بررسی خصوصیات عملکردی و برخی متابولیت‌هـای شکمبه‌ای و خونی جیره‌های حاوی خوراک ورمی‌کمپوست در بره‌های پرواری
محورهای موضوعی :
آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
کیان صادقی
1
(دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد تغذیه دام، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.)
اکبر تقی زاده
2
(استاد، استادیار و دانشیار گروه علوم دامی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.)
حمید محمدزاده
3
(به ترتیب استاد، استادیار و دانشیار گروه علوم دامی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.)
خسرو پارسایی مهر
4
(دانشجوی دکتری تغذیه طیور دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران.)
حسین جانمحمدی
5
(به ترتیب استاد، استادیار و دانشیار گروه علوم دامی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران)
وحید وقاری
6
(دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد تغذیه دام دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.)
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/09/06
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/02/20
تاریخ انتشار : 1396/02/01
کلید واژه:
ورمی‌کمپوست,
بره‌های پرواری,
متابولیت‌های شکمبه‌ای- خونی,
چکیده مقاله :
این آزمایش جهت بررسی اثرات جایگزینی خوراک ورمی کمپوست با کنجاله سویا بر عملکرد رشد و برخی متابولیت های شکمبه ای و خونی بره های نر پرواری انجام شد. برای انجام این آزمایش تعداد 16 رأس برّه نر آمیخته (قزل-مغانی) با میانگین وزن اولیه 5/2± 5/28 کیلوگرم در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 4 تیمار و 4 تکرار و 4 رأس بره در هر تکرار تقسیم گردید. جیره های آزمایشی به ترتیب دارای نسبت های 0، 33، 67 و 100 درصد خوراک ورمی کمپوست جایگزین کنجاله سویا گردید. بره ها با خوراک کاملاً مخلوط (با نسبت 30 درصد علوفه و 70 درصد کنسانتره) به صورت آزاد تغذیه شدند. طول دوره پرواربندی 90 روز بود. بین جیره ها از لحاظ وزن نهایی، افزایش وزن روزانه، ماده خشک مصرفی و ضریب تبدیل غذایی تفاوت معنی داری وجود نداشت (05/0>p). داده های حاصل از فراسنجه های شکمبه ای نشان داد که جیره‌های آزمایشی بر pH و برخی اسیدهای چرب بی تاثیر بودند (05/0>p)، ولی تیمار حاوی 100 درصد خوراک ورمی کمپوست باعث افزایش معنی دار میزان نیتروژن آمونیاکی شکمبه و همچنین اسید چرب استات گردید (05/0>p). جایگزین کردن خوراک ورمی کمپوست تاثیر معنی داری برمیزان متابولیت های خونی نداشت، فقط نیتروژن اوره ای خون به لحاظ عددی اندکی افزایش خطی را نشان داد (05/0>p). نتایج این مطالعه نشان می دهد که خوراک ورمی کمپوست با پتانسیل مواد مغذی بالا می تواند جایگزین مناسبی برای کنجاله سویا باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
The present study was conducted to study the effects of replacing soybean meal with vermicomposting feed on growth performance and selective rumen and blood metabolites of fattening lambs. For this experiment, 16 male mixed breed lambs (Ghezel-Moghani) with an average initial weight of 20.5 ± 2.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates and 4 lambs in each replicate.The experimental diets, consisting of 0, 33, 67 and 100 percent vermicomposting feed replaced soybean meal. Lambs were fed freely with a diet containing 30% forage and 70% concentrate. Duration of the fattening period was 90 days. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) among the treatments in terms of final weight, average daily gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ration. The data from the rumen metabolites indicated that diets had no effect on pH and fatty acids (p<0.05). But feed samples with 100% vermicomposting significantly increased rumen ammonia nitrogen and fatty acid acetate (p<0.05). Replacing soybean meal with vermicomposting feed did not have a significant effect on blood metabolites with the exception of blood urea nitrogen which showed a slight linear increase numerically. The results of this study shows that vermicomposting feed containing high nutrients can be a suitable replacement for soybean meal.
منابع و مأخذ:
· Al-Saiady, M.Y., Kraidees, M.S., Basmaeil, S.M., Al-Suwaid, A. and Abouheif, M.A. (1996). Effect of varying levels of poultry offal meal supplementation at two concentrate to roughage ratios on the performance of growing lambs. Journal of the King Saud University-Agricultural Sciences, 8(2): 225-234.
