برهم‌کنش‌هاي بين بيوچار و ريزجانداران خاک
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت بهینه منابع آب و خاک
1 - استاديار بخش تحقيقات مديريت منابع، مؤسسه تحقيقات كشاورزي ديم كشور، سازمان تحقيقات آموزش و ترويج كشاورزي، مراغه، ايران.
کلید واژه: چرخه کربن, حاصلخيزي خاک, فعاليت زيستي خاک, گرماکافت,
چکیده مقاله :
زمينه و هدف: تغييرات اقليمي و تخريب خاک، از مهم‌ترين چالش‌هاي جهاني عصر حاضر هستند که امنيت غذايي را به طور نامطلوب تحت‌تأثير قرار داده‌اند. در اين ميان، سلامت جامعه ريزجانداران خاک، به‌عنوان بازيگران اصلي چرخه‌هاي بيوژئوشيميايي، نقشي غيرقابل انکار در حفظ کارکرد و حاصلخيزي اکوسيستم‌هاي خاکي ايفا مي‌کند. خاک‌هاي ايران نيز به‌واسطه قرارگيري در منطقه خشک و نيمه‌خشک، از محتواي مواد آلي کم و سلامت زيستي ضعيف رنج مي‌برد که لزوم يافتن راهکارهاي نوين براي بهبود شرايط را بيش از پيش آشکار مي‌سازد. بيوچار، به‌عنوان يک اصلاح‌کننده کربني خاک، به علت برخورداري از ويژگي‌هاي منحصر‌به‌فرد ساختاري و شيميايي، نقش مؤثري در بهبود فعاليت‌هاي زيستي خاک ايفا مي‌کند. هدف از اين مطالعه مروري، بررسي و تحليل سازوکارهاي کليدي حاکم بر برهم‌کنش‌هاي بين بيوچار و ريزجانداران خاک است.
روش پژوهش: اين مطالعه مروري روايي جامع با جستجوي نظام‌مند در پايگاه‌هاي داده علمي از جمله Google Scholar، Scopus و Web of Science با استفاده از کليدواژه‌هايي مانند «بيوچار»، «ريزجانداران خاک»، «جامعه ميکروبي» و «سلامت خاک» انجام شد. تمرکز اصلي بر انتخاب مقالات منتشر شده بين سال‌هاي 2000 تا 2024 در زمينه برهم‌کنش‌هاي بيوچار با ريزجانداران خاک بود. منابع جمع‌آوري‌شده مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفتند تا سازوکارهاي فيزيکي، شيميايي و زيستي مرتبط با برهم‌کنش‌هاي بين بيوچار و ريزوجانداران خاک، شناسايي، تلفيق و مورد بحث قرار گيرند.
يافته‌ها: نتايج بررسي‌ها نشان مي‌دهد که بيوچار نه تنها زيستگاهي امن و پايدار براي ريزجانداران مفيد خاک‌زي ازجمله قارچ‌هاي ميکوريزي، باکتري‌هاي محرک رشد گياه و تجزيه‌کننده‌هاي آلي فراهم مي‌سازد، بلکه نيازهاي تغذيه‌اي و اکسيژن آن‌ها را تأمين مي‌نمايد. همچنين، بيوچار از طريق تأثير مستقيم و غيرمستقيم بر ويژگي‌هاي فيزيکي (نظير تخلخل و نفوذپذيري) و شيميايي خاک (نظير pH و ظرفيت تبادل کاتيوني) و نيز اثرات غيرمستقيم ناشي از تغيير در دسترسي به منابع غذايي، بر جمعيت، تنوع، پراکنش و عملکرد ميکروارگانيسم‌هاي خاک تأثير مي‌گذارد. از ديگر سازوکارهاي مهم بيوچار مي‌توان به تأمين تدريجي عناصر غذايي ضروري، سميت‌زدايي ترکيبات سمي از طريق جذب سطحي، تقويت همزيستي‌هاي ميکروبي-گياهي و تسهيل چرخه‌هاي بيوژئوشيميايي عناصر نظير کربن، نيتروژن و فسفر اشاره کرد. بااين‌حال، بيوچار ممکن است بسته به ماده اوليه (نظير پسماندهاي کشاورزي، فضولات دامي يا ضايعات جنگلي) و شرايط توليد (نظير دماي پيروليز و نرخ حرارت‌دهي)، حاوي برخي از ترکيبات سمي نظير هيدروکربن‌هاي آروماتيک چندحلقه‌اي و فلزات سنگين باشد که مي‌تواند اثرات منفي بر ريزجانداران خاک، سلامت گياهان و حتي زنجيره غذايي انسان داشته باشد. بنابراين، اثربخشي بيوچار به عواملي چندبعدي نظير دماي توليد (۳۰۰-۷۰۰ درجه سانتي‌گراد)، نوع زيست‌توده اوليه (ليگنوسلولزي يا پروتئيني)، مدت زمان ماندگاري در خاک و ويژگي‌هاي خاک نظير بافت، رطوبت، pH و ترکيب جامعه ميکروبي بستگي دارد.
