بهبود شاخص سطح برگ و غلظت کلروفیل (SPAD) سویا با محلول‌‌پاشی نانو کلات آهن، روی و منگنز در شرایط آبیاری محدود

محورهای موضوعی : گیاهی

محمد سعید وقار ¹

1 - استادیار، گروه زراعت، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/05/24 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/06/15 تاریخ انتشار : 1400/10/01

کلید واژه: غلظت کلروفیل برگ, شاخص سطح برگ, سویا, ریزمغذی‌ها, تنش خشکی, آبیاری محدود,

چکیده مقاله :

هدف: در فرآیند تغذیه گیاه عناصر ضروری باید به اندازه کافی در دسترس گیاه باشند تا با حفظ تعادل عناصر غذایی، عملکرد افزایش یابد. پژوهش حاضر به منظور بهبود شاخص سطح برگ و غلظت کلروفیل توسط محلول‌‌پاشی نانوکلات آهن، روی و منگنز در جهت افزایش عملکرد سویا در شرایط آبیاری محدود انجام شد.مواد و روش‌‌ها: آزمایشی به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک‌‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دو سال (۱۳۹۴و ۱۳۹۵) انجام شد. تیمارها شامل: رژیم آبیاری (آبیاری کامل، قطع آبیاری در مرحله گلدهی، غلاف‌‌دهی و ابتدای دوره پرشدن دانه) و محلول‌‌پاشی (آب مقطر (شاهد)، آهن، روی، منگنز، آهن + روی، آهن + منگنز، روی + منگنز و آهن + روی + منگنز) بود.نتایج: تنش خشکی شاخص سطح برگ را به طور معنی‌‌داری کاهش داد. بیشترین کاهش از برهمکنش تیمار شاهد و قطع آبیاری در مرحله غلاف‌دهی بدست آمد که نسبت به تیمار آبیاری کامل، 5/31 درصد کاهش داشت. محلول‌‌پاشی روی + منگنز در تعدیل تنش خشکی موفق‌تر بود و شاخص سطح برگ را نسبت به شاهد 4/49 درصد افزایش داد. قطع آبیاری در مرحله گلدهی، غلظت کلروفیل را 2/11 درصد و در مرحله غلاف‌دهی 5/16درصد به ترتیب افزایش و کاهش داد. با کاربرد نانوکلات آهن + روی غلظت کلروفیل برگ در مرحله غلاف‌دهی و پرشدن دانه 8/3۸ و 1/39 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش یافت و به عنوان بهترین تیمار شناخته شد.نتیجه‌‌گیری: در شرایط آبیاری محدود تغذیه برگی نانوکلات آهن، روی و منگنز راهکاری مناسب و سازگار با بحران آب است و می‌‌تواند با تعدیل تنش خشکی و بهبود شاخص سطح برگ و غلظت کلروفیل، عملکرد دانه سویا را بهبود دهد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Objectives: Maintaining the balance of nutrients leads to increase yield so the essential elements should be available enough in the process of plant nutrition. This experiment was performed by foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-clates under limited irrigation conditions to improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration.Methods: The two years experiment was conducted (2016-2017). The main plot included four levels of irrigation: full irrigation, irrigation withhold at flowering stage, podding stage, and grain filling period. The subplot included eight levels of foliar application with Fe, Zn, Mn, Fe+Zn, Fe+Mn, Zn+Mn, Fe+Zn+Mn nano-chelates, and distilled water (control).Results: Drought stress reduced leaf area index significantly. The highest reduction was obtained from the interaction of control treatment and cessation of irrigation in the pod stage, which was 31.5% less than the full irrigation treatment. Foliar application of Zn+Mn was more successful in modulating drought stress and increased leaf area index by 49.4% compared to the control. Irrigation cessation in flowering stage increased chlorophyll concentration by 11.2% and decreased it by 16.5% in pod stage. With the application of Fe+Zn nano-chelate increased on leaf chlorophyll concentration in the pod stage and grain formation by 38.8% and 39.1% compared to the control and was recognized as the best treatment.Conclusion: In limited irrigation conditions, foliar feeding of Fe, Zn and Mn nano-chlates is a suitable solution and compatible with water crisis and can improve soybean yield by modifying drought stress and improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. (2018). World agricultural supply and demand estimates. World agricultural outlook board. 2002. Available at:
   https://www.usda.gov/oce/commodity/wasde/Secretary-Briefing.pdf


2. Liu K. Chemistry and nutritional value of soybean components. 1997: 25-113. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1763-42


3. Souri MK & Bakhtiarizade M. Biostimulation effects of rosemary essential oil on growth and nutrient uptake of tomato seedlings. Scientia Horticulture. 2019; 243: 472-476.
   DOI: 1016/j. scienta.2018.08.056.


