تاثیرکاشت Tamarix aphylla و Atriplex canescens بر برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی- شیمیایی خاک در منطقه زهک سیستان
محورهای موضوعی : اکولوژی جنگلعین اله روحی مقدم 1 , علی حیدری صادق 2 , اکبر فخیره 3 , زینب نوری کیا 4 , سهیلا نوری 5
1 - عضو هیآت علمی دانشگاه زابل
2 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مرتعداری، دانشگاه زابل
3 - استادیار، عضو هیأت علمی دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبد
4 - کارشناس ارشد اداره منابع طبیعی شهرستان زاهدان
5 - استادیار، عضو هیأت علمی دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل
کلید واژه: خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک, آتریپلکس, احیاء بیولوژیکی, زهک, گز شاهی,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف از این تحقیق مقایسه اثر کاشت دو گونه Atriplex canescens و Tamarix aphylla بر خصوصیات خاک بود. این گونه‌ها در سال 1372 در وسعتی حدود 42 هکتار در شهرستان زهک واقع در شمال استان سیستان و بلوچستان کشت شدند. نمونه برداری خاک در دو عمق 30-0 سانتی‌متر و 60-30 سانتی‌متر به تعداد 8 تکرار از هر یک از مناطق تحت کشت گونه‌ها و منطقه بایر اطراف (شاهد) به روش تصادفی- سیستماتیک انجام گرفت. برخی ویژگیهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک اندازه‌گیری شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه و آزمون دانکن انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که در عمق اول میزان EC خاک آتریپلکس کاری (mmhos/cm 98/47) بیشتر از خاک تحت کشت گز شاهی (mmhos/cm 70/15) و منطقه شاهد (mmhos/cm 80/15) بود. همچنین مقدار pH در خاک رویشگاه آتریپلکس (92/8) بیشتر از رویشگاه گز (62/8) و منطقه شاهد (70/8) اندازه‌گیری شد. پتاسیم قابل جذب در رویشگاه گز (ppm 460) بیشتر از خاک رویشگاه آتریپلکس (ppm 325) و منطقه شاهد (ppm 180) بود. بین تیمارهای مورد مطالعه تفاوت آماری معنی‌داری از نظر پارامترهای فسفر قابل جذب، نیتروژن، آهک و نسبت کربن به نیتروژن بدست نیامد. در عمق زیرین میزان pH در خاک تحت آتریپلکس (02/9) بیشتر از منطقه شاهد (65/8) بوده است. در این تحقیق مشخص شد که کاشت آتریپلکس موجب افزایش شوری و واکنش خاک گردید. لذا، جهت احیاء بیولوژیک منطقه کشت گونه گز شاهی به عنوان یک گونه بومی نسبت به گونه آتریپلکس مناسب تر به نظر می‌رسد.
The purpose of the research is to compare the effect of Tamarix aphylla (L.) and Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. cultivation on the soil's properties. The species were cultivated in a land with the area 42 ha and with the spacing 5m*5m in 1993 in Zahak, northern Sistan and Balochistan pro. Soil samples were taken at the depth of 0-30 cm and 31-60 cm with 8 replicates from any habitat and the control area using auger based on random-systematic method. physicochemical properties were measured, including soil texture, phosphorous, potassium, nitrogen, organic matter, T.N.V, EC and pH. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's test. The results showed that there were differences between the properties of the region's soil. In other words, the soil EC of A. canescens (47.98 mmhos/cm) was more than that of T. aphylla (15.70 mmhos/cm) and the control area (15.80 mmhos/cm) at the depth of 0-30 cm. The soil pH of A. canescens (8.92) was also more than that of T. aphylla (8.62) and the control area (8.70). The available potassium in T. aphylla habitat (460 ppm) was also more than that in A. canescens habitat (325 ppm) and the control area (180 ppm). At the depth of 31-60 cm, the soil pH of A. canescens (9.02) was more than that of the control area (8.65). Therefore, it is more suitable to cultivate T. aphylla as a native species than A. canescens for biological restoration of the region.
