تأثیرات مستقیم و غیر مستقیم صفت شخصیتی خودشیفتگی ناسازگار و نگرش رقابتجویی افراطی بر نشانگان بدریختانگاری بدنی با واسطه¬گری سیستم فعالسازی/ بازداری رفتاری در دانش¬آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه دوّم
محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسیالهه طغیانی 1 , علی عیسی زادگان 2 , اسماعیل سلیمانی 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه روان¬شناسی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
2 - استاد گروه روان¬شناسی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
3 - دانشیار گروه روان¬شناسی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
کلید واژه: صفت خودشیفتگی ناسازگار, نگرش رقابتجویی افراطی, سیستم فعالسازی/ بازداری رفتاری, نشانگان بدریختانگاری بدنی, دانش¬آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه دوّم,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف پژوهش تعیین تأثیرات مستقیم و غیر مستقیم صفت شخصیتی خودشیفتگی ناسازگار و نگرش رقابتجویی افراطی بر نشانگان بدریختانگاری بدنی با واسطهگری سیستم فعالسازی/ بازداری رفتاری در دانشآموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه دوّم بود. روش پژوهش، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی و جامعۀ آماری، همۀ دانشآموزان دختر مقطع متوسطۀ دوّم زرینشهر به تعداد 2850 نفر در سال 1399 بود. 355 نفر آنها با استفاده از روش نمونهگیری خوشهای انتخاب شدند و به پرسشنامۀ شخصیت خودشیفته (Raskin &Hall, 1979)، پرسشنامۀ نگرش رقابتی (Ryckman et al, 1990)، پرسشنامۀ سیستم فعالسازی/ بازداری رفتاری (Carver & With, 1994) و پرسشنامۀ نگرانی از تصویر بدن (Littleton, Axsom & Pury, 2005) پاسخ دادند. برای تحلیل دادهها از مدلیابی معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد. اثرهای واسطهای با استفاده از روش بوتاستراپ مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. ارزیابی مدل فرضی پژوهش نشان داد مدل فرضی با مدل اندازهگیری، برازش مطلوب دارد (93/0CFI=، 90/0NFI=، 06/0(RMSEA= نتایج نشان داد صفت خودشیفتگی ناسازگار و نگرش رقابتجویی افراطی به واسطه سیستم فعالسازی رفتاری بر بدریختانگاری بدنی تأثیر معنادار دارد (01/0P<). یافتههای پژوهش از مدل فرضی برای بدریختانگاری بدنی، حمایت کرد .به طور کلی نتایج نشان داد رابطۀ معناداری بین صفت شخصیت خودشیفتگی، نگرش رقابتجویی افراطی، سیستم فعالساز رفتاری و نشانگان بدریختانگاری بدنی وجود دارد و صفت خودشیفتگی ناسازگار و نگرش رقابتجویی افراطی از طریق سیستم فعالساز رفتاری، قادر به پیشبینی معنادار نشانگان بدریختانگاری بدنی دانشآموزان دختر است. توجه به نیازهای روانشناختی دانشآموزان دختر دارای نشانگان بدریختانگاری بدنی، آگاهیبخشی، آموزش و مداخلههای لازم توسط متولیان حوزۀ آموزش و سلامت، میتواند این دختران و جامعه را در مسیر سلامت قرار دهد.
The purpose of study was to investigate the direct and indirect effects of maladaptive narcissistic trait, hypercompetitiveness attitude, on body dysmorphic syndrome with the moderating role of behavioral activation / inhibition system among female secondary highschool student. The research method is descriptive correlational and the research population consisted of all female secondary high school students (N=2850) in Zarrinshahr in 2020. 355 participants were selected through cluster sampling. The participants answered the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16) (Raskin & Hall; 1979), Competitive Attitude Scale (CAS) (Ryckman et. Al., 1990), Behavioral Activation Inhibition System Scale (Carver & White, 1994) and Body Image Concern Questionnaire (BICI) (Littelton, Axome & Puri, 2005). The proposed model was evaluated using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The mediating variables’ effects was tested through bootstrapping. The evaluation of the hypothetical model of the research showed that the hypothetical model fits with the measurement model (CFI= 0.93, NFI= 0.90 and RMSEA= 0.06). Results showed that maladaptive narcissistic trait and hypocompetitiveness attitude through behavioral activation / inhibition system have a significant effect on body dysmorphic syndrome (p<0.01). Research findings supported the hypothetical model for body dysmorphic syndrome. So result demonstrated that behavioral activating system is a good mediator between maladaptive narcissism and hypercompetitiveness with body dysmorphic disorder among female secondary high school students. Pay attention to psychological needs of female secondary high school students with body dysmorphic syndrome and the awareness, trainings and interventions by those in charge of education and health can put them and the community on the path to health.
