تأثیر سیستمهای مختلف زهکشی زیرزمینی بر دفع نیترات از اراضی کلزای دیم
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت آب در مزرعه با هدف بهبود شاخص های مدیریتی آبیاریفرزاد حق نظری 1 , فاطمه کاراندیش 2 , عبداله درزی نفت چالی 3 , ایریکا سیمیونک 4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل
2 - گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل
3 - دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری
4 - دانشگاه کالیفرنیا ریورساید
کلید واژه: اراضی شالیزاری, تلفات نیترات, زهکشی زیرزمینی, حفاظت منابع آب سطحی, کشاورزی دیم,
چکیده مقاله :
در پژوهش حاضر، که طی دو فصل زراعی 1395-1394 و 1396-1395 در اراضی شالیزاری تجهیز و نوسازی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری با وسعت 5/4 هکتار صورت گرفت، تاثیر سیستمهای مختلف زهکشی بر روند دفع نیترات به منابع آب سطحی بررسی شد. این سیستمها شامل سه نوع سیستم زهکشی زیرزمینی معمولی متشکل از عمق و فواصل مختلف زهکش به ترتیب 9/0 متر و 30 متر (D0.90L30)، و 65/0 متر و 30 متر (D0.65L30)، 65/0 متر و 15 متر (D0.65L15) و یک سیستم زهکشی زیرزمینی دو عمقی (Bilevel) متشکل از چهار خط زهکش به فاصله 15 متر با اعماق 9/0 و 65/0 متر به صورت یک در میان بودند. علاوه بر اندازهگیری روزانهی دبی خروجی از زهکشها، غلظت نیترات زهآب نیز با تناوب دو هفته یکبار در طول فصلهای کشت تعیین شد. تغییرات روزانهی دبی زهکشها در سیستمهای Bilevel، D0.65L15، D0.65L30 و D0.90L30 به ترتیب بین 231-0، 220-0، 227-0 و 250-0 سانتیمترمکعب بر ثانیه در نوسان بود. بررسی رابطهی دبی-بارش نشان داد که شدت بارش 10 میلیمتر در روز، حد آستانهی کاهش توان زهکش بوده و بارشهای فراتر از این حد میتواند مشکلات ماندابی در محدودهی پژوهش ایجاد نماید. احداث سیستمهای زهکشی منتخب میتواند سالانه 7/34-2/2 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیترات را به منابع آب سطحی دفع نماید؛ لکن احداث سیستم زهکشی D0.65L30 کمترین مخاطره زیستمحیطی را از این حیث خواهد داشت به این ترتیب، بهرهبردای زیستمحیطیِ پایدار از این سیستمها برای توسعهی کشت دیم، نیازمند بررسیهای دقیق در هنگام انتخاب عمق و فواصل نصب زهکش خواهد بود.
In this research, which was carried out in the 4.5-ha consolidated paddy fields of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during two cropping cycles of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017, the influence of different drainage systems on total nitrate loss into local surface water resources was investigated. These systems included three regular subsurface drainage systems with different drain depths and spacings of, respectively, 0.9 m and 30 m (D0.90L30), 0.65 m and 30 m (D0.65L30), and 0.65 m and 15 m (D0.65L15), and a bilevel drainage system consisting of four drain lines with 15 m spacing and 0.65 and 0.9 m alternative depth (Bilevel). In addition to daily measuring drainage fluxes, nitrate concentrations in the collected drainage water were also measured every other weeks during the cropping cycles. Daily average drainage discharges under Bilevel, D0.90L30, D0.65L30, and D0.65L15 varied in the ranges of 0-231 cm3 s-1, 0-220 cm3 s-1, 0-227 cm3 s-1 and 0-250 cm3 s-1, respectively. Analyzing precipitation-drainage discharge correlations reveals that the precipitation intensity of 10 mm d-1 is the threshold of drainage capacity reduction, and precipitation intensities beyond this threshold may result in water logging challenges in the study area. Consolidating the selected drainage systems may result in annual nitrate losses of 2.2-34.7 kg ha-1 into the surface water resources; however, the D0.65L30 systems may have less environmental consequences in this view of point. Therefore, environmentally sustainable operations of these systems for expanding rainfed-cropping requires precious investigations when selecting drain depths and spacings.
