Bioactive essential oils from the Cameroonian rain forest: A review - Part II
Subject Areas : Phytochemistry: Isolation, Purification, CharacterizationJean Duplex Wansi 1 , Norbert Sewald 2 , Lutfun Nahar 3 , Claire Martin 4 , Satyajit Dey Sarker 5
1 - Department of Chemistry, University of Douala, Faculty of Sciences, 24157 Douala, Cameroon|School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
2 - Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
3 - School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
4 - Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Science and the Environment, St. John’s Campus. University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK
5 - School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Toxicity, Bioactivity, Essential oil, Cameroon, traditional use,
Abstract :
Eighty-nine essential oil analyses carried out on Cameroonian plant material by gas chromatography are reviewed, and structures of sixty one main oil compounds are presented. Plant samples had been collected all over the rainforest area and further northwards, covering forty plant species belonging to ten families. For these plants, common names, traditional use as well as bioactivity and toxicity of their essential oils in vitro and in vivo are compiled. Data show that oils from leaves, bark, roots, fruit, rhizome or seeds display their own one to four main essential oil components. Each of them contributing more than 10% to over 90% of the oil´s volume, which sums up to species-unique essential oil fingerprints and decreasing similarity of these fingerprints with increasing phylogenetic distance between species. This review article shows that the environmental factor include, temperature, rainfall (Littoral region), humidity (Center, South, East and West regions) and solar radiation (Adamaoua, North and Far-north regions) as well as the soil nutrients influence the secondary metabolite composition of the plants. Bioassays valorized traditional use of a good number of oils, for example against the dermatophytic fungus Trichophyton rubrum being twice as effective as amphothericin B®; against the chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum; against cancer cell lines; and against a variety of human pathogen bacteria, being up to ten times as effective as ciproxin®, lidaprim®, tetracycline hydrochloride® and lidaprim®. Importantly, in an experiment employing the stored product beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, the leaf oil of Lippia adoensis (Verbenaceae) indicated neurotoxicity, so that preparations should be applied with care. Follow up work may focus on bioassays with commercial pure compounds, with the goal to improve effectivity and doses calculation for traditional essential oil medicines and agricultural products.
Adam, J.G., 1954. Note sur les graminées fourragères de la presqu’île du Cap-Vert (Sénégal): observations et renseignements sur leurs répartition, écologie et valeur fourragère. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. 7(2), 87-101.
Adebayo, T.A., Gbolade, A.A., Olaifa, J.I., 1999. Comparative study of toxicity of some essential oils to larvae of three mosquito species. Nig. J. Nat. Prod. Med. 3(1), 74-76.
Adefegha, S.A., Olasehinde, T.A., Oboh, G., 2017. Essential oil composition, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antihypertensive properties of two Afromomum species. J. Oleo. Sci. 66(1), 51-63.
Adegoke, G.O., Skura, B.J., 1994. Nutritional profile and antimicrobial spectrum of the spice Aframomum danielli K. Schum. Plant. Foods Hum. Nutr.45(2), 175-182.
Adegoke, G.O., Evwiehurhoma, F.O., Afolabi, M.O., 2016. African Cardamom (Aframomum danielli) Oils, in: Preedy, V.R. (Ed.), Essential Oils in Food Preservation. Academic Press, London, pp. 161-170.
Adjanohoun, E.J., Aké Assi, L., 1972. Plantes Pharmaceutiques de Côte d’Ivoire. Centre National de Floristique, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
Adjanohoun, E.J., Ahyi, L.M.R., Ake-Assi, L., Baniakina, J., Chibon, P., Cusset, G., Doulou, V., Enzanza, A., Eyme, J., Goudote, E., Keita, A., Mbemba, C., Mollet, J., Moutsambote, J.-M., Mpati, J., Sita, P., 1988. Contribution aux Etudes Ethnobotaniques et Floristiques en Républic Populaire du Congo. Mission ACCT, Paris, France.
Ahua, K.M., Ioset J.-R., Ioset, K.N., Diallo, D., Mauel, J., Hostettmann, K., 2007. Antileishmanial activities associated with plants used in the Malian traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 110(1), 99-104.
Ainslie, J.R., 1937. A List of Plants Used in Native Medicine in Nigeria. Imperial Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Akami, M., Niu, C., Chakira, H., Chen, Z., Vandi, T., Nukenine, E.N., 2016. Persistence and comparative pesticidal potentials of some constituents of Lippia adoensis (Hochst. ex Walp.) (Lamiales: Verbenaceae) essential oil against three life stages of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). British Biotechnol. J. 13(4), 1-16.
Akono, N.P., Baldovini, N., Mouray, E., Mambu, L., Belong, P., Grellier, P., 2014. Activity of Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils against Plasmodium falciparum and mature-stage larvae of Anopheles funestus s.s. Parasite 21(33), 1-8.
Akono, P.N., Dongmo, P.M.J, Tonga, C., Kouotou, S., Kekeunou, S., Magne, G.T., Lehmann, L.G., Menut, C., 2015. Larvicidal activity of essential oils from pericarps of ripe Citrus fruits cultivated in Cameroon on pyrethroids sensitive and resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 3(4), 334-339.
Akono, P.N., Mbida, J.A.M., Dongmo, P.M.J., Tonga, C., Tchamga, L.A.D., Mounbain, F., Magne, G.T., Mache, P.N., Kekeunou, S., 2016a. Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus grandis, Citrus medica and Citrus sinensis leaves from Cameroon on Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 4(6), 17-23.
Akono, P.N., Tonga, C., Dongmo, P.M.J., Kekeunou, S., Tedongmo, N.L., Lehman, L.G., 2016b. Influence of urbanization on the sensitivity of female adults of the Anopheles gambiae complex to essential oils of some plants from the Littoral region of Cameroon. Int. J. Mosq. Res. 3(6), 45-53.
Aliberti, L., Caputo, L., De Feo, V., De Martino, L., Nazzaro, F., Souza, L.F., 2016. Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and central nervous system activities of the essential oils of Citrus medica L. cv. “liscia” and C. medica cv. “rigosa” cultivated in Southern Italy. Molecules 21(9), 1244-1258.
Ampofo, O., 1983. First Aid in Plant Medicine. Ghana Rural Reconstruction Movement, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana.
Anonymous, 1956. The Wealth of India: Raw Materials and Industrial Products. Vol. IV. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India.
Aouadhi, C., Simonin, H., Prévost, H., de Lamballerie, M., Maaroufi, A., Mejri, S., 2013. Inactivation of Bacillus sporothermodurans LTIS27 spores by high hydrostatic pressure and moderate heat studied by response surface methodology. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 50(1), 50-56.
Aoudou, Y., Tatsadjieu, N.L., Jazet, D.P.M., Etoa, F.X., Mbofung, C.M., 2010. Antifungal properties of essential oils and some constituents to reduce foodborne pathogen. J. Yeast Fungal Res. 1(1), 1-8.
