Holstein cow

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1 - Genetic and Phenotypic Trends of Fertility Traits in Iranian Holstein Cows
ح. قیاسی م. هنرور

A total of 72124 fertility records was used to estimate the genetic and phenotypic trend of fertility traits in Iranian Holstein cow from 1981 to 2007. Fertility traits in this study were: days from calving to first service (DFS), number of insemination per conception ( أکثر

A total of 72124 fertility records was used to estimate the genetic and phenotypic trend of fertility traits in Iranian Holstein cow from 1981 to 2007. Fertility traits in this study were: days from calving to first service (DFS), number of insemination per conception (INS), days open (DO), interval between first and last insemination (IFL), calving interval (CI) and success to first insemination (SF). The overall genetic trend in fertility traits was as desired and statistically significant. Mean breeding value of SF increase by 0.00067 percent per year. The annual genetic trends for INS, DFS, IFL, CI and DO were -0.0029 number/year, -0.062 days/year, -0.041 days/year, -0.23 days/year and -0.24 days/year, respectively. Phenotypes trends for fertility traits were unfavorable except for DFS and DO. Phenotypic trends in IFL, INS and SF were as undesirable positive. Phenotypically DO and CI did not change over the time period. Phenotypically IFL has increased 1.6 days/year and DFS has decreased 1.6 days/year. The annual phenotypic trends for INS and SF were 0.04 and -0.018, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة

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2 - Association of Birth Type and Pregnancy Type with Lactation Performance and Lactation Curve in Holstein Dairy Cows in Iran
ه. آتشی م. دادپسند م.ج. ضمیری ا. اسعدی

The association of birth type (single vs. double) and pregnancy type (single vs. double) with lactation performance and lactation curve was investigated in Holstein cows in Iran. Data of 243298 lactations on 138021 cows in 261 herds collected during January 2000 to Dece أکثر

The association of birth type (single vs. double) and pregnancy type (single vs. double) with lactation performance and lactation curve was investigated in Holstein cows in Iran. Data of 243298 lactations on 138021 cows in 261 herds collected during January 2000 to December 2012 were used. The average twinning rate was 3.64% and ranged from 1.44% (primiparous) to 5.41% (multiparous). Factors associated with twining were calving season, calving year, herd, and parity. The rate of twinning increased from 2.49% in 2000 to 3.42% in 2012. The probability of twinning was higher in multiparous cows than that in primiparous [Odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI))= 3.64 (3.44-3.84) for multiparous vs. primiparous cows]. The probability of twin pregnancy was higher in cows previously delivering twins than that in those delivering singles [OR (95% CI)= 3.17 (3.02-3.34) for cows delivering twins vs. cows delivering singles]. The lactation curve for cows delivering singles in previous gestation and pregnant with twins in subsequent gestation tended to be lower and flatter. The incidence of twin pregnancy was increased as the cow reached its peak yield earlier, and produced more milk at peak lactation. Primiparous cows delivering singletons in their previous gestation and having twins in their subsequent gestation produced more 100-d, 200-d and 305-d milk than those pregnant with singletons. Multiparous cows that delivered singleton in previous gestation and were pregnant with twin in the subsequent gestation, produced more milk during the first 100-d and 200-d of lactation than those pregnant with singles. تفاصيل المقالة

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3 - The Effects of Macaroni Wastes and Steam-Flaked Barley Feeding in Transition Period on Health and Lactation Performance of HolsteinCows
E. Qashqay H. Amanlou M. Hajilou D. Zahmatkesh S.S. Mousavi N. Aghaziarati

Thirty two multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized block design to investigate the effects of feeding diets included two different source of nonfiber carbohydrate during the transition period on dry matter intake (DMI), lactational performance, blood metabol أکثر

