive value of Ceratonia siliqua and Gleditsia triacanthos pods was determined on the basis of their chemical composition, in vitro gas production and rumen fermentation end-products. Medicago sativa was used as a reference feed material. The studied samples sho أکثر

The nutritive value of Ceratonia siliqua and Gleditsia triacanthos pods was determined on the basis of their chemical composition, in vitro gas production and rumen fermentation end-products. Medicago sativa was used as a reference feed material. The studied samples showed differences in chemical composition and phenolic compounds. Crude protein (CP) content was particulary low (80 g/kg DM) in carob and higher in Medicago sativa and G. triacanthos pods with (159.79 and 121.56 g/kg DM, respectively). Inclusion of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) in fermentation medium results in a significant increase (P<0.05) of gas production in Ceratonia siliqua and Gleditsia triacanthos and no effect was observed with M. sativa. The highest values of gas production were observed for C. siliqua and G. triacanthos, whereas Medicago sativa had significantly low values. The highest asymptotic gas production was observed in Ceratonia siliqua and Gleditsia triacanthos (296.80 and 289.55 mL g-1 DM, respectively), whereas Medicago sativa recorded the lowest value (243.64 mL g-1 DM). The concentration of acetate differentiated two groups: Medicago sativa and Gleditsia triacanthos (86.58 and 66.32% respectively), while the fermentation of Ceratonia siliqua resulted in a lower acetate concentration (59.84%). Although there were noticeable differences among the three studied samples, Ceratonia siliqua and Gleditsia triacanthos pods showed better nutritional quality, indicating that they could be considered promising and interesting sources of feed for sheep during the dry season or as supplement to low quality diets. تفاصيل المقالة

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5 - Use of an in vitro Rumen Gas Production Technique to Evaluate the Nutritive Value of Five Forage to Concentrate Ratios
س. اربابی ت. قورچی س. رمضانپور

This study presents the chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of five diets with different forage (alfalfa) to concentrate (faba bean) (F:C) ratios, F0:C100, F25:C75, F50:C50, F75:C25, F100:C0 on a dry matter (DM) basis. Results indicate that the chemical compo أکثر

This study presents the chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of five diets with different forage (alfalfa) to concentrate (faba bean) (F:C) ratios, F0:C100, F25:C75, F50:C50, F75:C25, F100:C0 on a dry matter (DM) basis. Results indicate that the chemical composition in term of organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDIP), acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP) and total phenols (TPh), tannin (TT) and condensed tannin (TCT) were varies among five diets (P<0.05). After an initial gas test to evaluate 96 h gas production profiles of diets, the time to half maximal gas production was calculated and a second incubation was conducted with fermentation stopped at substrate specific half-time (t1/2) and 24 h for each substrate. In vitro true DM degradability (ivTDDM), OM degradability (ivOMD) were increased (P<0.01) by addition proportions of concentrate in diets. Microbial mass (g/kg DM), metabolizable energy (ME) (MJ/kg DM), were greater in diets which those had been higher degradability. The efficiency of microbial production (PF) (mg/mL) were calculated for both substrate specific t1/2 and 24 h and was not shown differences between experimental diets at 24 h but F100:C0 was lesser (1.17 mg/mL) at substrate specific t1/2 (P<0.01). Gas produced from fermentable fraction (B) and the rate of gas production (c) were (P<0.01) greater in diets with grater concentrate ratio. Increasing the F:C ratio increased ruminal pH and N ammonia and affected concentrations of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) (P<0.01). Amount of CH4 emission from 13 to 17.16 g/kg DM and the great value was related to F100:C0. تفاصيل المقالة

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6 - Crude Protein Fractions and in vitroGas Production of Alfalfa Silages Treated with Pistachio by-Products Extract
ا. مختارپور ع.ع. ناصریان ر. ولی‌زاده م. دانش مسگران ف. پورملایی

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the crude protein fractionation, in vitro gas production and the biological effects of tannins in alfalfa silage treated with different levels of pistachio by-products (PB) extract. PB was soaked in water with a ratio of 1:5 (w أکثر