نتايج: با توجه به نقش مثبت بيوچار در افزايش حاصلخيزي خاک، بهبود نگهداري آب و کاهش انتشار گازهاي گلخانه‌اي، استفاده از آن به‌ويژه در مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک با محتواي مواد آلي پايين و مشکلات شوري خاک به‌شدت توصيه مي‌شود، ليکن انجام بررسي‌هاي بيشتر در مورد اثرات محدودکننده (نظير کاهش دسترسي به برخي ريزمغذي‌ها) و خطرات احتمالي ناشي از مواد سمي آن در بلندمدت، همچنين مطالعات ميداني براي بهينه‌سازي دوز و روش کاربرد در شرايط اقليمي مختلف ضروري به نظر مي‌رسد.
Background and Aim: Climate changes and soil degradation are among the most critical global challenges of the present era, adversely affecting food security. Within this context, the health of the soil microbial community, as key players in biogeochemical cycles, plays an undeniable role in maintaining the functionality and fertility of soil ecosystems. Iran's soils, due to their location in arid and semi-arid regions, suffer from low organic matter content and poor biological health, which increasingly highlights the necessity for innovative solutions to improve these conditions. Biochar, as a carbon-based soil amendment, effectively enhances soil biological activities due to its unique structural and chemical properties. The objective of this review study is to investigate and analyze the key mechanisms governing the interactions between biochar and soil microorganisms.
Method: This comprehensive narrative review was conducted through a systematic search of scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, using keywords such as "biochar," "soil microorganisms," "microbial community," and "soil health." The primary focus was on selecting articles published between 2000 and 2024 concerning the interactions between biochar and soil microorganisms. The collected sources were analyzed to identify, synthesize, and discuss the physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms associated with the interactions between biochar and soil microorganisms.
Results: Review findings indicate that biochar not only provides a secure and stable habitat for beneficial soil microorganisms, including mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth-promoting bacteria, and organic decomposers, but also supplies their nutritional and oxygen requirements. Furthermore, biochar influences the population, diversity, distribution, and function of soil microorganisms through direct and indirect effects on soil physical (e.g., porosity and permeability) and chemical properties (e.g., pH and cation exchange capacity), as well as indirect effects from altered resource availability. Other important mechanisms of biochar include the gradual release of essential nutrients, detoxification of toxic compounds through adsorption, enhancement of plant-microbial symbioses, and facilitation of biogeochemical cycles of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. However, depending on the feedstock (e.g., agricultural waste, animal manure, or forestry residues) and production conditions (e.g., pyrolysis temperature and heating rate), biochar may contain certain toxic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals, which can have adverse effects on soil microorganisms, plant health, and even the human food chain. Therefore, the effectiveness of biochar depends on multidimensional factors, including production temperature (300-700°C), feedstock type (lignocellulosic or proteinaceous), residence time in the soil, and soil characteristics such as texture, moisture, pH, and microbial community composition.
Conclusion: Given biochar's positive role in enhancing soil fertility, improving water retention, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, its use is highly recommended, especially in arid and semi-arid regions with low organic matter content and salinity issues. Nevertheless, further investigation into its limiting effects (such as reduced availability of certain micronutrients) and potential risks from its toxic compounds in the long term, as well as field studies to optimize application rates and methods under different climatic conditions, are deemed essential.
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