Thirty two multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized block design to investigate the effects of feeding diets included two different source of nonfiber carbohydrate during the transition period on dry matter intake (DMI), lactational performance, blood metabolites and parturitional characteristics. Cows received total mixed rations containing either macaroni wastes(MW) or steam-flaked barley (SFB) beginning 21 d prior to expected calving date. A common lactation total mixed ration was fed postpartum. Cows fed MW had greater pre and postpartum DMI than cows fed SFB (P<0.001). No treatment effects on milk yield, milk composition, body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were observed. There was no effect of prepartum diets on pre and postpartum plasma concentrations of glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium, phosphor, protein, albumin, globulin and cholesterol. Prepartum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were not affected by treatments. Fecal and urine PH were not affected by treatments. Fecal consistency score was reduced for cows that received the SFB diet compared to cows received the MW diet (P≤0.05). Feeding MW prepartum decreased gestation period (P≤0.05). Other parturitional characteristics and health problems did not influence by treatments. MW compared with SFB improved dry matter intake. Lactation performance and metabolic parameters were similar between treatments. From the present results, it could be concluded that the MW might be as a good alternative energy and NFC source for use in transition rations. تفاصيل المقالة

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4 - Logistic Regression Analysis of Some Factors Influencing Incidence of Retained Placenta in a Holstein Dairy Herd
ف. بحری بیناباج ه. فرهنگ فر س. عزیزیان م. جعفری ک. حسن‌پور

To investigate the effects of certain factors on the rate of retained placenta, 2844 calving records from 1288 Holstein cows in a herd were used. These cows calved during year period of 2001 to 2007. A generalized statistical linear model was applied to analyze the data أکثر

To investigate the effects of certain factors on the rate of retained placenta, 2844 calving records from 1288 Holstein cows in a herd were used. These cows calved during year period of 2001 to 2007. A generalized statistical linear model was applied to analyze the data. Logistic regression model was applied as the statistical model. In the model, fixed effects of year, season (warm or cold) and sex and birth type (single or twin) of calf and parity and gestation length of dam were included. In data file, retained placenta incidence was introduced as binary codes: zero for healthy cows and one for cows with retained placenta and probability of code one was analyzed. Incidence of retained placenta was significantly affected by all the fixed effects included in the model. Odds ratio estimation for cold season compared to warm seasons was 0.619, which means probability of occurrence of this disease in cold season, is 39% less than in the warm season. Odds ratio estimation for female calves in comparison to male calves was 0.6, which implies that the former are 40% less probable to cause retained placenta. Probability of this disease in twin calving was 5.9 times more than singles. By increasing the parity number of the dam, the probability of experiencing retained placenta in cow increased. It could be concluded that the incidence of retained placenta may be reduced by management modifications. تفاصيل المقالة

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5 - The Effects of Replacement of Soybean Meal by Mechanically-Processed Sesame Meal on Performance and Milk Fatty Acids Profile in Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows
V. Ashjae A. Taghizadeh Y. Mehmannavaz A. Nobakht

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of replacement of soybean meal (SBM, solvent extracted meal, 40% CP) with different levels of sesame meal (SSM, mechanically processing meal, 43.91%) on performance, milk composition, blood metabolites and profile of mil أکثر

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of replacement of soybean meal (SBM, solvent extracted meal, 40% CP) with different levels of sesame meal (SSM, mechanically processing meal, 43.91%) on performance, milk composition, blood metabolites and profile of milk fatty acids in lactating dairy cows. Thus, eight Holstein dairy cattle were used in a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design during four 28-days periods. Treatments were control (no SSM supplementation) or replacement of 50, 75 or 100% of SBM with SSM. Cows were fed a total mix ration (TMR). The results showed that dry matter intake (DMI), total solid (TS), fat to protein ratio (FPR), milk protein yield (MP), milk lactose yield, and blood cholesterol, glucose and calcium concentrations were not affected (P>0.05) by experimental diets. However, milk yield average, fat corrected milk (FCM), feed efficiency (FE), milk fat (MF), solids non-fat (SNF) content, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations differed (P<0.05) among treatments. The concentration of cis-C18:1 in the milk of cows fed SSM diets were numerically greater compared with cows fed the control diet. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and total unsaturated fatty acids in milk of cows fed SSM diets were more than the control diet. Concentrations of C16:0 and saturated fatty acids in MF in the control diet were greater than those achieved for the SSM diets. Regardless of the SSM/SBM ratio, cows fed SSM had more unsaturated fatty acids in milk. Replacing SBM with SSM decreased (P<0.05) concentration of medium (MCFA) and long chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) and increased (P<0.05) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Generally, SSM improved milk fatty acids profile, as a health index of human nutrition, but regarding the rate of milk production, 75% substitution of soybean with sesame is appropriate. تفاصيل المقالة

