Optimization Planning Model for Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction Via Renewable Energy Switch in a Coal Power Station

Subject Areas : Economics

S. Siti Hafshar ¹ , A. Johari ² , H. Hashim ³ , Saeed Ahmed ⁴

1 - Instrumentation and Control Engineering Section, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology (MITEC), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia,
2 - Centre of Hydrogen Energy (CHE), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
3 - Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
4 - Department of Chemical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Nigeria.

Received: 2022-06-29 Accepted : 2022-08-31 Published : 2022-09-01

Keywords: Solar Energy, Renewable Energy, emissions, Electricity generation,

Abstract :

Stable economy status has made many foreign investors invested in various industries sectors in Malaysia. Therefore, rapid development of industrial sector has caused the energy demand to increase tremendously year by year. To continue attract foreign investors, Malaysia has taken various efforts to maintain economic stability by developing a sustainable energy sector to ensure electricity demand is sufficient for industries with less cost, reliable supply, and also less impact to the environment. However, over dependence on fossil fuels as the main energy source could not guarantee the energy security and also could evoke issues of environmental problem mainly the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in the atmosphere. In this study, a linear programming model and mixed integer linear programming optimization model under carbon constraints was developed to address issue of rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2 from energy sector. The developed model was able to determine the optimum energy sources mix which is most economical and to satisfy the forecasted electricity demand at Tanjung Bin Power Station (TBPS) in Iskandar Malaysia region. The model includes energy source switching and analyzing different renewable energy technologies such as biomass system, biogas system, solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) plant in power generation. The applicability of the model was tested on various CO2 emission reduction targets which is at 6, 25, 40 and 50 % under several scenarios either without or with government subsidy. The results in this study indicated that the optimum energy source mix for TBPS is the mix of coal and solar energy (mainly solar thermal for without government subsidy and solar PV for with government subsidy). The results show that with government subsidy, the electricity tariff was acceptable for the consumers. The average electricity tariff at 6, 25, 40 and 50 % CO2 emission reduction is RM 0.35, RM 0.44, RM 0.51 and RM 0.57 per kWh, respectively. Increase of CO2 emission reduction show increase in electricity tariff compared to current tariff at RM 0.21 per kWh. Finally, by applying energy source switching, TBPS can significantly reduce CO2 emission by avoiding 1.00 Mt of CO2 emission at 6 % of CO2 emission reduction, 4.14 Mt of CO2 emission at 25 % of CO2 emission reduction, 6.63 Mt of CO2 emission at 40 % of CO2 emission reduction, and 8.28 Mt of CO2 emission at 50 % of CO2 emission reduction by 2030.

References:

Anwar, A., Younis, M. and Ullah, I. (2020). Impact of urbanization and economic growth on CO₂ emission: a case of Far East Asian Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17: 1-8.

Arasto, A., Tsupari, E., Karki, J., Sormunen, R., Korpinen, T. and Hujanen, S. (2014). Feasibility of significant CO₂ emission reductions in thermal power plants – comparison of biomass and CCS. Energy Procedia 63: 6745 – 6755.

Bernama. (2019). No electricity tariff surcharge for domestic consumers in January-June 2020. Available from: https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/no-electricity-tariff-surcharge-domestic-consumers-januaryjune-2020. [4 December 2019].

Boden, T.A., Marland, G., and Andres, R.J. (2017). National CO₂ emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacture, and gas flaring: 1751-2014. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, doi 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2017.

Chouhan, B. S., Rao, K. V. S. and Saxena, B. K. (2017). Reduction in carbon dioxide emissions due to wind power generation in India. International Conference on Smart Technologies for Smart Nation (SmartTechCon). August 17 – 19, 2017. Bangalore, India.

DOE, Department of Environment. (2007). Impak. Issue 4. Available from: <http://www.doe.gov.my>. [1 September 2013].

Energy Commission. (2017a). Peninsular Malaysia Electricity Supply Outlook 2017. Published by Energy Commission, Putrajaya, Malaysia. Available from: <https://www.st.gov.my/en/contents/publications/outlook/Peninsular%20Malaysia%20Electricity%20Supply%20Outlook%202017.pdf>. [29 March 2018).

European Commission. (2019). Fossil CO₂ and GHG emissions of all world countries. Available from: < https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/booklet2019/Fossil_CO2andGHG_emissions_of_all_world_countries_booklet_2019report.pdf >. [15 November 2020].

Gelman, R., Logan, J. and Max, D. (2014). Carbon mitigation from fuel-switching in the U.S. power sector: state, regional and national potentials. Electricity Journal 27(7):63-72.

ICQI. (2021). Developing countries list. Available from: < https://icqi.org/developing-countries-list/>. [11 January 2021].

IEA. (2016). Reducing emissions from fossil-fired generation; Indonesia, Malaysia and Viet Nam. Paris, France. Available from: <https://www.iea.org/publications/insights/insightpublications/ReducingEmissionsfromFossilFiredGeneration.pdf>. [29 November 2017].

Investopedia. (2019). Top 25 developed and developing countries. Available from:< https://www.investopedia.com/updates/top-developing-countries/>. [17 September 2020].

IPCC (2014). Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Exit Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Li, Z. and Zhao, J. (2017). Environmental effects of carbon taxes: a review and case study. World Journal of Social Science 4 (2): 7-11.

Martunus, Othman, M. R., Zakaria, R. and Fernando, W. J. N. (2008). CO₂ emission and carbon capture for coal fired power plants in Malaysia and Indonesia. International Conference on Environment (ICENV 2008).

Muis, Z. A., Hashim, H., Manan, Z. A. and Taha, F. M.  (2008). Optimal electricity generation mix with carbon dioxide constraint. Conference on IGCES. December 23 – 24, 2008. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.

Muis, Z. A., Hashim, H., Manan, Z. A., Taha, F. M. and Douglas, P. L. (2010). Optimal planning of renewable energy-integrated electricity generation schemes with CO₂ reduction target. Renewable Energy 35:2562-2570.

PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. (2016). Trends in global CO₂ emissions: 2016 report. Available from: <https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi3obGottXcAhVLWysKHfY1C6AQFjADegQIABAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fedgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu%2Fnews_docs%2Fjrc-2016-trends-in-global-co2-emissions-2016-report-103425.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1EekZzG-MCaDLxE4Q7GPwr>. [10 May 2017].

Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2019). CO₂ emissions. Available from: < https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions>. [1 October 2020].

Tanjung Bin Power Station. (2014). Study visit. 22 October 2014.

TJSB, Teknik Janakuasa Sdn. Bhd. (2008). Tanjung Bin power plant. Available from:  <http://www.tjsb.com>. [1 May 2011].

TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad). (2019). TARIF & ICPT. Available from:< https://www.tnb.com.my/faq/bm-tarif/>. [1 September 2019].

Torcat, A. B. and Almansoori, A. (2015). Multi-period optimization model for the UAE power sector. Energy Procedia 75: 2791 – 2797.

Winyuchakrit, P., Limmeechokchai, B., Matsuoka, Y., Gomi, K., Kainuma, M., Fujino, J. and Suda, M. (2011). Thailand's low-carbon scenario 2030: analyses of demand side CO₂ mitigation options. Energy for Sustainable Development 15:460–466.

Zubir, A. A. M., Rusli, N. S., Abbas, F. M., Alkarkhi and Yusup, Y. (2017). Emission inventory for power plants and passenger cars in Peninsular Malaysia for the years 2008-2014. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2017).