مروری بر مطالعات فرسایش خاک و منشایابی رسوب

محورهای موضوعی : جنگلداری

کاظم نصرتی ¹ , مصطفی امینی ²

1 - دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
2 - دانشگاه شهید بهتشی

تاریخ دریافت : 1395/07/17 تاریخ پذیرش : 1395/10/18 تاریخ انتشار : 1395/12/01

کلید واژه: "منشایابی رسوب", "مدل های ترکیبی", "ردیاب‌ها", "فرسایش خاک",

چکیده مقاله :

رسوبات معلق در سیستم‌های رودخانه‌ای و حوضه‌ای از منابع غیرنقطه‌ای سرچشمه می‌گیرند که از لحاظ مکانی و زمانی متفاوت‌اند. فرآیند منشایابی رسوب بر روش‌هایی تاکید می‌کند که پژوهشگران از طریق نمونه‌های ترکیبی برداشت شده از رودخانه و حوضه قادر به تفکیک منابع رسوب باشند. علاقمندی به این روش به عنوان یکی از تکنیک‌های فرسایش و رسوب و نیز ابزاری برای تکمیل روش‌های سنتی فرسایش آبی برای شناسایی منشا و حرکت رسوبات در داخل رودخانه در بازه‌های زمانی و مکانی مختلف و برآورد مقدار فرسایش خاک با استفاده از ردیاب‌های موجود در خاک و رسوب افزایش یافته است. این مقاله تاکیدی بر تکنیک‌ها و روش‌های استفاده شده، مدل‌های ترکیبی و استفاده از ردیاب‌های مختلف در مطالعات فرسایش و رسوب با تاکید بر منشایابی رسوب در جهان و ایران است تا مدل‌های موجود، ردیاب‌ها و تکنولوژی‌های نوین را معرفی کند. نتایج حاصل از مرور پیشینه پژوهش نشان داد که در حوزه فرسایش و رسوب مطالعات منسجم و با روش‌شناسی جدید از دهه 60 میلادی شروع شده و مطالعات در مقیاس‌های حوضه بزرگ، متوسط و کوچک، دامنه و مقیاس پلات یا آزمایشگاه با تکنیک‌های مختلف واپاشی رادیونوکلویید، عناصر کمیاب زمینی، خواص مغناطیسی خاک، ردیاب‌های دیگر و منشایابی انجام شده‌اند. این پژوهش ضمن مرور و معرفی مدل‌های فرسایش و رسوب، مدل‌های منشایابی، ردیاب‌های موجود و شیوه‌های نمونه‌برداری، تکنولوژی‌های نوین فرسایش و رسوب در ایران (اختراعات) را نیز معرفی می‌کند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Suspended sediments originated from nonpoint sources in the fluvial and the catchment which they are different on spatial and temporal scales. Fingerprinting of sediment process focus on methods that researchers able to discriminate sediment sources using composite and extracted samples from river and basin. Interesting to this method has been increased as a erosion and sediment technique, as well as tools for completing of old method of water erosion with regarding to identifying of sediment sources, sediment delivery in the river at various spatial and temporal scale and estimation of soil erosion using existing tracers in the soil and sediment. This research emphasis on the used techniques and methods, mixing model and utilities of various tracers in the erosion and sediment studies focusing on sediment fingerprinting in the world and Iran in order to reviewing of performed studies researchers able to be familiar with existing models, tracers and new technologies and find track of soil and sediment studies focusing on fingerprinting. Result of review showed that cohesive studies of soil and sediment with regarding to new methodology started since 60th decade and studies have been performed in large, medium and small scale basin, hillslope, plot and experimental scale with techniques such as radionuclide decay, earth rare element, magnetic properties of soils, other tracers and fingerprinting. This research reviews and introduces erosion and sediment models, fingerprinting models, existing tracers and sampling methods and new soil and sediment technologies of Iran (patents).

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