4. Souri MK & Hatamian M. Amino chelates in plant nutrition: a review. Plant Nutr. 2019; 42(1): 67-78. DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2018.1549671.


5. Dogan E, Kirnak H & Copur O. Deficit irrigations during soybean reproductive stages and CROPGRO-soybean simulations under semi-arid climatic conditions. Field Crops Res. 2007; 103(2): 154-159. DOI: 1016/j.fcr.2007.05.009


6. Reddy AR, Chaitanya KV & Vivekanandan M. Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Plant Physiol. 2004; 161(11): 1189-1202. DOI: 10. 1016/j.jplph. 2004.01.013


7. Hatamian M, Rezaei Nejad A, Kafi M, Souri MK & Shahbazi K. Nitrate improves hackberry seedling growth under cadmium application. Biol. Technol. Agric. 2020; 6(1): 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03247.


8. Taiz L & Zeiger E. Plant Physiology. The Benjamin Cumming Publishing Company. 2003; 91(6): 750-751. DOI: 1093/aob/mcg079


9. Wijewardana C, Alsajri FA, Irby T, Krutz J & Golden B. Quantifying soil moisture deficit effects on soybean yield and yield component distribution patterns. Sci. 2018; 36(4): 241-255. DOI: 10.1007/s00271-018-0580-1


10. Rico CM, Majumdar S, Duarte-Gardea M, Peralta-Videa JR & Gardea-Torresdey JL. Interaction of nanoparticles with edible plants and their possible implications in the food chain. Agric. Food. Chem. 2011; 59(8): 3485-3498.


11. Rosati A & Dejong TM. Estimating photosynthetic radiation use efficiency using incident light and photosynthesis of individual leaves. Ann Bot. 2003; 91(7): 869-877.
    DOI: 1093/aob/mc g094


12. Wijewardana C, Reddy KR & Bellaloui N. Soybean seed physiology, quality, and chemical composition under soil moisture stress. Food Chem. 2018; 278(1): 92-100. DOI: 1016/j.food chem.2018.11.035


13. Singh NB, Amist N, Yadav K, Singh D, Pandey JK & Singh SC. Zinc oxide nanoparticles as fertilizer for the germination, growth and metabolism of vegetable crops. Nanoeng. Nanomanuf. 2013; 3(4): 353-364. DOI: 10.1166/jnan.2013.1156


14. Montoya F, Garcia C, Pintos F & Otero A. Effects of irrigation regime on the growth and yield of irrigated soybean in temperate humid climatic conditions. Water Manage. 2017; 193(1): 30-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.001


15. Ghosh PK, Ajay KK, Bandyopadhyay MC, Manna KG, Mandal AK & Hati KM. Comparative effectiveness of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer-NPK on three cropping systems in vertisols of semi-arid tropics. II. Dry matter yield, nodulation, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity. Technol. 2004; 95(1): 85-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech. 2004.02.012


16. Rosales-Serna R, Kohashi-Shibata J, Acosta-Gallegos JA, Trejo-Lopez C, Ortiz-Cereceres J & Kelly JD. Biomass distribution, maturity acceleration and yield in drought-stressed common bean cultivars. Field Crops Res. 2004; 85(2): 203-211.
    DOI: 1016/s0378-4290(03) 00161-8


17. Semida WM, Abdelkhalik A, Mohamed GF, El-Mageed A, Taia A & Mageed AA. Foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles promotes drought stress tolerance in eggplant (Solanum melongena). J. Plants. 2021; 10(2): 1-17. DOI: 10.3390/plants10020 421


18. Kafi M & Rostami M. Yield characteristics and oil content of three safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) cultivars under drought in reproductive stage and irrigation with saline water. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 2007; 5(1): 121-132. [In Persian].