Aoudou, Y., Tatsadjieu, N.L., Mbofung, C.M., 2011. Mycelia growth inhibition of some Aspergillus and Fusarium species by essential oils and their potential use as antiradical agent. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am. 2(11), 1362-1367.
Awang, D.V.C., 1992. Ginger. Can. Pharm. J. 125(7), 309-311.
Benelli, G., Bedini, S., Cosci, F., Toniolo, C., Conti, B., Nicoletti, M., 2015. Larvicidal and ovideterrent properties of neem oil and fractions against the filariasis vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): a bioactivity survey across production sites. Parasitol. Res. 114(1), 227-236.
Betti, J.L., 2004. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants among the Baka pygmies in the Dja biosphere reserve, Cameroon. Afr. Stud. Monogr. 25(1), 1-27.
Bouda, H., Tapondjou, L.A., Fontem, D.A., Gumedzoe, M.Y.D., 2001. Effect of essential oils from leaves of Ageratum conyzoides, Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata on the mortality of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 37(2), 103-109.
Boudries, H., Loupassaki, S., Ladjal, E.Y., Souagui, S., Bachir, B.M., Nabet, N., Chikhoune, A., Madani, K., Chibane, M., 2017. Chemical profile, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Citrus reticulata and Citrus clementina (L.) essential oils. Int. Food Res. J. 24(4), 1782-1792.
Bouquet, A., 1969. Féticheurs et Médecines Traditionnelles du Congo (Brazaville). Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Paris, France.
Bouquet, A., Debray, M., 1974. Plantes Médicinales de la Côte d'Ivoire. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Paris, France.
Boyom, F.F., Ngouana, V., Zollo, P.H.A., Menut, C., Bessiere, J.M., Gut, J., Rosenthal, P.J., 2003. Composition and anti-plasmodial activities of essential oils from some Cameroonian medicinal plants. Phytochemistry 64(7), 1269-1275.
Brisson, R., 1999. Mythologie des Pygmées Baka (Sud-Cameroon). Etudes Pygmées. Peeters-Selaf, Paris, France.
Brown, D., 1995. Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kinderslay, London, United Kingdom.
Brusotti, G., Cesari, I., Gilardoni, G., Tosi, S., Grisoli, P., Picco, A.M., Caccialanza, G., 2012. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Excel essential oil. J. Ethnopharmacol. 142(3), 657-662.
Btissam, R., Rajae, R., Hassane, G., Naima, B., Mohamed, N., 2017. Protocol implementation for the detection of advanced glycation end products and screening of natural extracts involved in the prevention of diabetic complications. J. Med. Plants 5(3), 4-15.
Buli, G.A., Duga, A.G., Dessalegn, E., 2015. Antimicrobial activity of Lippia adoensis var. koseret against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Am. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 3(3),118-123.
Burkill, H.M., 1985. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom.
Burkill, I., Birtwistle, W., Foxworthy, F.W., Scrivenor, J.B., Watson, J.G., 1966. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula, 2nd Ed. Published on Behalf of the Governments of Malaysia and Singapore by the Ministry of Agriculture and cooperatives. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Carvalho de Oliveira, M.A., Borges, A.C., Brighenti, F.L., Salvador, M.J., Gontijo, A.V.L., Koga-Ito, C.Y., 2017. Cymbopogan citratus essential oil: effect on polymicrobial caries-related biofilm with low cytotoxicity. Braz. Oral Res. 31, 1-12.
Chalchat, J.-C., Garry, R.-P., Menut, C., Lamaty, G., Malhuret, R., Chopineau, J., 1997. Correlation between chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. VI. Activity of some African essential oils. J. Essent. Oil Res. 9(1), 67-75.
Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., Chopra, I.C., 1956. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India.
Conduzorgues, J.-P., Sincholle, D., 2000. Composition pour la prévention et le traitement de la cellulite. Brevet WO/00/30604; PCT/FR99/028571.
Dalziel, J.M., Hutchinson, J., 1937. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, First Ed. Crown Agents for the Overseas Colonies, London, United Kingdom.
Danga, Y.S.P., Nukenine, E.N., Esimone, C.O., Lame, Y., 2014. Larvicidal and pupicidal toxicities of Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus leaf essential oils against three mosquito species. J. Mosq. Res. 4(2), 5-14.
Debjit, B., Kumar, K.P.S., Yadav, A., Srivastava, S., Paswan, S., Dutta, A.S., 2012. Recent trends in Indian traditional herbs Syzygium aromaticum and its health benefits. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 1(1), 13-22.
Dongmo, P.M.J., Ngoune, L.T., Dongmo, B.N., Kuate, J., Zollo, P.H.A., Menut, C., 2008. Antifungal potential of Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil from Cameroon against Phaeoramularia angolensis. Eur. J. Sci Res. 24(3), 348-357.
Dongmo, J.P.M., Tatsadjieu, L.N., Ndongson, B.D., Kuate, J., Zollo, P.H.A., Menut, C., 2009. Correlation between chemical composition and antifungal properties of essential oils of Callistemon rigidus and Callistemon citrinus of Cameroon against Phaeoramularia angolensis. J. Med. Plants Res. 3(1), 9-15.
Dounias, E., 2008. Pentadiplandra brazzeana Baill., in: Schmelzer, G.H., Gurib-Fakim, A., (Eds.), Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes Médicinales, PROTA, Wageningen, pp. 453-456.
Duke, J. A., 1985. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Florida, United States of America.
Ekanem, A.P., Udoh, F.V., Oku, E.E., 2010. Effects of ethanol extract of Piper guineense seeds (Schum. and Thonn) on the conception of mice (Mus musculus). Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 4(6), 362-367.
Epaulard, O., Saint-Raymond, C., Villier, C., Charles, J., Roch, N., Beani, J.-C., Leccia, M.-T., 2010. Multiple agressive squamosa cell carcinomas associated with prolonged voriconazole therapy in four immunocompromised patients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16(9), 1362-1364.
Essien, E.E., Thomas, P.S., Oriakhi, K., Choudhary, M. I., 2017. Characterization and antioxidant activity of volatile constituents from different parts of Aframomum danielli (Hook) K. Schum. Medicines 4(2), 29.
Fankem, P.M., Kwanga, S.N., Sameza, M.L., Tchoumbougnang, F., Tchabong, R., Ngouné, L.T., Dongmo, P.M.J., 2017. Antioxidant and antifungal activities of cocoa butter (Theobroma cacao), essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum and a combination of both extracts against three dermatophytes. Am. Sci. Res. J. Engin. Technol. Sci. 37(1), 255-272.
Fogang, H.P.D., Tapondjou, L.A., Womeni, H.M., Quassinti, L., Bramucci, M., Vitali, L.A., Petrelli, D., Lupidi, G., Maggi, F., Papa, F., Vittori, S., Barboni, L., 2012. Characterization and biological activity of essential oils from fruits of Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides Lam. and Z. leprieurii Guill. and Perr., two culinary plants from Cameroon. Flav. Fragr. J. 27(2), 171-179.