Refrences:
1. Ali Ehyaei, M. & A. Behbahanizadeh, 1993. Descriptions of soil chemical analysis methods. Soil and Water Research Institute, Technical Repot No. 893, 129 p. (In Persian)
2. Arndt, S.K., C. Arampatsis, A. Foetzki, X. Li, F. Zeng & X. Zhang, 2004. Contrasting patterns of leaf solute accumulation and salt adaptation in four phreatophytic desert plants in a hyperarid desert with saline groundwater. Journal of Arid Environments 59: 259-270.
3. Arazi, A., M. H. Emtahani, M.R. Ekhtesasi & H. Sodaeezadeh, 2012. Effect of Tamarix aphylla as tree windbreak on salinity soil agriculture lands in dry region (case study: Ardakan). Watershed Management Research (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi) 99(2): 53-59.
4. Belsky, A.J. & C. D. Canham, 1994. Forest gaps and isolated savanna trees: An application of patch dynamics in two ecosystems. Bioscience 44: 77-84.
5. Emtahani, M. H., 1992. Bio-ecological Survey of Tamrix planted forest in Chaz Afzal Ardakan, Yazd. Master's thesis in Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 86 p.
6. Giti, A., 1996. Effects of planting Tamarix spp. & Haloxylon spp. on soil salinity. Desert 1(1): 52-39. (In Persian)
7. Glenn, E.P., K. Morino, P.L. Nagler, R.S. Murray, S. Pearlstein & K.R. Hultine, 2012. Roles of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) and capillary rise in salinizing a non-flooding terrace on a flow-regulated desert river. Journal of Arid Environments 79: 56-65.
8. Hante, A., 2003. Investigating the Effects of planted Atriplex canescens on Native Vegetation and Soil. Ph.D Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 120 p. (In Persian)
9. Jafari, M. & N. Rahimzadeh, 2004. Final report of C/N research project. Tehran Universirty, 35 pp. (In Persian)
10. Jafari, M., N. Rahimzadeh & Q. Dianati, 2006. Study on relationship between litter quality and arial parts in some rangeland species. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi 72(3): 89-96. (In Persian)
11. Khalkhali, S.A., M. Goodarzi & M. Jafari, 2005. Investigation of the interrelationship between physical and chemical properties of soil and plant characteristics of Atriplex canescens in two different climatic regions. Desert 10(2): 311-324.
12. Khatir Namani, J., 2005. Effect of Atriplex on soil rangelands in Golestan Province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research 12 (3): 311-334. (In Persian)
13. Mahdavi Ardakani, R., M. Jafari, N. Zargham, M. Zare Chahooki, N. Baghestani Meibodi & A. Tavili, 2011. Investigation on the effects of Haloxylon aphyllum, Seidlitzia rosmarinus and Tamarix aphylla on soil properties in Chah Afzal-Kavir (Yazd). Iranian Journal of Forest 2 (4): 357-365. (In Persian)
14. Mohebbi, A., E. Zandi Esfahan & A. Eftekhari, 2017. Effects Of Atriplex Canescens On soil properties and organisms' activities under grazing and exclosure conditions (Case study: Shahriar Rangelands). Desert Ecosystem Engineering 13(4): 57-66. (In Persian)
15. Naser, K., 1999. Investigation of the ecological effects of Atriplex canescens on planted environments (case study: Khorasan province). MSc Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 84 p.
16. Natural Resources Office of Sistan & Baluchestan, 2011. Identification and control of the wind erosion centers of Zahak city, 332 p. (In Persian)
17. Neal, M., H. Khademi & M. Hafabbasi, 2004. Response of soil quality indicators and their spatial variability to land degradation in central Iran. Applied soil Ecology 27: 221-223.
18. Ohrtman, M.K., A.A. Sher & K. Lair, 2012. Quantifying soil salinity in areas invaded by Tamarix spp. Journal of Arid Environments 85: 114-121.
19. Orozco-Aceves, M, R.J. Standish & M. Tibbett, 2015. Long-term conditioning of soil by plantation eucalypts and pines does not affect growth of the native jarrah tree. Forest Ecology and Management 338: 92-99.