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6 - Prevalence and Risk Factors of Subclinical Mastitis in Iranian Holstein Cows
س. نقشینه س.ع. رافت ج. شجاع غ.ع. مقدم م. ابراهیمی

The present study aimed to estimate the effects of parity, calving season and year of calving on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Holstein cows. A total of 2682 records from 869 Holstein cows in a large dairy farm (Azarbaijan province, Iran), respecting the per أکثر

The present study aimed to estimate the effects of parity, calving season and year of calving on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Holstein cows. A total of 2682 records from 869 Holstein cows in a large dairy farm (Azarbaijan province, Iran), respecting the period from 2006 to 2009, were collected. Data was analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS software by MIVQUE method. Subclinical mastitis was also studied based on three differentmodels including: 1) considering each udder quarter as a separate unit (Udder quarter model), 2) considering all the four udder quarters of a cow as one overall unit (Subclinm model) and 3) considering the sum of positive subclinical mastitis scores in all udder quarters of an animal (Episode model). Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis was based on California Mastitis Test. Results showed that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis was20.83%. The prevalence of cows with only one udder quarter affected by subclinical mastitis was 23.71%. Parity and year of calving significantly affected the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (P>0.001). Older cows with higher parity number had increased prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Therefore, the highest prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed in cows having number of parities between 5and 11. The lowest subclinical mastitis prevalence (using three mastitis models) was recorded in 2010, whilst its highest prevalence was observed in 2008. Season of calving also significantly influenced subclinical mastitis prevalence (P<0.05): cows calving in autumn had higher prevalence of subclinical mastitis than those calving in the other seasons. Concluding, data from the present study demonstrated thatparity, calving season and year of calving influenced the prevalence of subclinical mastitis on the three mentioned models. تفاصيل المقالة

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7 - Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Milk Production Traits on BTA 14 in Iranian Holstein Dairy Cattle: A Confirmation
م. نوری صادق س. انصاری-مهیاری م.پ. اسکندری نسب ف. رفیعی

The aim of this study was to refine the position of previously detected quantitative trait loci (QTL) on bovine chromosome 14 affecting milk production traits, using both linkage analysis (LA) and combined disequilibrium and linkage analysis (LDLA) methods, in Iranian H أکثر

The aim of this study was to refine the position of previously detected quantitative trait loci (QTL) on bovine chromosome 14 affecting milk production traits, using both linkage analysis (LA) and combined disequilibrium and linkage analysis (LDLA) methods, in Iranian Holstein dairy cattle. Analysis data was LRT (likelihood ratio test) and computed using the DMU (estimate the (co)variance components based on the average information of restricted maximum likelihood) and the results were compared with chi-square test and finally, the most likely location of QTLs was identified (P<0.05). A daughter design with 232 daughters from 10 sire families were considered and 10 microsatellite markers with a map distance of 0 to 63 cM located between markers ILSTS039 and DIK4361 (ILSTS011, DIK2598, DIK4884, DIK5080, CBDIKM002, ILSTS039, BM1508, CSSM066, CBDIKM004, and DIK4361) were genotyped. For milk and fat yield traits, the two mapping methods revealed a highly significant QTL was located within 20 to 60 and 54 to 60 cM interval (using LA) and within 12 to 60 and 60 cM interval (using LDLA), respectively. For fat percentage, a highly significant QTL was detected within 3, 12, 20, 36, 44 and 50 cM (using LA), but for LDLA, no significant location was detected. These results confirmed the findings of suggestive QTLs affecting milk production traits in the previous studies. Besides, the identified QTL in this study could be considered for marker-assisted evaluation and also for the selection of a refined set of candidate genes affecting the economic traits in Iranian dairy cattle breeding schemes. تفاصيل المقالة

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8 - Milk Production, Milk Fatty Acid Profiles and Blood Metabolites in Holstein Dairy Cows Fed Diets Based on Dried Citrus Pulp
B. Ebrahimi A. Taghizadeh Y. Mehmannavaz