· Alshaikh, M.A., Salah, M.S., Kraidees, M.S., Al-Saiady, M.Y., Abouheif, M.A. and Albadeeb, S.N. (1997). Plasma concentration of thyroid hormones in lambs fed poultry offal meal in replacement of soybean meal at two energy levels. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 104 (6): 213-215.
· AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC international. AOAC international. Maryland, USA, 54: 234-239.
· Azizi-Shotorkhoft, A., Fazaeli, H., Papi, N. and Rezaei, J. (2014). Effect of different levels processed poultry manure on feed intake, digestibility, performance and rumen and blood metabolites lambs Moghani. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 45(4): 385-392. [In Persian]
· Boda, K. (Editor). (1999). Nonconventional Feedstuffs in the Nutrition of farm Animal. USA: The University of Wisconsin – Madison, Elsevier Publisher, pp: 10-22.
· Broderick, G.A. and Kang, J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 54: 1176-1183.
· Bybordi, A., Najafzadeh, N.Z. and Fateh, Y. (2007). Vermicomposting in sustainable agriculture guideline. 1st ed., Tabriz: honar1 Publications, pp: 2-26.
· Domínguez, J., Edwards C.A. and Webster, M. (2000). Vermicomposting of sewage sludge: effect of bulking materials on the growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia Andrei. Pedobiologia, 44: 24-32.
· Domínguez, J., Parmelee, R.W. and Edwards, C.A. (2003). Interactions between Eisenia Andrei (Oligochaeta) and nematode populations during vermicomposting. Pedobiologia, 47: 53-60.
· Edwards, C.A. and Arancon, N.Q. (2004). The use of earthworms in the breakdown of organic wastes to produce vermicomposts and animal feed protein. In: Earthworm Ecology. Edwards, C.A. editor. 2nd ed., USA: New York, Boca Raton, pp: 345-438.
· Edwards, C.A. and Bohlen, P.J. (1996). Biology and ecology of earthworms. 3st ed., London: Chapman and Hall, pp: 1-49.
· Elemam, M.B., Fadelelseed, A.M. and Salih, A.M. (2009). Growth performance, digestibility, N-balance and rumen fermentation of lambs fed different levels of deep-stack broiler litter. Research Journal of Animal and Veterinary Science, 4: 9-16.
· Elvira, C., Goicoechea, M., Sampedro, L., Mato, S. and Nogales, R. (1996). Bioconversion of solid paper-pulp mill sludge by earthworms. Bioresource Technology, 57: 173-177.
· Gheisari, S., Danesh, Sh., Abedini-Torghabeh, J. (2009). Applicability of Vermicomposting Process in Recycling of Vegetables Wastes (Case Study-Vegetables Wastes from the City of Mashhad). Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 16(2): 1-10. [ In Persian]
· Ghosh, M., Chattopadhyay, G. and Baral, K. (1999). Transformation of phosphorus during vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology, 69: 149-154.
· Gunadi, B. and Edwards, C.A. (2003). The effects of multiple applications of different organic wastes on the growth, fecundity and survival of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) (Lumbricidae). Pedobiologia, 47: 321-329.
· Hartenstein, R., Neuhauser, E.F. and Kaplan, D.L. (1979). Reproductive potential of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Oecologia, 43: 329-340.
· Jordan, E.R., Chapman, T.E., Holtan, D.W. and Swanson, L.V. (1983). Relationship of Dietary Crude Protein to Composition of Uterine Secretions and Blood in High-Producing Postpartum Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 66: 1854-1862.
· Kamalak, A., Canbolat, O., Gurbuz, Y. and Ozay, O. (2005). In situ ruminal dry matter and crude protein degradability of plant- and animal-derived protein sources in Southern Turkey. Small Ruminant Research, 58(2): 135-141.
· Kauffman, A.J. and Stpierre, N.R. (2001). THE Relationship of milk urea nitrogen to urine Nitrogn Excretion in Holstein and Jersey cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 84:2294-2284.
· Khan, A.A. (2006). Vermicomposting of poultry litter using Eisenia foetida. Oklahoma State University, Publication Number: 1440388, pp: 16-24.
· Klemesrud, M.J., Klopfenstein, T.J. and Lewis, A.J. (1998). Complementary responses between feather meal and poultry by-product meal with or without ruminally protected methionine and lysine in growing calves. Journal of Animal Science, 76(7): 1970-1975.
· Klemesrud, M.J., Klopfenstein, T.J., Lewis, A.J., Shain, D.H. and Herold, D.W. (1997). Limiting amino acids in meat and bone and poultry by-product meals. Journal of Animal Science, 75: 3294-3300.