20. Rahimizadeh, A., J. Farzadmehr, A. A. Rostagi & M. Ramezani Gask, 2010. Comparison of effects of planting Haloxylon spp. and Atriplex spp. on the characteristics of vegetation cover and ranglands soil (A case study: Salemabad, sarbishe, Iran). Journal of Renewable Natural Resources Research 1(2): 1-13. (In Persian)
21. Rasooli, B., 2004. Comparison of effects of planting Haloxylon spp., Atriplex spp. and Tamarix spp. on physic- chemical soil properties. MSc Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tarbiat-Modares, 162 p. (In Persian)
22. Saleh Rastin, N., 1978. Soil Biology, Tehran University Press, 470 pp. (In Persian)
23. Sheidai Karkaj, E., H. Barani, M. Akbarlo, Gh.A. Heshmati & F. Khormali, 2013. Cost comparing of soil carbon sequestration in rangeland reclamation practices through plantation of Agropyron elongatum and Atriplex lentiformis (Case Study: Chapr goymeh of Gonbad). Journal of Water and Soil Conservation 20(1):241-252. (In Persian)
24. Singh, K., B. Singh & R.R. Singh, 2012. Changes in physic – chemical, microbial and enzymatic activities during restoration of degraded sodic land: ecological suitability of mixed forest over monoculture plantation. CATENA 96: 57-67.
25. Stromberg, J.C., M.K. Chew, P.L. Nagler & E.P. Glenn, 2009. Changing perceptions of change: the role of scientists in Tamarix and river management. Restoration Ecology 17: 177-186.
26. Yasar Korkance, S., 2014. Effects of afforestation on soil organic carbon and soil properties. CATENA 12: 62-69.
27. Xia, J., S. Zhang, J. Guo, Q. Rong & G.Zhang, 2015. Critical effects of gas exchange parameters in Tamarix chinensis Lour on soil water and its relevant environmental factors on ashellridge island in China’s Yellow River Delta. Ecological Engineering 76: 36–46.
28. Yin, C.H., G.U. Feng, F. Zhang, C.Y. Tian & C. Tang, 2010. Enrichment of soil fertility and salinity by tamarisk in saline soils on the northern edge of the Taklamakan Desert. Agricultural Water Management 97(12): 1978-1986.
_||_Refrences:
1. Ali Ehyaei, M. & A. Behbahanizadeh, 1993. Descriptions of soil chemical analysis methods. Soil and Water Research Institute, Technical Repot No. 893, 129 p. (In Persian)
2. Arndt, S.K., C. Arampatsis, A. Foetzki, X. Li, F. Zeng & X. Zhang, 2004. Contrasting patterns of leaf solute accumulation and salt adaptation in four phreatophytic desert plants in a hyperarid desert with saline groundwater. Journal of Arid Environments 59: 259-270.
3. Arazi, A., M. H. Emtahani, M.R. Ekhtesasi & H. Sodaeezadeh, 2012. Effect of Tamarix aphylla as tree windbreak on salinity soil agriculture lands in dry region (case study: Ardakan). Watershed Management Research (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi) 99(2): 53-59.
4. Belsky, A.J. & C. D. Canham, 1994. Forest gaps and isolated savanna trees: An application of patch dynamics in two ecosystems. Bioscience 44: 77-84.
5. Emtahani, M. H., 1992. Bio-ecological Survey of Tamrix planted forest in Chaz Afzal Ardakan, Yazd. Master's thesis in Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 86 p.
6. Giti, A., 1996. Effects of planting Tamarix spp. & Haloxylon spp. on soil salinity. Desert 1(1): 52-39. (In Persian)
7. Glenn, E.P., K. Morino, P.L. Nagler, R.S. Murray, S. Pearlstein & K.R. Hultine, 2012. Roles of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) and capillary rise in salinizing a non-flooding terrace on a flow-regulated desert river. Journal of Arid Environments 79: 56-65.
8. Hante, A., 2003. Investigating the Effects of planted Atriplex canescens on Native Vegetation and Soil. Ph.D Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 120 p. (In Persian)
9. Jafari, M. & N. Rahimzadeh, 2004. Final report of C/N research project. Tehran Universirty, 35 pp. (In Persian)
10. Jafari, M., N. Rahimzadeh & Q. Dianati, 2006. Study on relationship between litter quality and arial parts in some rangeland species. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi 72(3): 89-96. (In Persian)
11. Khalkhali, S.A., M. Goodarzi & M. Jafari, 2005. Investigation of the interrelationship between physical and chemical properties of soil and plant characteristics of Atriplex canescens in two different climatic regions. Desert 10(2): 311-324.