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of substitution of corn grain with dried citrus pulp (DCP) on milk composition, fatty acids profiles and blood metabolites in Holstein dairy cows. These parameters were measured in a replicated 4 × 4 l أکثر

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of substitution of corn grain with dried citrus pulp (DCP) on milk composition, fatty acids profiles and blood metabolites in Holstein dairy cows. These parameters were measured in a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design experiment using eight Holstein cows. Each experimental period lasted 4 weeks. The four treatments were: control (without DCP), and supplemented groups with 50%, 75% and 100% DCP:corn grain ratio (dry matter basis), respectively. The experimental diets was fed as a total mixed ration. The applied DCP led to a decrease in dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, milk fat (MF) concentration, de novo fatty acid synthesis, milk protein concentration, milk protein yield, MF yield, milk lactose yield and MF:protein ratio (FPR). Inclusion of DCP in the dites showed significant differences in blood metaboites containing blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholestrol, triglyceride (TG) and glucose (p < 0.05). In addition, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) was affected by replaced DCP (p < 0.05). The contents of C16:0 and C18:0 in the milk of cows fed the control diet, were higher and lower than the cows fed DCP diets, respectively (p < 0.05). The β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetone as ketosis index in the cows fed with DCP were increased significantly (p < 0.05). It was concluded that inclusion of DCP in dairy cow rations improved the fatty acid profile of the milk and increased blood serum glucose concentration and can be used as an energy supplement in the diet of lactating cows to support milk production. تفاصيل المقالة

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9 - Effect of Feeding of Various Types of Soybean Meal and Differently Processed Barley Grain on Performance of High Producing Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows
ا. خطیبی شهری م. دانش مسگران د. زحمتکش

Twenty-four lactating Holstein dairy cows were used in a completely randomized design to investigate the effect of soybean meal (SM) and xylose protected soybean meal (XSM) in combination with ground (GB) or steam flaked (FB) barley on dry matter intake, milk production أکثر

Twenty-four lactating Holstein dairy cows were used in a completely randomized design to investigate the effect of soybean meal (SM) and xylose protected soybean meal (XSM) in combination with ground (GB) or steam flaked (FB) barley on dry matter intake, milk production, rumen fermentation and blood responses. The experimental period lasted for 30 days. The diets consisted of the provision of 19.85% corn silage, 12.02% alfalfa hay, 0.72% wheat straw and 67.41% concentrate that averaged 17% crude proteins (DM basis) were offered two times daily. Dry matter intake (DMI) (P=0.051) and milk yield (P<0.0001) decreased by XSM in diets with GB or FB (P<0.05). The animals fed diets containing XSM had lower fat corrected milk (FCM 3.5%) and energy corrected milk (ECM) than diets containing SM (P<0.05). The milk fat and solids not fat percentage in XSM were significantly higher than SM (P<0.05) but milk protein percentage was lower (P<0.05). A comparison of GB versus FB and SM versus XSM diets indicated that the milk protein yield was higher for diets containing FB (P<0.05) and containing SM (P<0.001). Blood metabolites were significantly different between treatments (P<0.05). The diets containing XSM had lower levels of non-esterified fatty acids and higher levels blood urine nitrogen than those containing SM (P<0.05). The Acetate, propionate, valerate and butyrate concentrations differed significantly between the diets (P<0.05). In according to the results of our experiment, soybean meal in combination with ground barely may alter the performance of Holstein dairy cows. تفاصيل المقالة

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10 - Estimates of Repeatability and Heritability of Productive Trait in Holstein Dairy Cattle
ز. عرفانی اصل ع. هاشمی م. فرهادیان

Dairy cattle breeding programs have been based in the selection for traits related to milk production. In this research a data set of 63 herds of East Azerbaijan province Holstein cattle, collected during 2002-2013 by the Iranian Animal Breeding Center was used to estim أکثر