علیبخشی، ح.، شاهنظری، ع.، طهماسبی، ر. 1392. تأثیر عمق و فاصله زهکشهای زیرزمینی بر تلفات نیترات در اراضی شالیزاری در فصل کشت کلزا. پژوهشهای حفاطت آب و خاک. 20(6): 237-252.
Alva, A.K., Paramasivam, S., Obreza, T.A., Schumann, A.W., 2006. Nitrogen best management practice for citrus trees I. Fruit yield, quality, and leaf nutritional status. Sci Horti 107, 233– 244.
Baker, J.L. 1980. Agricultural areas as nonpoint sources of pollution.. In Environmental impact of nonpoint source pollution. Overcash M.R. and Davidson J.M. (ed.) Ann Arbor Science Publication, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. 275-310.
Bardowicks, K., Trautmann, N., Arumí, J. L., Billib, M., Holzapfel, E. 2006. Simulation of nitrate losses using HYDRUS-2D. Int. Conference CIACH on Agricultural Engineering in a Globalized World, Chillán/Chile, 10.-12.
Barton, L., Colmer, T.D., 2006. Irrigation and fertilizer strategies for minimizing nitrogen leaching from turfgrass. Agr Water Manage. 80, 160–175.
Blokhina, Olga. 2000. Anoxia and oxidative stress: lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status and mitochondrial function in plants. Helsinki. pp. 1-74.
Burchell, M.R. 2003. Practices to reduce Nitrate-nitrogen losses from drained agricultural lands. Phd diss. Raleigh, N.C., North Carolina State University.1-333.
Christen, E.W., Skehan, D., 2001. Design and management of subsurface horizontal drainage to reduce salt loads. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. ASCE 127, 148–155.
Chukalla, A.D., Krol, M.S. and Hoekstra, A.Y. 2015. Green and blue water footprint reduction 536 in irrigated agriculture: Effect of irrigation techniques, irrigation strategies and mulching, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19(12): 4877–4891.
Cooke, R., Nehmelman, J., Kalita, P. 2002. Effect of tile depth on nitrate transport from tile 546 drainage systems. ASAE Paper No. 022017.
Dabney, S. M. Delgado, J. A. Reeves, D. W. 2001. USING WINTER COVER CROPS TO IMPROVE SOIL AND WATER QUALITY. ',Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,32:7,1221 - 1250
Darzi A, Ejlali F, Ahmadi MZ, Najafi G., 2007. The suitability of controlled drainage and subirrigation in paddy fields. Pak J Biol Sci 10:492–497.
Darzi-Naftchali A, Mirlatifi SM, Asgari A., 2014. Comparison of steady and unsteady state drainage equations for determination of subsurface drain spacing in paddy fields—a case study in Northern Iran. Paddy Water Environ, 12:103–111.
Darzi-Naftchali, A., Shahnazari, A., and Karandish, F. 2016. Nitrogen loss and its health risk in paddy fields under different drainage managements. Paddy Water Environ, The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering and Springer Japan. 145-157
Darzi-Naftchali, A., and Shahnazari, A. (2014). Influence of subsurface drainage on the productivity of poorly drainedpaddy fields. Europ. J. Agronomy 56. 1–8.
Daudén, A., Quilez, D., 2004. Pig slurry versus mineral fertilization on corn yield and nitrate leaching in a Mediterranean irrigated environment. Eur J Agron 21, 7–19.
De Vita, P., Di Paolo, E., Fecondo, G., Di Fonzo, N., Pisante, M., 2007. No-tillage and conven-571 tional tillage effects on durum wheat yield, grain quality and soil moisture content in south-572 ern Italy. Soil Tillage Res. 92, 69–78.