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the crude protein fractionation, in vitro gas production and the biological effects of tannins in alfalfa silage treated with different levels of pistachio by-products (PB) extract. PB was soaked in water with a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) for 12 h. After filtering and concentrating, the crude extract was added to fresh alfalfa to a final concentration of 1%, 2% and 3% tannin dry matter (DM) and then ensiled for 60 days. Four treatments were as follows: alfalfa silage without addition of PB extract as a control (T0), PB tannin added at 1% (T1), 2% (T2) and 3% DM (T3). Treating alfalfa silage decreased the formation of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds and increased crude protein fraction B2 during ensilage. Cumulative in vitro gas production after 96 h incubation, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) decreased in T2 and T3 compared to the control. The gas production and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) of treated silages increased in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) which indicates that the presence of phenolic compounds and tannins depressed the gas production. It can be concluded that treating alfalfa silage with PB extract can reduce the nitrogen losses during ensilage and degradability of organic matter (OM) by microbial inhibition. تفاصيل المقالة

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7 - In vitro Fiber Digestibility, Gas Production and Enzyme Activity of Cellulolytic Bacteria of Arabian Camels (Dromedary) Fed Cultivable and Pasture Forage
پ. دادور ط. محمدآبادی م. ساری ج. فیاضی

This experiment was conducted to evaluate of rumen cellulolytic bacteria activity of dromedary camels fed cultivable and pasture forage. Four fistulated dromedary camels were fed for 35 days in 2 periods as cross over design with cultivable and pasture forage (4 camels أکثر

This experiment was conducted to evaluate of rumen cellulolytic bacteria activity of dromedary camels fed cultivable and pasture forage. Four fistulated dromedary camels were fed for 35 days in 2 periods as cross over design with cultivable and pasture forage (4 camels per forage). Then rumen fluid was collected after morning feeding. Inoculant of cellulolytic bacteria was prepared and in vitro gas production, digestibility and enzyme activity were measured (6 replicates). Treatments were including: rumen fluid of camels fed cultivable forage × wheat straw and or atriplex as a substrate and rumen fluid of camels fed pasture forage × wheat straw and or atriplex as a substrate. The result showed, after 96 hours incubation, the produced gas and actual digested organic matter for treatments 1 and 4 were higher (P≤0.01). However, the ammonia-N was affeted by treatments at 24 and 48 h incubation (P≤0.05). Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and natural detergent fiber by bacteria were influenced by treatments (P≤0.01). The results revealed that the activity of endoglucanase and exoglucanase in treatments 1 and 3 at 48 h incubation (P≤0.01) and values of treatment 4 at 96 h was the highest (P≤0.01). Therefore, pasture forage such atriplex caused to a silent delay in starting bacteria fermentation activity in camels, then primary delay was compensated by adaptation to the substrate. Also feeding of C4 pasture forage to camels improved the fiber degradability and enzyme activity of rumen bacteria in compared with C3 cultivable forage. تفاصيل المقالة

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8 - Potential Nutritive Value of Selected Leguminous Browse Forage Species from Nigeria Using in vitro Gas Production Technique
آ.آ. نجیدا آ.اً. اًلافادهان اچ.آ. آلکالی

The chemical composition and in vitro gas production of some leguminous browse species were evaluated. Crude protein (CP) content was highest (P<0.05) in Pterocarpus erinaceus. Neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and total condensed tannins (TCT) were highe أکثر