· Kraidees, M.S., Al-Saiady, M.Y., Basmaeil, S.M., Al-Suwaid, A.A. and Abouheif, M.A. (1996). Effects of high concentrate and high roughage diets supplemented with broiler offal meal on efficiency of energy utilization by growing lambs. Tropical Agricultural (Trinidad), 73(4): 309-313.
· Lallo, C.H.O. and Garcia, G.W. (1994). Poultry by-product meal as a substitute for soybean meal in the diets of growing hair sheep lambs fed whole chopped sugarcane. Small Ruminant Research, 14(2): 107-114.
· Loh, T., Lee, Y., Liang, J. and Tan, D. (2005). Vermicomposting of cattle and goat manures by Eisenia foetida and their growth and reproduction performance. Bioresource Technology, 96: 111-114.
· Mabjeesh, S.J., Arieli, A., Bruckental, I., Zamwell, S. and Tagari, H. (1996). Effect of type of protein supplementation on duodenal amino acid flow and absorption in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 79: 1792-1801.
· Mehrdadfard, M. (1988). Production and Breeding earthworms. Journal Agriculture Zytoon, 73: 32-33. [ In Persian]
· Melendez, P., Donovan, A. and Hernandez, J. (2000). Milk Urea Nitrogen and Infertility in Florida Holstein Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 459-463.
· Men, B.X., Ogle, B. and Preston, T.R. (2007). Recycling organic wastes to produce earthworms as a protein supplement in diets for poultry and fish. Proceedings MEKARN Regional Conference 2007: Matching Livestock Systems with Available Resources (Editors: Reg Preston and Brian Ogle), Halong Bay, Vietnam, 25-28 November, 2007.
· Mitchell, A. (1997). Production of Eisenia fetida and vermicomposting from feed-lot cattle manure. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29: 763-766.
· Nagaraja, T.G. and Titgemeyer, E.C. (2007). Ruminal Acidosis in beef Cattle: The Current Microbiological and Nutritional Outlook. Journal of Dairy Science, 78: 17-38.
· Natarajan, N. and Devi, K.N. (2014). The use of earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae in the breakdown and management of poultry waste. Growth, 3: 40-43.
· Ndegwa, P.M. and Thompson, S. (2000). Effects of C-to-N ratio on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresource Technology, 75: 7-12.
· NRC. (1985). National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. Sixth Revised Edition, Subcommittee on Sheep Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, Nation Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
· Oltner, R., Emanuelson, M. and Wiktorsson, H. (1985). Urea concentrations in milk in relation to milk yield, live weight, lactation number and amount and composition of feed given to dairy cows. Livestock Production Science, 12: 47-57.
· Ramsey, P.B., Mathison, G.W. and Goonewardene, L.A. (2002). Effect of rates and extent of ruminal barley grain dry matter and starch disappearance on bloat, liver abscesses, and performance of feedlot steers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 97: 145-157.
· Rude, B.J., Rankins, D.L. and Dozier, W.A. (1994). Nitrogen and energy metabolism and serum constituents in lambs given poultry litter processed by three deep-stacking methods. Animal Production, 58: 95-101.
· Sadeghi, K., Taghizadeh, A., Alijani, S. and Pranian, F. (2016). Determination of chemical compositions and nutritive values of the vermicompost produced by the rumen content supplementing with cattle dung, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) and vegetable waste using in vitro gas production technique. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 26(1): 106-117. [In Persian]
· Samavat, S. (2002). Vermicomposting production of agricultural and urban waste. Soil and Water Research Institute of Tehran. Engineering Publication, 210: 15-18. [In Persion]
· SAS Institute Inc. (2003). SAS/STAT User's Guide: Version 9.1th ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
· Satchell, J.E. (1983). Earthworm microbiology. In: Earthworm ecology: From Darwin to Vermiculture. Satchell, J.E. editor, UK: London, Chapman and Hall, pp: 351-364.
· Silva, L.D.F., Ezequiel, J.M.B., Azevedo, P.S., Cattelan, J.W., Barbosa, J.C., Resende, F.D., et al. (2002). Total and partial digestion of some components of diets containing different levels of soybean hulls and nitrogen sources in steers. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 31(3): 1258-1268.
· Stewart, C.S. and Duncan, S.H. (1985). The effect of avoparcin on cellulolytic bacteria of the ovine rumen. Journal of General Microbiology, 131: 427-435.
_||_
· Al-Saiady, M.Y., Kraidees, M.S., Basmaeil, S.M., Al-Suwaid, A. and Abouheif, M.A. (1996). Effect of varying levels of poultry offal meal supplementation at two concentrate to roughage ratios on the performance of growing lambs. Journal of the King Saud University-Agricultural Sciences, 8(2): 225-234.