Ecker and Breisinger . 2012. The food security system .Washington , D.D:.International Food Policy. 1-25.
FAO, 2012. Fao Statistical Year Book. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations, Rome, 352 pp.
FAO. (2014). FAO Statistical Year Book; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Bangkok, Thailand, 1995; p.
Furukawa, Y., Shiratori, Y., Inubushi, K. 2008. Depression of methane productionpotential in paddy soils by subsurface drainage systems. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 54: 950-959.
Gilliam JW, Baker JL and Reddy KR. 1999. Water Quality Effects of Drainage in Humid Regions. In R. W. p 345.
Guo H.Y., Wang X.R., Wu Z.H. and Zhang Z. 2004. Case study on nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from paddy field in Taihu region. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, (26): 209-219.
Hashemi, S.Z., Darzi-Naftchali, A., Zhiming Qi. 2020. Assessing water and nitrate‐N losses from subsurface‐drained paddy lands by DRAINMOD‐N II. Irrigation and Drainage. 137-149.
Hermawan, B., and Bomke, A. A. 1997. Effects of winter cover crops and successive spring tillage on soil aggregation. Soil Tillage Res, 44: 109–120.
Huang, B & Wilkinson, R. E . 2000. Plant Environment Intractions. Manhattan, Kansas. pp. 263-280.
Hutton, R., Holzapfel, B., Smith, J., Hutchinson, P., Barlow, K., Bond, W., 2008. Influence of 611 irrigation and fertilizer management on the movement of water and nutrients within and 612 below rootzone of vines for sustainable grape production. CRC for Viticulture Report 613 S2.3.6.
Jafari-Talukolaee, M. Shahnazari, A. Z. Ahmadi, M. Darzi-Naftchali, A. 2015. Drain Discharge and Salt Load in Response to Subsurface Drain Depth and Spacing in Paddy Fields. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 141(11): 04015017. 1-12.
Jafari-Talukolaee, M., Ritzema, H., Darzi-Naftchali, A., and Shahnazari, A. 2016. Subsurface drainage to enable the cultivation of winter crops in consolidated paddy fields in northern Iran. Sustainability, 8, 249.1-19..
Jia, X., Shao, L., Liu, P., Zhao, B., Gu, L., Dong, Sh., Bing, S.H., Zhang, J., Zhao, B., 2014. 624 Effect of different nitrogen and irrigation treatments on yield and nitrate leaching of summer 625 maize (Zea mays L.) under lysimeter conditions. Agr Water Manage 137, 92–103.
Karandish, F., Hogeboom, Hoekstra, A. Y., Hogeboom, R.J. 2020. Reducing food waste and changing cropping patterns to reduce water consumption and pollution in cereal production in Iran. Journal of Hydrology. 586, doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124881. 1-27.
Karandish, F., Šimůnek, J. 2017. Two-dimensional modeling of nitrogen and water dynamics 645 for various N-managed water-saving irrigation strategies using HYDRUS. Agricultural Wa-646 ter Management, 193, 174-190.
Karandish, F., Šimůnek, J. 2019. An application of the water footprint assessment to optimize production of crops irrigated with saline water: A scenario assessment with HYDRUS. Agricultural Water Management. 208, 67-82.
Konukcu, F., Gowing, J. W., Rose, D. A. 2006 Dry drainage: a sustainable solution to waterlogging and salinity problems in irrigation areas?. Agric Water Manag, 83:1–12.
Kro¨ger R, Pierce SC, Littlejohn KA, Moore MT, Farris JL. 2012 Decreasing nitrate-N loads to coastal ecosystems with innovative drainage management strategies in agricultural landscapes: an experimental approach. Agric Water Manag 103:162–166.
Liu, Y., Gao, M., Wu, W., Tanweer, S.T., Wen, X., Liao, Y. 2013. The effects of conservation 655 tillage practices on the soil water-holding capacity of a non-irrigated apple orchard in the 656 Loess Plateau, China. Soil & Tillage Research, 130, 7-12.