Galani, Y.J.H., Nguefack, J., Dakole, D.C., Fotio, D., Petchayo, T.S., Fouelefack. F.R., Avam Zollo, P.H., 2013. Antifungal potential and phytochemical analysis of extracts from seven Cameroonian plants against late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2(5), 140-154.
Gardini, F., Belletti, N., Ndagijimana, M., Guerzoni, M.E., Tchoumbougnang, F., Zollo, P.H.A., Micci, C., Lanciotti, R., Kamdem, S.L.S., 2009. Composition of four essential oils obtained from plants from Cameroon, and their bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 3(5), 264-271.
Gemeda, N., Woldeamanuel, Y., Asrat, D., Debella, A., Belete, Y., 2015. Assessment of Lippia adoensis Hochst. var. koseret, Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Ruta chalepensis L. essential oils as a potential source of fungitoxic and mycosporicidal activity against toxigenic Aspergillus species. Pharmacologyonline 2, 85-94.
Gerhäuser, C., Klimo, K., Heiss, E., Neumann, I., Gamal-Eldeen, A., Knauft, J., Liu, G.-Y., Sitthimonchai, S., Frank, N., 2003. Mechanism-based in vitro screening of potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Mut. Res. 523-524, 163-172.
Ghalem, B.R., Mohamed, B., 2008. Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Afr. J. Pharm. 2(10), 211-215.
Goh, S.H., Chuah, C.H., Mok, J.S.L., Soepadmo, E., 1995. Malaysian Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Pelanduk Publications Sdn Bhd, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Goldbeck, J.C., do Nascimento, J.E., Jacob, R.G., Fiorentini, A.M., da Siva, W.P., 2014. Bioactivity of essential oils from Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus urograndis against planktonic cells and biofilms of Streptococcus mutans. Ind. Crops Prod. 60, 304-309.
Goudoum, A., Ngamo, L.S.T., Ngassoum, M.B., Tatsadjieu, L.N., Mbofung, C.M., 2010. Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) sensitivity to repetitive applications of lethal doses of imidacloprid and extracts of Clausena anisata (Rutaceae) and Plectranthus glandulosus (Lamiaceae). Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 4(4), 1242-1250.
Goyal, P.K., Jain, R., Jain, S., Sharma, A., 2012. A Review on biological and phytochemical investigation of plant genus Callistimon. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2(3), 1906-1909.
Grimaldi, J., Bikia, A., 1977. Le grand livre de la cuisine camerounaise. Orstrom, Yaoundé.
Guest, A., Jackson, J. R., James, S.P., 1982. Toxicity of benzyl cyanide in the rat. Toxicol. Lett. 10(2-3), 265-272.
Gutiérrez, R.M.P., Mitchell, S., Solis, R.V., 2008. Psidium guajava: a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharm. 117(1), 1-27.
Haerdi, F., Kerharo, J., Adam, J.G., 1964. Afrikanische Heilpflanzen: Plantes médicinales africaines. Die Eingeborenen-Heilpflanzen des Ulanga-Distriktes Tanganjikas (Ostafrika). Acta Trop. Suppl. 8, 1-278.
Harkat-Madouri, L., Asma, B., Madani, K., Said, Z.B.-O.S., Rigou, P., Grenier, D., Allalou, H., Remini, H., Ajaoud, A., Boulekbache-Makhlouf, L., 2015. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus from Algeria. Ind. Crops Prod. 78, 148-153.
Harris, D.J., Poulsen, A.D., Frimodt-Møller, C., Preston, J., Cronk, Q.B., 2000. Rapid radiation in Aframomum (Zingiberaceae): evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Edinburgh J. Bot. 57(3), 377-395.
Hojjati, M., Barzegar, H., 2017. Chemical composition and biological activities of lemon (Citrus limon) leaf essential oil. Nutr. Food Sci. Res. 4(4), 15-24.
Hsouna, A.B., Halima, N.B., Smaoui, S., Hamdi, N., 2017. Citrus lemon essential oil: chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with its preservative effect against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in minced beef meat. Lipids Health Dis. 16(1), 146-146.
Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M., Keay, R.W.J., 1954. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Crown Agents, London, United Kingdom.
Ilic, N., Schmidt, B.M., Poulev, A., Raskin, I., 2010. Toxicological evaluation of grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) [Roscoe] K. Schum. J. Ethnopharmacol. 127(2), 352-356.
Illiassa, N., 2004. Analyse de la gestion post-récolte de Vigna unguiculata (Walp.) et évaluation de l’importance insecticide des huiles essentielles de trois plantes aromatiques. Mémoire de maîtrise en Biologie Animale. Faculté des Sciences, Université de Ngaoundéré.
Irvine, F.R., 1961. Woody Plants of Ghana With Special Reference to Their Uses. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Islam, M.R., Ahamed, R., Rahman, M.O., Akbar, M.A., Al-Amin, M., Alam, K.D., Lyzu, F., 2010. In vitro antimicrobial activities of four medicinally important plants in Bangladesh. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 39(2), 199-206.
Iwu, M.M., 1993, 2014. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC, Press Boca Raton.
Jaramillo, M.A., Callejas, R., Davidson, C., Smith, J.F., Stevens, A.C., Tepe, E.J., 2008. A phylogeny of the tropical genus Piper using ITS and the chloroplast intron psbJ-petA. Syst. Bot. 33(4), 647-660.
Ji, T., 2009. Traditional Chinese medicine pills for treating hemorrhoid. J. Chin. Med. CN 101352524 A, 20090128.
Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Eller, G., Ngassoum, M.B., Maponmetsem, P.M., 2007. Composition and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon giganteus (Hochst.) Chiov. Essential flower, leaf and stem oils from Cameroon. J. Essent. Oil Res. 19(5), 485-489.
Kamtchouing, P., Mbongue, F.G.Y., Dimo, T., Jatsa, H. B., 2002. Evaluation of androgenic activity of Zingiber officinale and Pentadiplandra brazzeana in male rats. Asian J. Androl. 4(4), 299-302.
Kamte, S.L.N., Ranjbarian, F., Campagnaro, G.D., Nya, P.C.B., Mbuntcha, H., Woguem, V., Womeni, H.M., Tapondjou, L.A., Giordani, C., Barboni, L., Benelli, G., Cappellacci, L., Hofer, A., Petrelli, R., Maggi, F., 2017. Trypanosoma brucei inhibition by essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants traditionally used in Cameroon (Azadirachta indica, Aframomum melegueta, Aframomum daniellii, Clausena anisata, Dichrostachys cinerea and Echinops giganteus). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14(7), 737-753.
Karunamoorthi, K., Hailu, T., 2014. Insect repellent plants traditional usage practices in the Ethiopian malaria epidemic-prone setting: an ethnobotanical survey. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 10(1), 22.
Kennett, M.J., Hook Jr., R.R., Franklin, C.L., Riley, L.K., 1999. Acanthamoeba castellanii: characterization of an adhesin molecule. Exp. Parasitol. 92(3), 161-169.