Dairy cattle breeding programs have been based in the selection for traits related to milk production. In this research a data set of 63 herds of East Azerbaijan province Holstein cattle, collected during 2002-2013 by the Iranian Animal Breeding Center was used to estimate the repeatability and heritability of three traits of economic importance. Genetic parameters for first three lactations of Holstein cows were estimated using repeatability models. Single-trait repeatability models were fitted for milk, fat and protein yields. The model contained milk frequency and herd-year-months of test-days (HTD) as fixed effects; effect of animals were the random effects. The estimated heritabilities in first three lactations for milk yield were 0.154, 0.263 and 0.334, for protein yield 0.134, 0.166 and 0.274 and for fat yield 0.059, 0.083 and 0.052. The estimated repeatability in first three lactations for milk yield were 0.475, 0.847 and 0.898, for protein yield 0.398, 0.479 and 0.678 and for fat yield 0.198, 0.281and 0.279. The results imply that milk traits for Holstein dairy cattle in east Azerbaijan, Iran are more heritable. Therefore, these traits can be employed by breeders as selection criteria in developing effective genetic improvement programs. تفاصيل المقالة

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11 - Calculation of Inbreeding Depression Effects on Subclinical Mastitis Using Three Different Models
س. نقشینه س.ع. رافت غ.ع. مقدم م. ابراهیمی ج. شجاع

Pedigree information of 3972 Holstein cows and bulls, from 1961 to 2008, was used to calculate inbreeding coefficients and their effects on production traits and subclinical mastitis of dairy farm cows inAzerbaijan province,Iran. Inbreeding was included in a linear mixe أکثر

Pedigree information of 3972 Holstein cows and bulls, from 1961 to 2008, was used to calculate inbreeding coefficients and their effects on production traits and subclinical mastitis of dairy farm cows inAzerbaijan province,Iran. Inbreeding was included in a linear mixed model as a class variable. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS by MIVQUE method. Results showed that average inbreeding coefficients were inferior in total population and inbred cows (0.8 and 1.3% in total population and inbred cows, respectively). Although the rate of inbreeding coefficients was low, inbreeding had decreasing effects (P<0.01) on milk, fat, and protein yields, while increasing effects (P<0.01) on prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Furthermore, animals with inbreeding coefficients between 0.59 to 1.11%showed a reduction in milk, fat, and protein yields by 2.4, 2 and 2%, respectively; whereas, animals with inbreeding coefficients between 1.11 and 1.75% showed a reduction in milk, fat, and protein yields by 2, 3.7 and 2.7%, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة

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12 - اثرات جایگزینی سطوح مختلف کنجاله کلزا با کنجاله سویا بر برخی صفات تولیدی گاوهای تازه زای نژاد هلشتاین
نواب قبادی

مطالعه حاضر جهت بررسی اثرات سطوح مختلف جایگزینی کنجاله کلزا با کنجاله سویا و تاثیر آن بر مصرف ماده خشک، تولید و ترکیب شیر،گلوکز ونیتروژن غیرآمینی خون گاوهای شیری بود.در این مطالعه از بیست وچهار راس گاوشیری هلشتاین در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی استفاده شد.در تیمارهایآزمایشی ا أکثر

مطالعه حاضر جهت بررسی اثرات سطوح مختلف جایگزینی کنجاله کلزا با کنجاله سویا و تاثیر آن بر مصرف ماده خشک، تولید و ترکیب شیر،گلوکز ونیتروژن غیرآمینی خون گاوهای شیری بود.در این مطالعه از بیست وچهار راس گاوشیری هلشتاین در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی استفاده شد.در تیمارهایآزمایشی ازکنجاله کلزای حاوی سطوح مختلف 10 ،5 ،0و 15درصد جایگزین با کنجاله سویا استفاده گردید سپس نمونههای شیر و خون از دامها اخذ شدو نمونهها با رویه GLMو SASآنالیز شد.نتایج نشان داد که تولید شیر،درصد پروتئین، درصد چربی و درصد لاکتوز،سطوح گلوکز و نیتروژن غیر آمینیخون در بین هیچکدام از تیمارها تفاوت معنی داری نداشت( )P < 0/50ولی زمان بر روی همه مولفههای مورد بررسی اثرگذار بود( .)P > 0/50به طور کلینتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که میتوان درجیره گاوهای شیرده کنجاله کلزا را بدون اثرات مضر بر روی فراسنجههای تولیدی و متابولیتهای خونی، در هرسطحی،جایگزین کنجاله سویا نمود. تفاصيل المقالة

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