Arji, M., Borjali, A., Sohrabi, F., & Farrokhi, N.A. (2016). Role of perfectionism and body image in the prediction of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology, 3(3), 62-65. (In Persian)
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, 5th. ed. USA: American Psychiatric Association. (In Persian)
Abdollahi Majareshin, R., Bakhshipour, A., &Mahmoud Alilou, M. (2010). The relationship between personality traits of behavioural inhibition/ activation systems and conceptual implicit memory bias based on the Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP) framework. Journal of Psychological Studies, 6(1), 57-88. (In Persian)
Amiri, S., Soleimani, A., & Rafiei, Z. (2017). The role of personality dimensions based on brain / behavioral systems in adolescents' internalization and externalization disorders. Two Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology and Personality (Behavior Scholar), 15(2), 145-155. (In Persian)
Amiri, S., & Hassani, J. (2011). Assessment of psychometric properties of behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition systems (BIS) scale associated with impulsivity and anxiety. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 23(144), 68-70. (In Persian)
Ames, D.R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C.P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4), 440-450.
Beigi Dehaghi, A.M., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2021). Narcissistic personality features and social trust: the mediating roles of the dangerous and competitive social worldviews. Psychological Topics, 30(1), 57-75. (In Persian)
Bąk, W., Dutkiewicz, D.N., & Kutnik, J. (2020). Self-standards in late adulthood. Perceived health as a moderator of the relationship between self-discrepancy and affect. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 51(3), 177-188,
Brown, A.A., & Freis, S.D. (2019). Assuming the worst: hostile attribution bias in vulnerable narcissists. Self and Identity Journal, 20(2), 152-164.
Basharpoor, S., Molavi, P., Barahmand, U., & Mousavi, S.A. (2014). The relationship between behavioral activation/ inhibition systems (BAS/BIS) and bullying/ victimization behaviors among male adolescents. Iran Journal of Psychiatry, 8(3), 118-123. (In Persian)
Bassaknejad, S., & Ghaffari, M. (2007). Relationship between fear of dysmorphic disorder and mental disorders in students. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1(2), 179-187. (In Persian)
Corr, P.J. (2002). Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory: tests of the joint subsystems hypothesis of anxiety and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(4), 511–32.
Campbell-Sills, L., Liverant, G.I., & Brown, T.A. (2004). Psychometric evaluation of behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation scales in a large sample of outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders. Psychological Assessment. 16(3), 144-254.
Carver, C.S., & White, T.L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319–333
Dehestani, M., Azizi, Z., & Mahdavi, S.A. (2018). The effectiveness of group therapy schemas on body dysmorfy syndrome and early maladaptive schemas in female students with overweight anxiety. Thought and Behavior, 12(47), 47-56. (In Persian)
Esnaashari, N., Bakhshayesh A.R., & Afshani A.R. (2014). The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in female adolescents of Yazd. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 22(3), 1237-45. (In Persian)
Farah Bijari, A., Peyvastegar, M., & ZarifJalali, Z. (2014). Comparison of dimensions of self-concept and adaptation in adaptive and maladaptive narcissists. Psychological Studies, 9(4), 127-99. (In Persian)
Fang, A., Matheny, N.L., & Wilhelm, S. (2014). Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 37(3), 287–300
Fülöp, M., & Orosz, G. (2015). State of the art in competition research,” in emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: An Interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable resource. (pp. 1–15). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0317,
Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M.C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(1), 7-22.
Gray, J. A., & Mc Naughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: an enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford University Press
Heydari, M., Eskandari, H., Nezarat, H., Mojadam, M., Sarvandian, S., Shabani, S., & Azar, M. (2015). Analytical study of body image fear and aggression in male and female high school students. Journal of Urmia School of Nursing and Midwifery, 14(10), 837-846. (In Persian)
Hojecki, K.A. (2014). The effect of competitiveness on person perception: an experimental study. Honors Program Theses.Paper 11.
Habibi, M., Alahdadi, S., Mohammadi, L., & Ghanbari, N.(2019). Psychometric properties of behavioral activation/inhibition systems (BAS/BIS) in dependent people with drug and alcohol. Journal of Health, 10(1), 58-72.
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319–340.
Horney, K. (1937). Neurotic personality of our time. New York, NY: WW Norton and Company.
Jani, S., & Hajlou, n. (2019). The role of behavioral activation system and behavioral inhibition system in predicting psychological problems of cancer patients. Journal of Cancer Care, 1(2), 62-55. (In Persian)
Jorgensen, L., Castle, D., Roberts, C., & Groth-Marnat, G. (2001). A clinical validation of the dysmorphic concern questionnaire. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35(1), 124-128.
Khodabakhsh, M.R., & Kiani, F. (2014). Body image disturbance and perfectionism as predictor’s factors of disordered eating behavior among female students. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2(4.3), 399-406. (In Persian)
Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Second Edition, New York: The Guilford Press.
Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A.D. (2018). The narcissism spectrum model: a synthetic view of narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(1), 3 –31.
Khanzadeh, M., Beshlideh, K., Hamid, N., & Marashi, S.A. (2017). Design and test a model of the antecedents of body dysmorfy symptoms in students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 85-99. (In Persian)
Khanjani, Z., & Bahadorikhosroshahi, J. (2014). The prediction of general health on the basis of body image, life stress and personality characteristics. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 15(4),40-47. (In Persian)
Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. New York: International University Press.
Littleton, H., Axsom, D., &Pury, C. (2005). Development of the body image concern inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(2), 229-41.
Littleton, H., & Breitkopf, C.R. (2008). The body image concern inventory: validation in a multiethnic sample and initial development of a Spanish language version. Body Image, 5(4), 381–388
Leary, M.R. (1983). A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 371–375.
Lundgren, J.D., Anderson, D.A., & Thompson, J.K. (2004). Fear of negative appearance evaluation: development and evaluation of a new construct for riskfactor work in the field of eating disorders. Eating Behavior, 5(1), 75-84.
Lannin, D.G., Guyll, M., Krizan, Z., Madon, S., & Cornish, M. (2014). When are grandiose and vulnerable narcissists least helpful? Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 127-132
Maheronnaghsh, F., Naderi, F., Bakhtiyarpor, S., & Safarzadeh, S. (2020). Compare effectiveness mind sport training and acceptance commitment therapy on psychological distress and fear of self among people have body dismorphic. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 8(3), 118-131. (In Persian)
Mason, T.B., Smith, K.E., Engwall, A., Lass, A., Mead, M., Sorby, M., Bjorlie, K., Strauman, T.J., & Wonderlich, S. (2019). Self-Discrepancy theory as a transdiagnostic framework: a meta-analysis of self-discrepancy and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 372-389.
Menesini, E., Tassi, F., & Nocentini, A. (2018). The competitive attitude scale (CAS): a multidimensional measure of competitiveness in adolescence. Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychiatry, 9(3), 240‒244.
Miller, J.D., Price, J., Gentile, B., Lynam, D.R., & Campbell, W.K. (2012). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism from the perspective of the interpersonal circumplex. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(4), 507-512.
Mohammadzadeh, A. (2010). Iranian validation of the narcissistic personality inventory-16. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 4(44), 274-281. (In Persian)
Orosz, G., Tóth-Király, E., Büki, N., Ivaskevics, K., B˝othe, B., & Fülöp, M. (2018). The four faces of competition: the development of the multidimensional competitive orientation inventory. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(779), 1-16.
Pourkaveh Dehkordi, E., Khanmohammadi Otaghsara, A., & Abbasi Asfajir, A.A. (2020). Metaanalysis of the causes of Iranian women’s tendency to cosmetic surgery. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(2), 7-24. (In Persian)
Raskin, R.N., & Hall, C.S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590-598.
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 890–902
Ryckman, R.M., Hammer, M., Kaczor, L.M., & Gold, J.A. (1990). Construction of a hypercompetitive attitude scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3-4), 620-629.
Samadian, S.h, KoochakEntezar, R., Baghdasaryans, A., & GhanbariPanah, A. (2019). Structural equation modeling of the relationship between personality traits and perceived stress with body image concerns in cosmetic surgery applicants. Skin and Beauty, 10(2), 81-93. (In Persian)
Solomon-Krakus, S., Sabiston, C.M., Brunet, J., Castonguay, A.L., Maximova, K., & Henderson, M. (2017). Body image self-discrepancy and depressive symptoms among early adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(1), 38–43.
Santana, M.L.P., de Cássia R.S., Assis, A.M.O., Raich, R.M., Machado, M.E.P.C., De J. Pinto, E., De Moraes, L.T.L.P., & Ribeiro Junior, H.C. (2013). Factors associated with body image dissatisfaction among adolescents in public schools students in Salvador, Brazil. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 28(3), 747-756.
Toh. W.L., Grace, S.A., Rossell, S.L., Castle, D.J., & Phillipou, A. (2019). Body parts of clinical concern in anorexia nervosa versus body dysmorphic disorder: a cross-diagnostic comparison. Australasian Psychiatry, 28(2), 134-139.
Wolf, E.J., Harrington, K.M., Clark, S.L., & Miller, M.W. (2013). Sample size requirements for structural equation models: An evaluation of power, bias, and solution propriety. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73(6), 913-934.
Wilhelm, S., Phillips, K.A., Greenberg, J.L., O’Keefe, S.M., Hoeppner, S.S., Keshaviah, A., Sarvode-Mothi, S., & Schoenfeld, D.A. (2019). Efficacy and posttreatment effects of therapist-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy vs supportive psychotherapy for adults with body dysmorphic disorder a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 363-373