Kerharo, J., 1973. Pharmacognosy of some Senegalese grasses. Bull. Soc. Med. Afr Noire Lang. Fr. 18(1), 1-13.
Kerharo, J., Adam, J.G., 1963. Deuxième inventaire des plantes médicinales et toxiques de la Casamance (Sénégal). Ann. Pharm. Franc. 21, 853-870.
Kerharo, J., Adam, J.G., 1964. Note sur quelques plantes médicinales des Bassari et des Tandanke du Senegal oriental. Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noire 26, 403-37.
Kerharo, J., Adam, J.C., 1974. La Pharmacopeé Sénégalaise Traditionnelle - Plantes Médicinales et Toxiques. Editions Vigot frères, Paris, France.
Kerharo, J., Bouquet, A., 1950. Plantes Médicinales et Toxiques de la Côte d´Ivoire-Haute Volta. Editions Vigot frères, Paris, France.
Kerharo, J., Paccioni, J.P., 1974. Considérations d´actualité sur un vieux remède sénégalais tombé dans l'oubli: le remède de Joal («garab u djoala» ou «garab diafan»). J. Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl., 21(10/11/12), 345-350.
Khan, I.A., Khanum, A., 2008. Herbal medicine for human diseases J. Herb. Med. 4, 133.
Kimutai, A., Ngeiywa, M., Mulaa, M., Njagi, P.G.N., Ingonga, J., Nyamwamu, L.B., Ombati, C., Ngumbi, P., 2017. Repellent effects of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Tagetes minuta on the sandfly, Phlebotomus duboscqi. BMC Res. Notes 10(1), 98-107.
Kirtikar, K.R., Basu, B.D., 1975. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. I. Lalit Mohan Basu and Co, Allahabad, India.
Kouninki, H., Ngamo, L.S.T., Hance, T., Ngassoum, M.B., 2007. Potential use of essential oils from local Cameroonian plants for the control of red flour weevil Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev. 7(5), 1-15.
Kuete, V., Krusche, B., Youns, M., Voukeng, I., Fankam, A.G., Tankeo, S., Lacmata, S., Efferth, T., 2011. Cytotoxicity of some Cameroonian spices and selected medicinal plant extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 134(3), 803-812.
Lee, Y., 2016. Cytotoxicity evaluation of essential oil and its component from Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Toxicol. Res. 32(3), 225-230.
Lewis, J. J., 1949. Diabetes and the insulin administration problem. Physiol. Rev. 29(1), 75-90.
Lü, J., 2017. Effect of Citrus reticulata Blanco essential oil on Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) adults. J. Food Prot. 80(12), 2090-2093.
Mahanta, S., Khanikor, B., Sarma, R., 2017. Potentiality of essential oil from Citrus grandis (Sapindales: Rutaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 5(3), 803-809.
Makumbelo, E., Lukoki, L., Paulus, J., Luyindula, N., 2008. Stratégie de valorisation des espèces ressources des produits non ligneux de la savane des environs de Kinshasa:II. Enquête ethnobotanique (aspects médicinaux). Tropicult. 26(3), 129-134.
Malar, M.S., Jamil, M., Hashim, N., Kiong, L.S., Jaal, Z., 2017a. Repellency effect of white flesh Citrus grandis Osbeck fruit peel extracts against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) mosquitoes. Int. J. Mosq. Res. 4(4), 88-94.
Malar, M.S., Jamil, M., Hashim, N., Kiong, L.S., Jaal, Z., 2017b. Toxicity of white flesh Citrus grandis Osbeck fruit peel extracts against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) larvae and its effect on non-target organisms. Int. J. Mosq. Res. 4(4), 49-57.
Mapi, J., 1988. Contribution à l’Etude Ethnobotanique et Analyse Chimique de Quelques Plantes Utilisées en Médecine Traditionnelle Dans la Région de Nkongsamba (Moungo). Thèse de doctorat. Université de Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Martins, M.H.G., Fracarolli, L., Vieira, T.M., Dias, H.J., Cruz, M.G., Deus, C.C.H., Nicolella, H.D., Stefani, R., Rodrigues, V., Tavares, D.C., Magalhaes, L.G., Crotti, A.E.M., 2017. Schistosomicidal erffects of the essential oils of Citrus limonia and Citrus reticulata against Schistosoma mansoni. Chem. Biodiv., 14(1), 1-8.
Massebo, F., Tadesse, M., Bekele, T., Balkew, M., Gebre-Michael, T., 2009. Evaluation on larvicidal effects of essential oils of some local plants against Anopheles arabiensis Patton and Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera, Culicidae) in Ethiopia. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8(17), 4183-4188.
Mazarin, A., Nukenine, E.N., Niu, C., Vincent, F.V., 2016. Synergistic effects of wood ash and essential oil on fecundity, pupal eclosion and adult mortality of Callosobruchus maculatus (Cleoptera: Bruchidae) cowpea seed weevil. Am. J. Exper. Agric. 11(6), 1-12.
Mehdi, S.M., Reza, S.A., Mahnaz, K., Reza, A.M., Abbas, H., Fatemweh, M., Hassan, V., 2010. Phytochemistry and larvicidal activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 3(11), 841-845.
Metsoa Enama, B., Yaouba, A., Nyaka Ngobiosa, A., Beyegue Djonko, H., 2017. Antifungal activities of essential oils against Rigidoporus lignosus, causative agent of white root-rot disease of the rubber tree in Cameroon. EPH Int. J. Agric. Environ. Res. 2(1), 1-10.
Miller, A., Chodos, R.B., Emerson, C.P., Ross, J.F., 1956. Studies of the anemia and iron metabolism in cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 35(11), 1248-1262.
Mirzaei-Najafgholi, H., Tarighi, S., Golmohammadi, M., Taheri, P., 2017. The effect of Citrus essential oils and their constituents on growth of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Molecules 22(4), 591-615.
Misra, L.N., Wouatsa, N.A.V., Kumar, S., Kumar, R.V., Tchoumbougnang, F., 2013. Antibacterial, cytotoxic activities and chemical composition of fruits of two Cameroonian Zanthoxylum species. J. Ethnopharmacol. 148(1), 74-80.
Mohammadhosseini, M., 2017. The ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological properties and medicinal applications of essential oils and extracts of different Ziziphora species. Ind. Crops Prod. 105, 164-192.
Mohammadhosseini, M., Sarker, S.D., Akbarzadeh, A., 2017. Chemical composition of the essential oils and extracts of Achillea species and their biological activities: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 199, 257-315.
Mohammadhosseini, M., Venditti, A., Sarker, S.D., Nahar, L., Akbarzadeh, A., 2019. The genus Ferula: Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and bioactivities – A review. Ind. Crops Prod. 129, 350-394.
Musa, D.A., Nwodo, F.O.C., Ojogbane, E., 2011. Phytochemical, antibacterial and toxicity studies of the aqueous extract Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Asian J. Plant Sci. Res. 1(3), 1-10.
