مقایسه سلامت عمومی، خودکارآمدی و شایستگی اجتماعی دانشجویان پسر و دختر دارای مادر شاغل و غیرشاغل

محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه زن و جامعه

محمد مهدی گودرزی ¹ (دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران)
مهناز مهرابی زاده هنرمند ² (استاد گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران)
سودابه بساک نژاد ³ (دانشیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران)

تاریخ دریافت : 1397/09/26 تاریخ پذیرش : 1398/11/25 تاریخ انتشار : 1399/02/01

کلید واژه: خودکارآمدی, سلامت عمومی, شایستگی اجتماعی, اشتغال مادر,

چکیده مقاله :

این پژوهش با هدف مقایسه سلامت عمومی، خودکارآمدی و شایستگی اجتماعی دانشجویان دختر و پسر دارای مادر شاغل و غیرشاغل در دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز انجام شد. در این پژوهش از طرح علی- مقایسه‌ای از نوع پس رویدادی استفاده شد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کلیه دانشجویان دارای مادر شاغل و غیرشاغل دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز مشغول به تحصیل در سال تحصیلی 97- 1396 بودند که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی چند مرحله‌ای، نمونه‌ای با40 دانشجوی دختر و 40 دانشجوی پسر دارای مادر شاغل و به همین تعداد دانشجوی دختر و پسر دارای مادر غیرشاغل به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. به منظور جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه سلامت عمومی گلدبرگ و هیلیر، پرسشنامه خودکارآمدی شرر و آدامز و پرسشنامه شایستگی اجتماعی فلنر و فیلیپس استفاده شد. داده‌ها با روش تحلیل واریانس چند متغیری و تحلیل واریانس یک‌راهه با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 24 تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که بین دانشجویان دختر و پسر دارای مادر شاغل و غیرشاغل از لحاظ سلامت عمومی، خودکارآمدی و شایستگی اجتماعی تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود ندارد. در نتیجه چون اشتغال مادران با سایر متغیرهای اجتماعی- اقتصادی نظیر جنس، سن، طبقه، نوع شغل مادر (خدماتی، فرهنگی و کارمند) و میزان رضایت یا تنش شغلی همراه است، می‌تواند پیامدهای متفاوتی داشته باشد، بنابراین به تنهایی شاغل و غیرشاغل بودن مادر نمی‌تواند تفاوت بین دو گروه را توجیه کند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

The persent research was aimed at the comparison of general health, self- efficacy and social competence of male and female students with working mother and non working mother in Shahid Chamran University. The research design was ex post facto. The study population included all male and female students in the academic year 2016-2017. The sample consisted of 80 students with working mother (40 male, and 40 female), and 80 students with non working mother (40 male, and 40 female), who were selected randomly by multistage sampling. The instruments used in this research consisted of General Health Questionnaire, (Goldberg & Hiller), Self- Efficacy Scale (Sherer & Adams), and Social Competence Scale (Fnler & Pillips). The data were analyzed by MANONA and ANOVA using SPSS version 24 software. The results showed there is no significant difference in general health, self- efficacy and social competence of male and female students with working mother and non working mother. According to this research, it seems that there are another variables which may have more active role than mothers` job.

منابع و مأخذ:

-Abolghasemi, A., Rezaee, H., Narimani, M., Zahed Babolan, A. (2011). A comparison of social competence and its components in students with learning disability and students with low, average and high academic achievement. Journal of Learning Disabilities Statute, 1(1), 6-23. (Persian)

-Afroz, Gh., Ghasemzadeh, S. T., Taziki, T., & Delgoshad, A. (2014). Effectiveness of mood regulation skills training on self concept and social competence of students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities Statute, 3(3), 6-24. (Persian)

-Agarwal, S., & Alex, J. (2017). A comparative study between the parenting style of working and non-working mothers and their childs' temperament on behavioural problems among school going children. Indian Journal of Health Wellbeing, 8(11), 1335-1339.

-Ahmad Khan, M., & Ahmad Shah, S. R. (2015). Emotional maturity Of children Of working and non-working mothers- A comparative study. International of Journal of Educational Researcher Studies, 1, 221-233.