Mitchell, J., Singh, P., Wallender, W., Munk, D., Wroble, J., Horwath, W., Hogan, P., Roy, R., 672 Hanson, B., 2012. No-tillage and high-residue practices reduce soil water evaporation. Ca-673 lif. Agric. 66, 55–61.
Mosier AR, Syers JK and Freney JR (Eds). 2004 Agriculture and the nitrogen cycle: Assessing the impacts of fertilizer use on food production and the environment. Washington DC, USA: Island Press. 244p.
Mosier, A.R., Bleken, M.A., Chaiwanakupt, P., Ellis, E.C., Freney, J.R., Howarth, R.B., Mat- son, P.A., Minami, K., Naylor, R., Weeks, K.N., Zhu, Z.L., 2002. Policy implications of human-accelerated nitrogen cycling. Biogeochemistry 57, 477–516.
Nangia, V., Gowda, P. H., Mulla, D. J. and Sands, G. R. 2009 ‘Modeling Impacts of Tile Drain Spacing and Depth on nitrate-Nitrogen Losses’, Vadose Zone, 9, 61-72.
Research Institute. 1-14
Rimidis, A.; Dierickx, W. 2003 Evaluation of Subsurface Drainage Performance in Lithuania. Agric. Water Manag.59, 15–31
Rittera, W. F., Scarborough, R. W., and Chirnside, A. E. M. 1998. Winter cover crops as a best management practice for reducing nitrogen leaching. J Contam Hydrol, 34: 1-15.
Shahsavari, F., Karandish, F., Haghighatjou, P. 2019. Potentials for expanding dry-land agriculture under global warming in water-stressed regions: a quantitative assessment based on drought indices. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 137, 1555–1567.
Shiratori, Y., Watanabe, H., Furukawa, Y., Tsuruta, H., and Inubushi, K. 2007. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 53, 387–400.
Skaggs and J. Van Schilfgaarde (eds.) Agricultural Drainage. Agronomy Monograph No. 38. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Pp. 801-830.
Skaggs, R.W, and Chescheir, G.M. 2003 ‘Effects of subsurface drain depth on nitrogen losses from drained lands’, Transactions of ASAE, 46:2, 237-244.
Smedema, L. K., Abdel-Dayem, S., Ochs, W. 2000. Drainage and agricultural development. Irrig Drain Syst, 14:223–235.Tabuchi T., Takamura S., Kubota H. and Suzuki S. 1975. The water quality and load of rivers during manuring period. Trans JSIDRE, 58:8–13.
Udayasoorian, C., Sebastian, S.P., Jayabalakrishnan, R.M. 2009. Effect of amendments on 707 problem soils with poor quality irrigation water under sugarcane crop. Am.-Eurasian J. 708 Agric. And Environ. Sci. 5, 618–626.
Ul Hassan M., Qureshi A.S., and Heydari N. 2007. A Proposed Framework for Irrigation Management Transfer in Iran: Lessons from Asia and Iran. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI Working Paper 118).
Wahba, M.A.S., Christen, E.W., 2006. Modeling subsurface drainage for salt load management 712 in southeastern Australia. Irrig. Drain. Syst. J. 20, 267–282.
Wei, Y.P., Chen, D.L., Hu, K.L., Willett, I.R., Langford, J., 2009. Policy incentives for reducing 717 nitrate leaching from intensive agriculture in desert oases of Alxa, InnerMongolia, China. 718 Agr Water Manage 96, 1114–1119.
Yoon, K.S., Choi J.K., Son J.G. and Cho J.Y. 2006. Concentration profile of nitrogen and phosphorus in leachate of a paddy plot during the rice cultivation period in southern Korea. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 37: 1957–1972.
Zhang Q, Jimenez JL, Canagaratna MR . 2007. Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. Geophys Res Lett, 34: L13801.1-6.
_||_