12. Khatir Namani, J., 2005. Effect of Atriplex on soil rangelands in Golestan Province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research 12 (3): 311-334. (In Persian)
13. Mahdavi Ardakani, R., M. Jafari, N. Zargham, M. Zare Chahooki, N. Baghestani Meibodi & A. Tavili, 2011. Investigation on the effects of Haloxylon aphyllum, Seidlitzia rosmarinus and Tamarix aphylla on soil properties in Chah Afzal-Kavir (Yazd). Iranian Journal of Forest 2 (4): 357-365. (In Persian)
14. Mohebbi, A., E. Zandi Esfahan & A. Eftekhari, 2017. Effects Of Atriplex Canescens On soil properties and organisms' activities under grazing and exclosure conditions (Case study: Shahriar Rangelands). Desert Ecosystem Engineering 13(4): 57-66. (In Persian)
15. Naser, K., 1999. Investigation of the ecological effects of Atriplex canescens on planted environments (case study: Khorasan province). MSc Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 84 p.
16. Natural Resources Office of Sistan & Baluchestan, 2011. Identification and control of the wind erosion centers of Zahak city, 332 p. (In Persian)
17. Neal, M., H. Khademi & M. Hafabbasi, 2004. Response of soil quality indicators and their spatial variability to land degradation in central Iran. Applied soil Ecology 27: 221-223.
18. Ohrtman, M.K., A.A. Sher & K. Lair, 2012. Quantifying soil salinity in areas invaded by Tamarix spp. Journal of Arid Environments 85: 114-121.
19. Orozco-Aceves, M, R.J. Standish & M. Tibbett, 2015. Long-term conditioning of soil by plantation eucalypts and pines does not affect growth of the native jarrah tree. Forest Ecology and Management 338: 92-99.
20. Rahimizadeh, A., J. Farzadmehr, A. A. Rostagi & M. Ramezani Gask, 2010. Comparison of effects of planting Haloxylon spp. and Atriplex spp. on the characteristics of vegetation cover and ranglands soil (A case study: Salemabad, sarbishe, Iran). Journal of Renewable Natural Resources Research 1(2): 1-13. (In Persian)
21. Rasooli, B., 2004. Comparison of effects of planting Haloxylon spp., Atriplex spp. and Tamarix spp. on physic- chemical soil properties. MSc Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tarbiat-Modares, 162 p. (In Persian)
22. Saleh Rastin, N., 1978. Soil Biology, Tehran University Press, 470 pp. (In Persian)
23. Sheidai Karkaj, E., H. Barani, M. Akbarlo, Gh.A. Heshmati & F. Khormali, 2013. Cost comparing of soil carbon sequestration in rangeland reclamation practices through plantation of Agropyron elongatum and Atriplex lentiformis (Case Study: Chapr goymeh of Gonbad). Journal of Water and Soil Conservation 20(1):241-252. (In Persian)
24. Singh, K., B. Singh & R.R. Singh, 2012. Changes in physic – chemical, microbial and enzymatic activities during restoration of degraded sodic land: ecological suitability of mixed forest over monoculture plantation. CATENA 96: 57-67.
25. Stromberg, J.C., M.K. Chew, P.L. Nagler & E.P. Glenn, 2009. Changing perceptions of change: the role of scientists in Tamarix and river management. Restoration Ecology 17: 177-186.
26. Yasar Korkance, S., 2014. Effects of afforestation on soil organic carbon and soil properties. CATENA 12: 62-69.
27. Xia, J., S. Zhang, J. Guo, Q. Rong & G.Zhang, 2015. Critical effects of gas exchange parameters in Tamarix chinensis Lour on soil water and its relevant environmental factors on ashellridge island in China’s Yellow River Delta. Ecological Engineering 76: 36–46.
28. Yin, C.H., G.U. Feng, F. Zhang, C.Y. Tian & C. Tang, 2010. Enrichment of soil fertility and salinity by tamarisk in saline soils on the northern edge of the Taklamakan Desert. Agricultural Water Management 97(12): 1978-1986.