-Ahmadi, S., &Rosta, L. (2011). An investigation on gender differences in work culture. Journal of Woman and society, 2(2), 39-58. (Persian)

-Ajdam Roshan, GH. (2016). A study of the relationship between maternal employment and the mental health of children. Journal of Educational and Psychological Research, 4(2), 89-102. (Persian)

-Alexander, A.‚ & Shetty, A. P. (2014). A comparative study on behavior problems of preschool children among working and non- working mothers. Journal of Nursing and health Science, 3(6), 35-38.

-Alipour, G., Sayadi, A., & Haqiqi, A. (2016). Demographic characteristics and anxiety among children 5 to 6 years old. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences, 17(52), 55-64. (Persian)

-Allameh, A. (2016). The effect of socially skills training on aggression, self-efficacy in interacting with peers and social competence in elementary school students with aggressive behaviors in Ahvaz. PhD Thesis of Educational Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz. (Persian)

-Aronen, E. T., & Kurkela, S. A. (1998). The predictors of competence in an adolescent sample: A 15-year follow-up study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 52(3), 203-212.

-Asadpour Kirkuki, I., Shahsavari, M., Boroujerdi, F., & Sajidinia, J. (2017). Comparison of general health dimensions in employed and non-employed women's families. 1st National Women's Congress, Urban Regeneration and Sustainable Development, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah. (Persian)

-Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educat Psychologist, 28(2), 117-148.‏

-Carvel‚ J. (2001). Children of working mothers ‘at risk’. Society Guardian, 14 march: 6.

-Chu, L., & Powers, P. A. (1995). Synchrony in adolescence. Adolescence, 30(118), 453-461.

-Connolly, S. D., & Bernstein, G. A. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety Disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry banner, 46 (2), 267-283.

-Dunifon, R.‚ Kalil, A.‚ Cros, B.‚ & Su, J. H. (2013). Mothers night work and children’s Behavior problems. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 49(10), 1874-1885.

-Essortment. (2002) Children of working mothers. Retrieved from http://www.essortment.com/children-working-mothers-36977.html.

-Fadakar, P., Mahmoudpour, A., BorjAli, A., & Yazdanpanah, M. A. (2015). The Comparison of Children with Working Mothers and Children with Housekeeping Mothers in Family Drawing. Journal of Child Psychology Development, 2(2), 9-19. (Persian)

-Felner, R. D., Lease, A. M., & Phillips, R. S. C. (1990). Social competence and the language of adequacy as a subject matter for psychology: A quadripartite tri-level framework. In T. P. Gullotta, G. R. Adams, R. Montemayor (Eds.), The development of social competence in adolescence (pp. 245-264). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

-Ganji, H. (2017). Mental health. Tehran: Arasbaran Publications. (Persian)

-Gernhardt, A., Rubeling, H., & Keller, H. (2014). Self-and family-conceptions of Turkish migrant, native German, and native Turkish children: A comparison of children's drawings. International of Journal Intercultural Relations, 40, 154-‌166.

-Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Journal of Psychological Medicine, 9(1), 139-145.‏

-Hergenhan, B. R., & Olson, M. H. (2009). An Introduction to learning theories. Translated by: Y. Seyyed Mohammadi (2017). Tehran: Nashr Publication. (Persian)

-Hock, E., & Schirtzinger, M. B. (1992). Maternal separation anxiety: Its developmental course and relation to maternal mental health. Child Development, 63(1), 93-102.

-Hoffman, L. W. (1989). Effects of maternal employment in two- parent family. Journal of American Psychologist, 44(2), 283-242.

-Huston, A. C.‚ & Aronson, S. R. (2005). Mothers’ time with infant and time in employment as predictors ofmotherchild relationships  and children’s early development. Journal of Child Development, 76, 467-482.

-Karimi, F., & Vahedi, N. (2013). Comparison of behavioral disorders of mothers of working and non-working mothers. 6th International Congress on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. (Persian)

-Kee Jiar, Y.‚ & Sieak Ling, T. (2012). Child bahvior and parenting stress between employed mothers and at hom mothers of preschool children .6th Internatinal Conferecnce on University Learning and Teaching‚ Malaysi.