19. Babaeian M, Tavassoli A, Ghanbari A, Esmaeilian Y & Fahimifard M. Effects of foliar micronutrient application on osmotic adjustments, grain yield and yield components in sunflower (Alster cultivar) under water stress at three stages. J. Agric. Res. 2011; 6(5): 1204-1208. DOI: 10.58 97/AJAR10.928


20. Zhang M, Duan L, Tian X, He Z, Li J, Wang B & Li Z. Uniconazole-induced tolerance of soybean to water deficit stress in relation to changes in photosynthesis, hormones and antioxidant system. Plant Physiol. 2007; 164(6): 709-717.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph. 2006.04.008


21. Zahra Z, Arshad M, Rafique R, Mahmood A, Habib A, Qazi IA & Khan SA. Metallic Nanoparticle (TiO₂ and Fe₃O₄) Application modifies rhizosphere phosphorus availability and uptake by Lactuca sativa. Agric. Food. Chem. 2015; 63(31): 6876-6882.
    DOI: 10.1021/acs. jafc.5b01611


22. Lobato AKS, Oliveira Neto CF, Santos Filho BG, Costa RCL, Cruz FJR, Neves HKB & Lopes MJS. Physiological and biochemical behavior in soybean (Glycine max Sambaiba) plants under water deficit. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 2008; 2(1): 25-32.


23. Oliviera-Neto CF, Silva-Lobato AK, Goncalves-Vidigal MC, Costa RCL, Santos BG, Filho BG, Alves GAR, Silva-Maia WJM, Cruz FJR, Neres HKB & Santos Lopes MJ. Carbon compounds and chlorophyll contents in sorghum submitted to water deficit during three growth stages. Technol. 2009; 7(3): 588-593.


24. Sultana N, Ikeda T & Kashem MA. Effect of foliar spray of nutrient solutions on photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and yield in seawater-stressed rice. Exp. Bot. 2001; 46(2): 129-140. DOI: 10.1016/s0098-8472(01)00090-9


25. Servin AD & White JC. Nanotechnology in agriculture: Next steps for understanding engineered nanoparticle exposure and risk. Nano Impact. 2016; 1: 9-12.
     DOI: 1016/j.impact.2015.1 2.002


26. Singh NA. Nanotechnology innovations, industrial applications and patents. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2017; 15(2): 185-91. DOI: 1007/s10311-017-0612-8


27. Adams ML, Norvell WA, Philpot WD & Peverly JH. Spectral detection of micronutrient deficiency in bragg soybean. J. 2000; 92(2): 261-268. DOI: 10.1007/s10087 0050031


28. Wiersma JV. High rates of Fe-EDDHA and seed iron concentration suggest partial solutions to iron deficiency in soybeans. J. 2005; 97(3): 924-934.
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj 2004.0309


29. Khan HR, McDonald GK & Rengel Z. Zn fertilization improves water use efficiency, grain yield and seed Zn content in chickpea. Plant Soil. 2003; 249(2): 389-400.


30. Nikolic M & Pavlovic J. Plant responses to iron deficiency and toxicity and iron use efficiency in plants. Plant Micronutr. Use Effic. 2018; 55-69.
    DOI: 1016/b978-0-12-812104-7.00004


31. Pandey N, Pathak GC & Sharma CP. Zinc is critically required for pollen function and fertilization in lentil. J. Trace Elem. 2006; 20(2): 89-96.
    DOI: 1016/j.jtemb.2005. 09.006


32. Hossain MM, Liu X, Qi X, Lam HM & Zhang J. Differences between soybean genotypes in physiological response to sequential soil drying and rewetting. J. 2014; 2(6): 366-380. DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2014.08.001


33. Cakmak I. Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic bio fortification?. Plant Soil. 2008; 302(1): 1-17. DOI: 1007/s11104-007-9466-3


34. Liu R & Lal R. Potentials of engineered nanoparticles as fertilizers for increasing agronomic productions. Total Environ. 2015; 514(1): 131-139.
    DOI: 10.1016/j.scit oten v.2015.01.104


35. Bennett MJ, Rhetoric E, Hicks DR, Naeve SL & Bennett NB. The Minnesota soybean field book. St Paul MN, University of Minnesota Extension Service. 1999: p. 79.