· Alshaikh, M.A., Salah, M.S., Kraidees, M.S., Al-Saiady, M.Y., Abouheif, M.A. and Albadeeb, S.N. (1997). Plasma concentration of thyroid hormones in lambs fed poultry offal meal in replacement of soybean meal at two energy levels. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 104 (6): 213-215.
· AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC international. AOAC international. Maryland, USA, 54: 234-239.
· Azizi-Shotorkhoft, A., Fazaeli, H., Papi, N. and Rezaei, J. (2014). Effect of different levels processed poultry manure on feed intake, digestibility, performance and rumen and blood metabolites lambs Moghani. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 45(4): 385-392. [In Persian]
· Boda, K. (Editor). (1999). Nonconventional Feedstuffs in the Nutrition of farm Animal. USA: The University of Wisconsin – Madison, Elsevier Publisher, pp: 10-22.
· Broderick, G.A. and Kang, J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 54: 1176-1183.
· Bybordi, A., Najafzadeh, N.Z. and Fateh, Y. (2007). Vermicomposting in sustainable agriculture guideline. 1st ed., Tabriz: honar1 Publications, pp: 2-26.
· Domínguez, J., Edwards C.A. and Webster, M. (2000). Vermicomposting of sewage sludge: effect of bulking materials on the growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia Andrei. Pedobiologia, 44: 24-32.
· Domínguez, J., Parmelee, R.W. and Edwards, C.A. (2003). Interactions between Eisenia Andrei (Oligochaeta) and nematode populations during vermicomposting. Pedobiologia, 47: 53-60.
· Edwards, C.A. and Arancon, N.Q. (2004). The use of earthworms in the breakdown of organic wastes to produce vermicomposts and animal feed protein. In: Earthworm Ecology. Edwards, C.A. editor. 2nd ed., USA: New York, Boca Raton, pp: 345-438.
· Edwards, C.A. and Bohlen, P.J. (1996). Biology and ecology of earthworms. 3st ed., London: Chapman and Hall, pp: 1-49.
· Elemam, M.B., Fadelelseed, A.M. and Salih, A.M. (2009). Growth performance, digestibility, N-balance and rumen fermentation of lambs fed different levels of deep-stack broiler litter. Research Journal of Animal and Veterinary Science, 4: 9-16.
· Elvira, C., Goicoechea, M., Sampedro, L., Mato, S. and Nogales, R. (1996). Bioconversion of solid paper-pulp mill sludge by earthworms. Bioresource Technology, 57: 173-177.
· Gheisari, S., Danesh, Sh., Abedini-Torghabeh, J. (2009). Applicability of Vermicomposting Process in Recycling of Vegetables Wastes (Case Study-Vegetables Wastes from the City of Mashhad). Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 16(2): 1-10. [ In Persian]
· Ghosh, M., Chattopadhyay, G. and Baral, K. (1999). Transformation of phosphorus during vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology, 69: 149-154.
· Gunadi, B. and Edwards, C.A. (2003). The effects of multiple applications of different organic wastes on the growth, fecundity and survival of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) (Lumbricidae). Pedobiologia, 47: 321-329.
· Hartenstein, R., Neuhauser, E.F. and Kaplan, D.L. (1979). Reproductive potential of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Oecologia, 43: 329-340.
· Jordan, E.R., Chapman, T.E., Holtan, D.W. and Swanson, L.V. (1983). Relationship of Dietary Crude Protein to Composition of Uterine Secretions and Blood in High-Producing Postpartum Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 66: 1854-1862.
· Kamalak, A., Canbolat, O., Gurbuz, Y. and Ozay, O. (2005). In situ ruminal dry matter and crude protein degradability of plant- and animal-derived protein sources in Southern Turkey. Small Ruminant Research, 58(2): 135-141.
· Kauffman, A.J. and Stpierre, N.R. (2001). THE Relationship of milk urea nitrogen to urine Nitrogn Excretion in Holstein and Jersey cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 84:2294-2284.
· Khan, A.A. (2006). Vermicomposting of poultry litter using Eisenia foetida. Oklahoma State University, Publication Number: 1440388, pp: 16-24.
· Klemesrud, M.J., Klopfenstein, T.J. and Lewis, A.J. (1998). Complementary responses between feather meal and poultry by-product meal with or without ruminally protected methionine and lysine in growing calves. Journal of Animal Science, 76(7): 1970-1975.