The chemical composition and in vitro gas production of some leguminous browse species were evaluated. Crude protein (CP) content was highest (P<0.05) in Pterocarpus erinaceus. Neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and total condensed tannins (TCT) were highest (P<0.05) in Erythrina senegalensis. Acid detergent lignin was greatest in Parkia biglobosa and lowest in Acacia seyal. In vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) was lowest and highest in Desmodium relatinum (11.87%) and Fadhebia albida (74.29%), respectively. Pterocarpus erinaceus had the highest volume of gas production (GP; 29.33 mg/200 g DM) while Parkia biglobosa had the least GP (2.00 mL/200 mg DM) at 96 h. The GP from the immediately soluble fraction (a) and volume of gas produced (mL) at time t (Y) were highest in Pterocarpus erinaceus and Erythrina senegalensis.Gas production from the insoluble but degradable fraction (b)and potential GP (a+b) were greatest in Dicrostachys cinerea. Rate of GP (c) varied among the browses without a definite pattern. The CP of browses was positively significantly correlated with incubation period at all hours and fermentation characteristics (a, c and Y). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was positively correlated with incubation periods and a, a + b and c. Acid detergent fibre (ADF) was negatively correlated with incubation hours but was positively related to gas fermentation characteristics. Acid detergent lignin (ADL) and IVOMD were weakly correlated with incubation hours but had a strong relationships with some gas fermentation characteristics. Total condensed tannins (TCT) showed a positive correlation with incubation period at 6, 12, 24 and 96 h but their relationship with fermentation characteristics was positive and weak. Phenolic content was positive and strongly correlated with incubation period at 3, 6 12 and 24 h, a, c and Y. Based on their relatively high CP, moderate fibre levels and low condensed tannins contents, it can be concluded that the browse legume forages have nutritive potential as fodders for ruminants in tropical environment. تفاصيل المقالة

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9 - Rumen Fermentation Responses to Dairy Diets Differing in Protein Degradation Potential and Processed Barley Grain
ا. خطیبی شهری م. دانش مسگران د. زحمتکش

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dairy cow diets containing different protein sources [soybean meal, xylose protected soybean meal (Yasminomax®), and steam-flaked whole soybean] and various partially processed grain on in vitro gas production ki أکثر

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dairy cow diets containing different protein sources [soybean meal, xylose protected soybean meal (Yasminomax®), and steam-flaked whole soybean] and various partially processed grain on in vitro gas production kinetics and the microbial nitrogen yield. Soybean meal (S) and xylose protected of soybean meal (XS) were provided as 0.56:0.44 (SXSL) and 0.51:0.49 (SXSH) ratios. The diets were ground barley (B) + S, B+ SXSL, steam-flaked barley (FB) + S, FB + SXSL, B + steam-flaked whole soybean (WS), B + SXSH, FB + WS and FB + SXSH. An in vitro gas production technique was used to define the differences in the microbial nitrogen production of the diets. Asymptotic gas volume (b) was higher than the others for diets containing steam-flaked whole soybean (P<0.01). The highest constant rate of gas production (c) belongs to diet with ground barley and soybean meal, the highest halftime of gas production (t1/2) was obtained from diet with steam-flaked barley and soybean meal (P<0.01). The microbial nitrogen yield and consequently microbial nitrogen to diet nitrogen ratio were higher in diets containing xylose protected soybean meal than the others, especially, when compared with steam-flaked whole soybean diets (P<0.05). These results showed that WS, when compared with S and XS may not improve rumen fermentation and microbial nitrogen production with both ground and steam-flaked barley grain and the best performance in microbial nitrogen yield belongs to xylose protected soybean meal. تفاصيل المقالة

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10 - Fenugreek Seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and Asparagus Root (Asparagus officinalis) Effects on Digestion and Kinetics of Gas Production of Alfalfa Hay Using in vitro Technique
و. ناصری ف. کفیل‌زاده ف. هژبری

The aim of this paper was to study of the effect of fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and asparagus root (Asparagus officinalis) on in vitro digestibility and kinetics of gas production of alfalfa hay. Fenugreek seed (FS) and asparagus root (AR) were added at d أکثر