Ndomo, A.F., Ngamo, L.T., Tapondjou, L.A., Tchouanguep, F.M., Hance, T., 2008. Insecticidal effects of the powdery formulation based on clay and essential oil from the leaves of Clausena anisata (Willd.) J.D. Hook ex. Benth. (Rutaceae) against Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J. Pest Sci. 81(4), 227-234.
Ndomo, A.F., Tapondjou, A.L., Tendonkeng, F., Tchouanguep, F.M., 2009. Evaluation des propriétés insecticides des feuilles de Callistemon viminalis (Myrtaceae) contre les adultes d’Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera; Bruchidae). Tropicult. 27(3), 137-143.
Ndomo, A.F., Tapondjou, L.A., Ngamo, L.T., Hance, T., 2010. Insecticidal activities of essential oil of Callistemon viminalis applied as fumigant and powder against two bruchids. J. Appl. Entomol. 134(4), 333-341.
Ndoye, F., 2001. Thèse de Doctorat, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France.
Ndoye, M.-C.N.F, Tchinang, T.F.K., Nyegue, A.M., Abdou, J.-P., Yaya, A.J.G., Tchinda, A.T., Essame, J.-L.O., Etoa, F.-X., 2016. Chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of essential oils of four dietary and medicinal plants from Cameroon. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 16(1), 117-129.
Neuwinger, H.D., 2000. African Traditional Medicine: A Dictionary of Plant Use and Applications. Medpharm Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany.
Ngamo, T.S.L., Ngassoum, M.B., Mapongmestsem, P.M., Noudjou, W.F., Malaisse, F., Haubruge, E., Lognay, G., Kouniki, H., Hance, T., 2007a. Use of essential oils of aromatic plants as protectant of grains during storage. Agric. J. 2(2), 204-209.
Ngamo, T.S.L., Noudjou, W.F., Ngassoum, M.B., Mapongmestsem, P.M., Boubakary, A.B.A., Malaisse, F., Haubruge, E., Lognay, G., Hance, T., 2007b. Investigations on both chemical composition and insecticidal activities of essential oils of Vepris heterophylla (Rutaceae) from two localities of northern Cameroon towards Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Res. J. Biol. Sci. 2(1), 57-61.
Ngamo, T.L.S., Goudoum, A., Ngassoum, M.B., Mapongmetsem, P.M., Lognay, G., Malaisse, F., Hance, T., 2007c. Chronic toxicity of essential oils of 3 local aromatic plants towards Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2(4), 164-167.
Ngane, A.N., Biyiti, L., Amvam Zollo, P.H., Bouchet, P., 2000. Evaluation of antifungal activity of extracts of two Cameroonian Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill. et Perr. and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Waterm. J. Ethnopharm. 70(3), 335-342.
Ngassoum, M.B., Yonkeu, S., Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Schmaus, G., Hammerschmidt, F.-J., 1999a. Chemical composition of essential oils of Lantana camara leaves and flowers from Cameroon and Madagascar. Flav. Fragr. J. 14(4), 245-250.
Ngassoum, M.B., Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Schmaus, G., Hammerschmidt, F.-J., 1999b. Chemical composition and olfactory evaluation of the essential oils of leaves and seeds of Clausena anisata (Willd.) J.D. Hook. ex. Benth. from Cameroon. J. Essent. Oil Res. 11(2), 231-237.
Ngassoum, M.B., Essia-Ngang, J.J., Tatsadjieu, L.N., Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Adjoudji, O., 2003. Antimicrobial study of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum leaves and Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides fruits from Cameroon. Fitoter. 74(3), 284-287.
Ngassoum, M.B., Ngamo, T.L.S., Ngatanko, I., Tapondjou, L.A., Lognay, G., Malaisse, F., Hance, T., 2007. Chemical composition, insecticidal effect and repellent activity of essential oils of three aromatic plants, alone and in combination, towards Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Nat. Prod. Commun. 2(12), 1229-1232.
Ngouana, V., Fokou, P. V. T., Foudjo, B.U.S., Ngouela, S.A., Boyom, F. F., Zollo, P.H.A., 2011. Antifungal activity and acute toxicity of stem bark extracts of Drypetes gossweileri S. Moore-Euphorbiaceae from Cameroon. Afr. J. Trad. Complement. Altern. Med. 8(3), 328-333.
Ngoula, F., Tekam, M.G., Kenfack, A., Tchingo, C.d´A.T., Nouboudem, S., Ngoumtsop, H., Tsafack, B., Teguia, A., Kamtchouing, P., Galeotti, M., Tchoumboue, J., 2017. Effects of heat stress on some reproductive parameters of male cavie (Cavia porcellus) and mitigation strategies using guava (Psidium guajava) leaves essential oil. J. Therm. Biol. 64, 67-72.
Nguefack, J., Leth, V., Amvam Zollo, P.H., Mathur, S.B., 2004a. Evaluation of five essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon for controlling food spoilage and mycotoxin producing fungi. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94(3), 329-334.
Nguefack, J., Budde, B.B., Jakobsen, M., 2004b. Five essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon: their antibacterial activity and ability to permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane of Listeria innocua examined by flow cytometry. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 39(5), 395-400.
Nguefack, J., Torp, J., Leth, V., Dongmo, J.B.L., Fotio, D., Amvam Zollo, P.H., 2007a. Effects of plant extracts and chemical fungicide in controlling a rice seed-born fungus under laboratory and in irrigated cropping system in Ndop-Cameroon. Afr. Crop Sci. Conf. Proceed. 8, 791-796.
Nguefack, J., Nguikwie, S.K., Fotio, D., Dongmo, B., Amwam Zollo, P.H., Leth, V., Nkengfack, A.E., Poll, L., 2007b. Fungicidal potential of essential oils and fractions from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Thymus vulgaris to control Alternaria padwickii and Bipolaris oryzae, two seed-borne fungi of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Essent. Oil Res. 19(6), 581-587.
Nguefack, J., Leth, V., Lekagne Dongmo, J.B., Torp, J., Amvam Zollo, P.H., Nyasse, S., 2008. Use of three essential oils as seed treatments against seed-borne fungi of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Am. Euras. J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 4(5), 554-560.
Nguefack, J., Lekagne Dongmo, J.B., Dakole, C.D., Leth, V., Vismer, H.F., Torp, J., Guemdjom, E.F.N., Mbeffo, M., Tamgue, O., Fotio, D., Amvam Zollo, P.H., Nkengfack, A.E., 2009. Food preservative potential of essential oils and fractions from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against mycotoxigenic fungi. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 131(2/3), 151-156.
Nguefack, J., Tamgue, O., Lekagne Dongmo, J.B., Dakole, C.D., Leth, V., Vismer, H.F., Amvam Zollo, P.H., Nkengfack, A.E., 2012. Synergistic action between fractions of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against Penicillium expansum. Food Control 23(2), 377-383.