· Klemesrud, M.J., Klopfenstein, T.J., Lewis, A.J., Shain, D.H. and Herold, D.W. (1997). Limiting amino acids in meat and bone and poultry by-product meals. Journal of Animal Science, 75: 3294-3300.
· Kraidees, M.S., Al-Saiady, M.Y., Basmaeil, S.M., Al-Suwaid, A.A. and Abouheif, M.A. (1996). Effects of high concentrate and high roughage diets supplemented with broiler offal meal on efficiency of energy utilization by growing lambs. Tropical Agricultural (Trinidad), 73(4): 309-313.
· Lallo, C.H.O. and Garcia, G.W. (1994). Poultry by-product meal as a substitute for soybean meal in the diets of growing hair sheep lambs fed whole chopped sugarcane. Small Ruminant Research, 14(2): 107-114.
· Loh, T., Lee, Y., Liang, J. and Tan, D. (2005). Vermicomposting of cattle and goat manures by Eisenia foetida and their growth and reproduction performance. Bioresource Technology, 96: 111-114.
· Mabjeesh, S.J., Arieli, A., Bruckental, I., Zamwell, S. and Tagari, H. (1996). Effect of type of protein supplementation on duodenal amino acid flow and absorption in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 79: 1792-1801.
· Mehrdadfard, M. (1988). Production and Breeding earthworms. Journal Agriculture Zytoon, 73: 32-33. [ In Persian]
· Melendez, P., Donovan, A. and Hernandez, J. (2000). Milk Urea Nitrogen and Infertility in Florida Holstein Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 459-463.
· Men, B.X., Ogle, B. and Preston, T.R. (2007). Recycling organic wastes to produce earthworms as a protein supplement in diets for poultry and fish. Proceedings MEKARN Regional Conference 2007: Matching Livestock Systems with Available Resources (Editors: Reg Preston and Brian Ogle), Halong Bay, Vietnam, 25-28 November, 2007.
· Mitchell, A. (1997). Production of Eisenia fetida and vermicomposting from feed-lot cattle manure. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29: 763-766.
· Nagaraja, T.G. and Titgemeyer, E.C. (2007). Ruminal Acidosis in beef Cattle: The Current Microbiological and Nutritional Outlook. Journal of Dairy Science, 78: 17-38.
· Natarajan, N. and Devi, K.N. (2014). The use of earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae in the breakdown and management of poultry waste. Growth, 3: 40-43.
· Ndegwa, P.M. and Thompson, S. (2000). Effects of C-to-N ratio on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresource Technology, 75: 7-12.
· NRC. (1985). National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. Sixth Revised Edition, Subcommittee on Sheep Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, Nation Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
· Oltner, R., Emanuelson, M. and Wiktorsson, H. (1985). Urea concentrations in milk in relation to milk yield, live weight, lactation number and amount and composition of feed given to dairy cows. Livestock Production Science, 12: 47-57.
· Ramsey, P.B., Mathison, G.W. and Goonewardene, L.A. (2002). Effect of rates and extent of ruminal barley grain dry matter and starch disappearance on bloat, liver abscesses, and performance of feedlot steers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 97: 145-157.
· Rude, B.J., Rankins, D.L. and Dozier, W.A. (1994). Nitrogen and energy metabolism and serum constituents in lambs given poultry litter processed by three deep-stacking methods. Animal Production, 58: 95-101.
· Sadeghi, K., Taghizadeh, A., Alijani, S. and Pranian, F. (2016). Determination of chemical compositions and nutritive values of the vermicompost produced by the rumen content supplementing with cattle dung, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) and vegetable waste using in vitro gas production technique. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 26(1): 106-117. [In Persian]
· Samavat, S. (2002). Vermicomposting production of agricultural and urban waste. Soil and Water Research Institute of Tehran. Engineering Publication, 210: 15-18. [In Persion]
· SAS Institute Inc. (2003). SAS/STAT User's Guide: Version 9.1th ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
· Satchell, J.E. (1983). Earthworm microbiology. In: Earthworm ecology: From Darwin to Vermiculture. Satchell, J.E. editor, UK: London, Chapman and Hall, pp: 351-364.
· Silva, L.D.F., Ezequiel, J.M.B., Azevedo, P.S., Cattelan, J.W., Barbosa, J.C., Resende, F.D., et al. (2002). Total and partial digestion of some components of diets containing different levels of soybean hulls and nitrogen sources in steers. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 31(3): 1258-1268.
· Stewart, C.S. and Duncan, S.H. (1985). The effect of avoparcin on cellulolytic bacteria of the ovine rumen. Journal of General Microbiology, 131: 427-435.