The aim of this paper was to study of the effect of fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and asparagus root (Asparagus officinalis) on in vitro digestibility and kinetics of gas production of alfalfa hay. Fenugreek seed (FS) and asparagus root (AR) were added at different levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% of DM). Total phenolic components of alfalfa hay (AH), fenugreek seed (FS) and asparagus root (AR) were 5.9, 10 and 8.3 g/kg DM, total tannins 0.4, 3.8 and 1.5 g/kg DM and saponin 10.4, 27.3 and 40.3 g/kg DM, respectively. In vitro dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility of alfalfa decreased (P<0.05) by addition of different levels of FS, but were not affected by adding AR. Addition of FS did not affect alfalfa crude protein (CP) digestibility, but AR at levels of 5 and 20% DM decreased (P<0.05) it. Metabolizable energy (ME) increased (P<0.05) due to addition of FS, but it decreased (P<0.05) by incorporation of AR. Addition of FS (at 10% DM level) and AR (at 5% DM level) decreased (P<0.05) potential gas production. The rate constants (c and d) were not affected by addition of FS and AR. FS and AR at level of 5% DM decreased (P<0.05) lag time (l). FS did not affect fermentation rate (h-1), but AR at level of 10% DM increased (P<0.05) it. Results suggest that fenugreek seed and asparagus root due to secondary metabolites content's may have potential to improve the nutritive value of alfalfa hay تفاصيل المقالة

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11 - Callus Induction and Organogenesis Capacity from Lamina Explant of Petunia × hybrida F1 Induced by BA and NAA
Behzad Kaviani Danesh Kazemi

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have an important role in callus induction and organogenesis of plant explants cultured in vitro conditions. Callus has a proper potential for plant regeneration through indirect organogenesis and embryogenesis as well suspension culture, أکثر

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have an important role in callus induction and organogenesis of plant explants cultured in vitro conditions. Callus has a proper potential for plant regeneration through indirect organogenesis and embryogenesis as well suspension culture, genetic transformation and production of secondary metabolites. In current experiment, leaf explants of Petunia × hybrida F1 were cultured on basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of N6-benzyladenine (BA) (0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mg l−1) and ɑ-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 mg l−1). The maximum fresh weight (5.16 g), dry weight (0.31 g) and volume of callus (24.50 cm3) was obtained in the medium containing 1.00 mg l−1 BA in combination with 0.30 mg l−1 NAA. Leaf explants did not produce callus in medium without PGRs. Plantlets were produced on all callus grown on the media containing PGRs. The most plantlets number was produced on callus induced on medium enriched with 1.00 mg l−1 BA in combination with 0.30 mg l−1 NAA. The plantlets regenerated in vitro with well-developed shoots and roots were successfully established in pots containing peat and perlite (1:1) and grown in a greenhouse within 4 weeks with a 100% survival rate. The regenerated plants were morphologically identical with mother plants and did not show any detectable phenotypic variation. تفاصيل المقالة

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12 - A Simple and Rapid Method for Micropropagation of Petunia × hybrida F1 'Opera Supreme Pink Morn'
Shahram Mehri Mohammad Nabi Ilkaee Farzin Saeedzadeh

For efficient regeneration of Petunia × hybrida F1 'Opera Supreme Pink Morn', a simple in vitro micropropagation protocol was developed. Axillary bud explants dissected from 30-day-old in vitro-grown seedlings sprouted from hybrid seeds were cultured on Murashige أکثر

For efficient regeneration of Petunia × hybrida F1 'Opera Supreme Pink Morn', a simple in vitro micropropagation protocol was developed. Axillary bud explants dissected from 30-day-old in vitro-grown seedlings sprouted from hybrid seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 36 combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA; 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00 and 5.00 mg l-1) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0.00, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 3.00 mg l-1). The BA alone at 0.50 or 2.00 mg l-1 was found to be best for shoot length, shoot number, node number, and leaf number than other concentrations of BA and BA in combination with NAA. The highest number of shoots (8.44) and the maximum average shoot length (13.16 cm) were recorded on MS medium supplemented with 0.50 mg l-1 BA without NAA. Root length (5.20 cm) and root number (8.77) were the maximum in the medium containing 0.10 mg l-1 NAA. The plantlets regenerated in vitro with well-developed shoots and roots were successfully established in pots containing peat and perlite and grown in a greenhouse within 4 weeks with a 100% survival rate. The regenerated plants were morphologically identical with donor plants and did not show any detectable phenotypic variation. Overall, BA at 0.50 or 2.00 mg l-1 had a better effect on shoot system than other concentrations of BA and BA in combination with NAA. NAA induced more root formation and root growth than BA. تفاصيل المقالة

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