Nguefack, J., Wulff, G.E., Dongmo, J.B.L., Fouelefack, F.R., Fotio, D., Mbo, J., Torp, J., 2013. Effect of plant extracts and an essential oil on the control of brown spot disease, tillering, number of panicles and yield increase in rice. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 137(4), 871-882.
Nguikwie, S.K., Nyegue, M.A., Belinga, F.N.-F., Ngane, R.A.N., Romestand, B., Kouzayha, A., Casabianca, H., Zollo, P.H.A., Menut, C., 2013. The chemical composition and antibacterial activities of the essential oils from three Aframomum species from Cameroon, and their potential as sources of (E)-(R)-nerolidol. Nat. Prod. Commun. 8(6), 829-834.
Nlôga, A.M.N., Saotoing, P., Tchouankeu, J.C., Messi, J., 2007. Effect of essential oils of six local plants used as insecticide on adults of Anopheles gambiae, Giles 1902. J. Entomol. 4(6), 444-450.
Nordeng, H., Al-Zayadi, W., Diallo, D., Ballo, N., Paulsen, B.S., 2013. Traditional medicine practitioners’ knowledge and views on treatment of pregnant women in three regions of Mali. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 9(1), 67-76.
Norris, E.J., Gross, A.D., Dunphy, B.M., Bessette, S., Bartholomay, L., Coats, J.R., 2015. Comparison of the insecticidal characteristics of commercially available plant essential oils against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 52(5), 993-1002.
Noumi, E., 1984. Les Plantes à Epices, à Condiments et à Aromates du Cameroun. Doctoral Dissertation. The University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Noumi, E., Amvan Zollo, P.H., Lontsi, D., 1998. Aphrodisiac plants used in Cameroon. Fitoter. 69(2), 125-134.
Noumi, E., Dibakto, T.W., 2000. Medicinal plants used for peptic ulcer in the Bangangte region, western Cameroon. Fitoter. 71(4), 406-412.
Noumi, E., Snoussi, M., Hajlaoui, H., Trabelsi, N., Ksouri, R., Valentin, E., Bakhrouf, A., 2011. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antifungal potential of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils against oral Candida species. J. Med. Plant Res. 5(17), 4147-4156.
Nundkumar, N., Ojewole, J.A.O. Studies on the antiplasmodial properties of some South African medicinal plants used as antimalarial remedies in Zulu folk medicine. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 24(7), 397-402.
Nurdjannah, N., Bermawie, N., 2001. Clove. Handbook of Herbs and Spices. CRC Press New York, Wood Head Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Nyegue, M., Ndoyé, F., Amvam Zollo, P.-H., Etoa, F.-X., Agnaniet, H., Menut, C., 2008. Chemical and biological evaluation of essential oil of Pentadiplandra brazzeana (Bail.) roots from Cameroon. Adv. Phytother. Res. 91-107.
Nyegue, M.A., Ndoyé-Foe, F.M.-C., Essama, R.S., Hockmeni, T.C., Etoa, F.-X., Menut, C., 2014. Chemical composition of essential oils of Eugenia caryophylla and Mentha sp cf piperita and their in vitro antifungal activities on six human pathogenic fungi. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 11(6), 40-46.
Nyegue, M.A., Del Florence, M.N.E., Ndoyé-Foe, F., Etoa, F.-X., Menut, C., 2017. Bioactivity of essential oils from medicinal plants of Cameroon and their combination against infant diarrhea induced by bacteria. Afr. J. Trad. Complement. Altern. Med. 14(6), 27-37.
Odugbemi, T., 2008. A Textbook of Medicinal Plants from Nigeria. University of Lagos Press, Lagos, Nigeria.
Ogunwande, I., Olawore, N.O., Adeleke, K.A., Ekundayo, O., Koenig, W.A., 2003. Chemical composition of the leaf volatile oil of Psidium guajava L. growing in Nigeria. Flav. Fragr. 18(2), 136-138.
Okoh, S.O., Oyewole, A.O., Ishola, R.O., Odusote, A.D., Okoh, O.O., Igwe, C.C., Elemo, G.N., 2015. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity of crude and refined oil extracted from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Int. J. Biol. 7(2), 78-85.
Okunade, A.L., Olaifa, J.I., 1987. Estragole: an acute toxic principle from the volatile oil of the leaves of Clausena anisata. J. Nat. Prod. 50(5), 990-991.
Oliver, B., 1960. Medicinal Plants in Nigeria. University of Ibadan Press, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Oliver-Bever, B., 2009. Medicinal Plants in West Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Olosunde, O.O., Adegoke, G.O., Abiodun, O.A., 2015. Composition of sorghum-millet flour, Aframomum danielli essential oil and their effect on mycotoxins in kunu zaki. Afr. J. Food Sci. 9(7), 411-416.
Olowokudejo, J.D., Kadiri, A.B., Travih, V.A., 2008. An ethnobotanical survey of herbal markets and medicinal plants in Lagos State of Nigeria. Ethnobot. Leaflets 12(1), 851-865.
Ousman, A., Ngassoum, M.B., Essia-Ngang, J.J., Ngamo, L.S.T., Ndjouenke, R., 2007. Insecticidal activity of spicy plant oils against Sitophilus zeamais in stored maize in Cameroon. Agric. J. 2(2), 192-196.
Owokotomo, I.A., Ekundayo, O., Abayomi, T.G., Chukwuka, A.V., 2015. In-vitro anti-cholinesterase activity of essential oil from four tropical medicinal plants. Toxicol. Rep. 2, 850-857.
Oyedeji, O.O., Lawal, O.A., Shode, F.O., Oyedeji, A.O., 2009. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Callistemon citrinus and Callistemon viminalis from South Africa. Molecules 14(6), 1990-1998.
Patil, J.R., Jayaprakasha, G.K., Murthy, K.N.C., Tichy, S.E., Chetti, M.B., Patil, B.S., 2009. Apoptosis-mediated proliferation inhibition of human colon cancer cells by volatile principles of Citrus aurantifolia. Food Chem. 114(4), 1351-1358.
Pavela, R., Maggi, F., Mbuntcha, H., Woguem, V., Fogang, H.P.D., Womeni, H. M., Tapondjou, L.A., Barboni, L., Nicoletti, M., Canale, A., Benelli, G., 2016. Traditional herbal remedies and dietary spices from Cameroon as novel sources of larvicides against filariasis mosquitoes? Parasitol. Res. 115(12), 4617-4626.
Pavela, R., Maggi, F., Lupidi, G., Mbuntcha, H., Woguem, V., Womeni, H.M., Barboni, L., Tapondjou, L.A., Benelli, G., 2017. Clausena anisata and Dysphania ambrosioides essential oils: from ethno-medicine to modern uses as effective insecticides. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1-11.
Pavunraj, M., Ramasubbu, G., Baskar, K., 2017. Leucas aspera (Willd.) L.: Antibacterial, antifungal and mosquitocidal activities. Trends Phytochem. Res. 1, 135-142.