36. Fouilleux G. Increase of Bradyrhizobium japonicum numbers in soils and enhanced nodulation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) merr.) using granular inoculants amended with nutrients. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 1996; 20(3): 173-183.
    DOI: 1016/0168-6496(96)00028-1


37. Karam F, Masaad R, Sfeir T, Mounzer O & Rouphael Y. Evapotranspiration and seed yield of field grown soybean under deficit irrigation conditions. Agric. Water Manag. 2005. 75; 3: 226-244. DOI: 1016/j.agwat. 2004.12.015


38. Liu X, Jin J, Wang G & Herbert SJ. Soybean yield physiology and development of high-yielding practices in Northeast China. Field Crop Res. 2008; 105(3): 157-171.
    DOI: 1016/j.fcr.2007. 09.003.


39. Mandal B, Hazra GC & Mandal LN. Soil management influence on zinc desorption for rice and maize nutrition. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000; 64(5): 1699-1705.
    DOI: 2136/sssaj2000.645 1699x


40. Sanchez-Raya AJ, Leal A, Gomez-Ortega M & Recalde L. Effect of iron on the absorption and translocation of manganese. Plant Soil. 1974; 41(3): 429-434.
    DOI: 1007/bf02185806


41. Alloway Bj. Zinc in soil and crop nutrition: Areas of the world with Zinc deficiency problems [Online]. 2008. Available at: http://www.zinc-crops.org/crops/Al-loway-all.php. Accessed 16 August.


42. Aghdasi S, Modares Sanavy SAM, Aghaalikhani M, Keshavarz H. Effect of foliar application of Iron and Manganese on yield and yield components of Mungbean under water deficit stress. Water and Soil Science. 2019; 28(3): 13-25. [In Persian].


43. Ommen O, Donnelly A, Vanhoutvin S, Van Oijen M & Manderscheid R. Chlorophyll content of spring wheat flag leaves grown under elevated CO₂ concentrations and other environmental stresses within the “ESPACE-wheat” project. J. Agron. 1999; 10(3): 197-203. DOI: 10.10 16/s161-0301(99)00011-8


44. Movahhedy-Dehnavy M, Modarres-Sanavy SAM & Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A. Foliar application of zinc and manganese improves seed yield and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius ) grown under water deficit stress. Ind. Crops Prod. 2009; 30(1): 82-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop. 2009.02.004


45. Ravi S, Channal HT, Hebsur NS, Patil BN & Dharmatti PR. Effect of sulphur, zinc and iron nutrition on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 2008; 21(3): 382-385.


46. Souri MK & Yaghoubi Sooraki F. Benefits of organic fertilizers spray on growth quality of chili pepper seedlings under cool temperature. Plant Nutr. 2019; 42(6): 650-656. DOI: 10.1080/019 04167.2019.1568461.


47. Mihailovic N, Lazarevic M, Dzeletovic Z, Vuckovic M & Durđevic M. Chlorophyllase activity in wheat, Triticum aestivum leaves during drought and its dependence on the nitrogen ion form applied. Plant Sci. 1997; 129(2): 141-146.
    DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(97)00189-1


48. Schutz M & Fangmeier A. Growth and yield responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Minaret) to elevated CO₂ and water limitation. Environ. Pollut. 2001; 114(2): 187-194. DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(00) 00215-3


49. Heitholt JJ, Sloan JJ & MacKown CT. Copper, manganese, and zinc fertilization effects on growth of soybean on a calcareous soil. Plant Nutr. 2002; 25(8): 1727-1740.
    DOI: 10.1081/ pln-120006054


50. Fatollahpour M, Rashidi V, Mirshekari B, Khalilvand Behrouzyar E & Farahvash F. Effects of nano-fertilizers on physiological and yield characteristics of pinto bean cultivars under water deficit stress. Plant Nutr. 2020; 43(19): 1-13.
    DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2020.179 9000


51. Soleymani A, Firoozi M & Naraniani L. Effect of foliar application of micro nutrients on physiological growth indices and total dry matter yield of forage Ccorn. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 2011; 9(3): 340-347. [In Persian].