-Keramati, H. (2001). The study of the relationship between the perceived self-efficacy of third-grade secondary school students in Tehran and the attitude towards the mathematical course with their progress. Master's Thesis, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran. (Persian)

-Khan, M. A.‚ & Hassan, A. (2012). Emotional intelligence of children of working and non-working mothers. Researcher, 4(4), 24-31.

-Kiani, Gh., Maktabi, Gh., Behroozi, N., & Marvoti, Z. (2012). Effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on social competence, performance in teaching theory of mind and assisting the students of secondary primary school with learning disabilities. Psychol Achievements (Educat Sci Psychol.), 22(1), 173-186. (Persian)

-Maleki, M., Lotfi, S. H., & Mohammadi, F. (2014). Comparison of mental health and social status of children of employed and unemployed women. 1st National Conference on Education and Psychology. (Persian)

-Malti, T., & Perren, S. (2011). Social competence. In B. Brown,  M. Prinstein. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence (pp. 332-340). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

-Mashhadi, A. (2006). Study of the relationship between student anxiety and mother's employment. Second Family Pathology Congress in Iran, Tehran. (Persian)

-O’Reilly, E. (2012). The impact of maternal employment on infant attachment and cognitive development. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24(9), 367-380.

-Omaguchi, B.‚ & Milkie, M. (2006). Maternal employment in childhood and adult’ retrospective reports of parenting practices. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(3), 573-594.

-Palahang, H., Nasr, M., Brahani, M. N., & Shahmohammadi, D. (1996). Epidemiology of mental illnesses in Kashan city. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 2(4), 19-27. (Persian)

-Parajares, F. (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self- efficacy. Retrieved from http:// www. des. emory. edu/ mfp/ eff. Html.

-Pirahsinlou, S. (2003). The study of the relationship between mathematical self-efficacy, mathematical anxiety, expectation of mathematical performance in the development of maths in girls and boys in public high schools in Tehran. Master's Thesis, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran. (Persian)

-Rantanen, K., Eriksson, K., & Nieminen, P. (2012). Social competence in children with epilepsy-a review. Epilepsy & Behavior, 24(3), 295-303.‏

-Rezaei Jamalooi H, Abolghasemi A, Abdolmohammadi A, Pourkarte M, & Moradi, H. (2013). Comparison of personality traits in high school students with employed and non-employed mothers. Journal of Women Family Studies, 2(1) 95-110. (Persian)

-Rijswijk, K. V.‚ Bekker, M. H.‚ Rutte, C. C.‚ & Croon, M. A. (2004). The relationships among part-time work‚ worfamily interference‚ and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 286-295.

-Salari, Z., Mahdiifer, M., & Mirshafiyi, B. Z. (2016). Comparison of self-esteem, accountability and self-efficacy in the children of employed and non-employed mothers. 4th National Conference on Mental Health and Consultation, Islamic Azad University, Quchan Branch, Quchan. (Persian)

-Sameroff, A. J., Bartko, W. T., Baldwin, A., Baldwin, C., & Seifer, R. (1998). Family and social influences on the development of child competence. In M. Lewis, & C. Feiring (Eds.), Families, risk, and competence (pp. 161-185). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publication.

-Schultz, D., & Schultz, S. E. (2013). Theories of personality. (10th ed.). Translated by: Y. Seyyed Mohammadi. (2014). Tehran: Virayesh Publishing. (Persian)

-Semrud-Clikeman, M. (2007). Social competence in children. New York: Springer.

-Sherer, M., & Adams, C. H. (1983). Construct validation of the self-efficacy scale. Psychological Reports, 53(3), 899-902.‏

-Taghavi, M. R. (208). Standardization of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Two Monthly Articles of Daneshvar Uni of Shahed Uni, 28(15), 1-13.

-Taheri, S., & Taher, J. (2016). Factors affecting mental health in residential areas. 4th National Conference on Applied Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Management, Tehran. (Persian)

-Wen-Jui, H.‚ Jane, W.‚ & Jeanne, B. G. (2001). The effects of early maternal employment on later cognitive and behavioural outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(2), 336-354.

-World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). Mental health: A state of well-being. Retrieved from http:// www .WHO. int/ features /meantal health.

-Yarahmadyian, N. (2012). Improving individual social abilities and general health of adolescents through enhancement of social competence. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 3(6), 279-288. (Persian)