Pelé, J., Le Berre, S., 1966. Les Aliments d´Origine Végétale au Cameroun. Orstrom, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Phasomkusolsil, S., Soonwera, M., 2011. Comparative mosquito repellency of essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 1(1), S113-S118.
Popielas, L., Moulis, C., Keita, A., Fourasté, I., Bessière, J.-M., 1991. The essential oil of Cymbopogon giganteus. Planta Med. 57(6), 586-687.
Purseglove, J.W., 1972. Tropical Crops. Dicotyledons. Longman, London, United Kingdom.
Quattrocchi, U., 2012. CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology 1-5, CRC Press, Boca Raton, United States of America.
Raponda-Walker, A., Sillans, R., 1961. Les Plantes Utiles du Gabon. Lechevalier, Paris, France.
Reisch, J., Adesina, S.K., Bergenthal, D., 1985. Constituents of Zanthoxylum leprieurii fruit pericarps. CIII: Natural product chemistry. Pharmazie 40(11), 811-812.
Saeb, S., Amin, M., Gooybari, R.S., Aghel, N., 2016. Evaluation of antibacterial activities of Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus grandis against pathogenic bacteria. Int. J. Enteric Pathog. 4(4), 1-5.
Said, Z.B.-O.S., Haddadi-Guemghar, H., Boulekbache-Makhlouf, L., Rigou, P., Remini, H., Adjaoud, A., Khoudja, N.K., Madani, K., 2016. Essential oil composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydrodestillated extract of Eucalyptus globulus fruits. Ind. Crops Prod. 89, 167-175.
Sameza, M.L., Tchameni, S.N., Ekoué, J.D.A., Jazet, P.M.D., Tchoumbougnang, F., 2016. Growth inhibition of stored fish (Ethmalosa fimbriata) fungus Aspergillus flavus, exposed to extracted essential oils from Callistemon citrinus and Ocimum canum. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 10(30), 1164-1172.
Santos, P.A.S.R., Avanço, G.B., Nerilo, S.B., Marcelino, R.I.A., Janeiro, V., Valadares, M.C., Machinski, M., 2016. Assessment of cytotoxic activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) essential oils in cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Sci. World J., 1-8.
Saotoing, P., Vroumsia, T., Tchobsala, D., Tchuenguem, F.F.-N., Njan Nlôga, A.-M., Messi, J., 2011. Medicinal plants used in traditional treatment of malaria in Cameroon. J. Ecol. Nat. Environ. 3(3), 104-117.
Shagal, M.H, Kubamarawa, D., Tadzabia, K., Dennis, K.I., 2012. Evaluation of phytochemical and antimicrobial potentials of roots, stem-bark and leaves extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Afr. J. Pure Appl. Chem. 6(5), 74-77.
Shinde, P.R., Patil, P.S., Bairagi, V.A., 2012. Pharmacognostic, phytochemical properties and antibacterial activity of Callistemon citrinus viminalis leaves and stems. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 4(4), 406-408.
Shrestha, S., Poudel, A., Satyal, P., Dosoky, N.S., Chhetri, B.K., Setzer, W.N., 2015. Chemical composition and biological activity of the leaf essential oil of Callistemon citrinus from Nepal. Am. J. Essent. Oils Nat. Prod. 2(5), 29-33.
Shukla, R., Singh, P., Prakash, B., Dubey, N.K., 2012. Antifungal, aflatoxin inhibition and antioxidant activity of Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm.) sweet essential oil and its major component 1,8-cineole against fungal isolates from chickpea seeds. Food Control 25(1), 27-33.
Shukla, Y., Singh, M., 2007. Cancer preventive properties of ginger: a brief review. Food Chem. Toxicol., 45(5), 683-690.
Sidibé, L., Chalchat, J.-C., Garry, R.-P., Lacombe, L., Harama, M., 2001. Aromatic plants of Mali (IV): chemical composition of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf and C. giganteus (Hochst.) Chiov. J. Essent. Oil Res. 13(2), 110-112.
Silva, J., Abebe, W., Sousa, S.M., Duarte, V.G., Machado, M.I.L., Matos, F.J.A., 2003. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. J. Ethnopharm. 89(2/3), 277-283.
Sofowora, A., 1984. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York, United States of America.
Sokamte, T.A., Jazet, D.P.M., Tatsadieu, N.L., 2016. In vitro activity of Syzygium aromaticum against food spoilage fungi and its potential use as an antiradical agent. J. Microbiol. Res. 6(1), 1-7.
Steele, V.E., Hawk, E.T., Viner, J.L., Lubet, R.A., 2003. Mechanisms and applications of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the chemoprevention of cancer. Mut. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. 523-524, 137-144.
Tagne, A., Feujio, T.P., Sonna, C., 2008. Essential oil and plant extracts as potential substitutes to synthetic fungicides in the control of fungi. ENDURE Int. Conf. La Grande-Motte, France.
Talla, E., Bealem, A., Tatsadjieu, N.L., Ngassoum, M.B., Mbafor, T.J., 2013. Phytochemical screening, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Zingiber officinale essential oil of Adamaoua region (Cameroon). J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 5(7), 296-301.
Tane, P., Tatsimo, S.D., Ayimele, G.A., Connolly, J.D., 2005. Bioactive Metabolites from Aframomum Species. 11th NAPRECA Symposium. Book of Proceedings, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Tankam, J.M., Ito, M., 2013. Inhalation of the essential oil of Piper guineense from Cameroon shows sedative and anxiolytic-like effects in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 36(10), 1608-1614.
Tapondjou, A.L., Bouda, H., Fontem, D.A., Zapfack, L., Lontsi, D., Sondengam, B.L., 2000. Local plants used for traditional stored product protection in the Menoua devision of the Western highlands of Cameroon. Integr. Prot. Stored Prod. IOBC Bull. 23(10), 73-77.
Tapondjou, A.L., Adler, C., Bouda, H., Reichmuth, C., 2002. Ability of products derived from the leaves of Clausena anisata to protect stored legumes from attack by Callosobruchus maculatus and C. chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Integr. Prot. Stored Prod. IOBC Bull. 25(3), 153-160.
Tapondjou, A.L., Adler, C., Fontem, D.A., Bouda, H., Reichmuth, C., 2005. Bioactivities of cymol and essential oils of Cupressus sempervirens and Eucalyptus saligna against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Tribolium confusum du Val. J. Stored Prod. Res. 41(1), 91-102.
Tapsell, L.C., Hemphill, I., Cobiac, L., Patch, C.S., Sullivan, D.R., Fenech, M., Roodenrys, S., Keogh, J.B., Clifton, P.M., Williams, P.G., Fazio, V.A., Inge, K.E., 2006. Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future. Med. J. Austr. 185(4), S1-S24.
Tatsadjieu, N.L., Etoa, F.-X., Mbofung, C.M.F., Ngassoum, M.B., 2008. Effect of Plectranthus glandulosus and Ocimum gratissimum essential oils on growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 production. Tropicult. 26(2), 78-83.
Tatsadjieu, N.L., Dongmo, P.M.J., Ngassoum, M.B., Etoa, F.-X., Mbofung, C.M.F., 2009. Investigations on the essential oil of Lippia rugosa from Cameroon for its potential use as antifungal agent against Aspergillus flavus Link ex. Fries. Food Control 20(12), 161-166.
Tatsadjieu, N.L., Yaouba, A., Nukenine, E.N., Ngassoum, M.B., Mbofung, C.M.F., 2010. Comparative study of the simultaneous action of three essential oils on Aspergillus flavus and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Food Control 21(2), 186-190.
Tchameni, S.N., Mbiakeu, S.N., Sameza, M.L., Jazet, P.M.D., Tchoumbougnang, F., 2017. Using Citrus aurantifolia essential oil for the potential biocontrol of Colocasia esculenta (taro) leaf blight caused by Phytophthora colocasiae. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res., 1-7.
Tchoumbougnang, F., Amvam Zollo, P.H., Dagne, E., Mekonnen, Y., 2005. In vivo antimalarial activity of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Planta Med. 71(1), 20-23.
Tchoumbougnang, F., Jazet, D.P.M., Sameza, M.L., Ndifor, F., Wouatsa, N.A.V., Amvam Zollo, P.H., Menut, C., 2009a. Comparative essential oils composition and insecticidal effect of different tissues of Piper capense L., Piper guineense Schum. et Thonn., Piper nigrum L. and Piper umbellatum L. grown in Cameroon. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8(3), 424-431.
Tchoumbougnang, F., Dongmo, P.M.J., Sameza, M.L., Mbanjo, E.G.N., Fotso, G.B.T., Zollo, P.H.A., Menut, C., 2009b. Larvicidal activity against Anopheles gambiae Giles and chemical composition of essential oils from four plants cultivated in Cameroon. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 13(1), 77-84.
Ticzon, R., 1997. Herbal Medicine Encyclopaedia. Romeo R. Ticzon Publishing, Philippines.
Titanji, V.P.K, Zofou, D., Moses, N., Ngemenya, M.N., 2008. The antimalarial potential of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in Cameroonian folk medicine. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 5(3), 302-321.
Tofel, K.H., Kosma, P., Stähler, M., Adler, C., Nukenine, E.N., 2017. Insecticidal products from Azadirachta indica and Plectranthus glandulosus growing in Cameroon for the protection of stored cowpea and maize against their major insect pests. Ind. Crops Prod. 110, 58-64.
Tripathi, P., 2016. Efficacy of essential oil of Zingiber officinale (Rosc) in preservation of orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbec) fruit against rotting fungi. Int. J. Curr. Agric. Sci. 6(9), 108-114.
Troupin, G., 1983. Flore Des Plantes Ligneuses du Rwanda. Musée Royal de l´Afrique Centrale Turuven, Belgium.
Uchida, N.S., Silva-Filho, S.E., Aguiar, R.P., Wiirzler, L.A.M., Cardia, G.F.E., Cavalcante, H.A.O., de Souza Sila-Comar, F.M., Becker, T.C.A., Silva, E.L., Bersani-Amado, C.A., Cuman, R.K.N., 2017. Protective effect of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil in experimental model of acetaminophen-induced liver Injury. Am. J. Chin. Med. 45(3), 515-532.
Uzun, A., Yesiloglu, T., 2012. Genetic Diversity in Citrus, in: Caliskan, M. (Ed.), Genetic Diversity in Plants, Tech: Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 213-230.
Vergiat, A.-M., 1970. Plantes magiques et médicinales des Féticheurs de l'Oubangui (Région de Bangui). J. d´Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. 17(1-4), 60-91.
Vigo, E., Cepeda, A., Perez-Fernandez, R., Gualillo, O., 2004. In vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Eucalyptus globulus and Thymus vulgaris: nitric oxide inhibition in J774A.1 murine macrophages. J. Pharm. Pharm. 56(2), 257-263.
Vijaylakshmi, P., Radha, R., 2015. An overview: Citrus maxima. J. Phytopharm. 4(5), 263-267.
Villiers, J.-F., 1973. Flore du Cameroun. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Paris 5e, vol 15, 263.
Voundi, S.O., Nyegue, M., Lazar, I., Raducanu, D., Ndoye, F.F., Stamate, M., Etoa, F.-X., 2015. Effect of essential oils on germination and growth of some pathogenic and spoilage spore-forming bacteria. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 12(6), 551-559.
Walker, A.R., Sillians, R., 1961. Les Plantes Utiles du Gabon. Tournon. 6è Ed. Paris, France.
Wang, W.H., Wang, Z.M., 2005. Studies of commonly used traditional medicine-ginger. Chin. J. Chin. Mat. Med. 30(20), 1569-1573.
Watt, J.M., Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G., 1962. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa, 2nd edn. Livingstone, London, United Kingdom.
Weldemariam, Y., Abadi, K., Gebremariam, G., Brhane, G., 2015. Phytochemical screening, anthelmintic and antioxidant activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oils: Local cough remedy plant. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 4(1), 52-60.
Wong, W., 1976. Some folk medicinal plants from Trinidad. Econ. Bot. 30(2), 103-142.
Xiao, D., Vogel, V., Singh, S.V., 2006. Benzyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is initiated by reactive oxygen species and regulated by Bax and Bak. Mol. Canc. Ther. 5(11), 2931-2945.
Yamashiro, S., Noguchi, K., Matsuzaki, T., Miyagi, K., Nakasone, J., Sakanashi, M., Sakanashi, M., Kukita, I., Aniya, Y., Sakanashi, M., 2003. Cardioprotective effects of extracts from Psidium guajava L. and Limonium wrightii, Okinawan medicinal plants, against ischemia-reperfusion injury in perfused rat hearts. Pharmacol. 67(3), 128-135.
Yaouba, A., Tatsadjieu, L.N., Dongmo, P.M., Etoa, F.X., Mbofung, C.M., Zollo, P.H., Menut, C., 2011. Evaluation of Clausena anisata essential oil from Cameroon for controlling food spoilage fungi and its potential use as an antiradical agent. Nat. Prod. Commun. 6(9), 1367-1371.
Yemele, M.D., Telefo, P.B., Lienou, L.L., Tagne, S.R., Fodouop, C.S.P., Goka, C.S., Lemfack, M.C., Moundipa, F.P., 2015. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for pregnant women׳ s health conditions in Menoua division-West Cameroon. J. Ethnopharmacol. 160, 14-31.
Yeung, H.C., 1985. Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles, United States of America.
Zouaghi, G., Najar, A., Chiboub, O., Sifaouio, I., Abderrabba, M., Morales, J.L., 2017. The effect of viroid infection of citrus trees on the amoebicidal activity of ‘Maltese half-blood’ (Citrus sinensis) against trophozoite stage of Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff. Exper. Parasitol., 183, 182-186.