The Effects of Cinnamon on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Subject Areas : Journal of Medicinal Herbs, "J. Med Herb" (Formerly known as Journal of Herbal Drugs or J. Herb Drug)Mehrdad Ostadpoor 1 , Majid Gholami-Ahangaran 2 , Seyyed Hossein Heidari 3
1 - Graduated of Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Irán;
2 - Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran;
3 - Graduated of Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Irán;
Keywords: Cinnamon, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Women diseases,
Abstract :
Background & Aim: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major endocrine disorder in young age women affecting their health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and their mental well-being as well. In this review, the authors discuss the effect of cinnamon as an herbal medicine on PCOS in humans and introduce the advantages and efficacy of these herbs on the control of this problem.Experimental: In this review, the authors searched the main related keywords e.g. polycystic, and cinnamon in main biological data centers e.g. Science Direct, Pubmed and Google Scholar. Then, the authors classified articles and only discussed the valid full papers in different categories.Results: The study of papers related to the effect of cinnamon on polycystic ovary syndrome revealed that this herb can control this problem via some route e.g., by control of triglyceride and cholesterol to diminish risk factors of fat deposition and by inhibitory effects on oxidative cascade decreasing the cystic formation process.Recommended applications/industries: The review proposed the positive effect of cinnamon on the control of PCOS in humans. Therefore, supplementary cinnamon on feed can diminish PCOS via some metabolic cycle.
References:
Abdeen, A., Abdelkader, A., Abdo, M., Wareth, G., Aboubakr, M., Aleya, L. and Abdel-Daim, M. 2019. Protective effect of cinnamon against acetaminophen-mediated cellular damage and apoptosis in renal tissue. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(1): 240-249.
Adams, J.M., Taylor, A.E., Crowley Jr, W.F. and Hall, J.E. 2004. Polycystic ovarian morphology with regular ovulatory cycles: insights into the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(9):4343-4350.
Ainehchi, N., Khaki, A., Farshbaf-Khalili, A., Hammadeh, M. and Ouladsahebmadarek, E. 2019. The effectiveness of herbal mixture supplements with and without clomiphene citrate in comparison to clomiphene citrate on serum antioxidants and glycemic biomarkers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome willing to be pregnant: a randomized clinical trial. Biomolecules, 9(6): 215.
Akilen, R., Tsiami, A., Devendra, D. and Robinson, N. 2012. Cinnamon in glycaemic control: Systematic review and meta analysis. Clinical Nutrition, 31(5): 609-615.
Al Khaduri, M., Al Farsi, Y., Al Najjar, T.A.A. and Gowri, V. 2014. Hospital-based prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome among Omani women. Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 19(2):135-138.
Albu, D. and Albu, A. 2019. The relationship between anti-Müllerian hormone serum level and body mass index in a large cohort of infertile patients. Endocrine, 63(1):157-163.
Al-Gubory, K.H., Fowler, P.A. and Garrel, C. 2010. The roles of cellular reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and antioxidants in pregnancy outcomes. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 42(10):1634-1650.
Allen, R.W., Schwartzman, E., Baker, W.L., Coleman, C.I. and Phung, O.J. 2013. Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Annals of Family Medicine, 11(5):452-459.
Archibong, A.E., Rideout, M.L., Harris, K.J. and Ramesh, A. 2018. Oxidative stress in reproductive toxicology. Current opinion in toxicology, 7:95-101.
Azziz, R. ed. 2007. The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Current Concepts on Pathogenesis and Clinical Care. Endocrine Updates. Springer.
Azziz, R., Carmina, E., Dewailly, D., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Escobar-Morreale, H.F., Futterweit, W., Janssen, O.E., Legro, R.S., Norman, R.J., Taylor, A.E. and Witchel, S.F. 2009. Task Force on the Phenotype of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome of The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril, 91(2):456-488.
Azziz, R., Carmina, E., Dewailly, D., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Escobar-Morreale, H.F., Futterweit, W., Janssen, O.E., Legro, R.S., Norman, R.J., Taylor, A.E. and Witchel, S.F. 2006. Criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an androgen excess society guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 91(11):4237-4245.
Baldani, D.P., Skrgatic, L. and Ougouag, R. 2015. Polycystic ovary syndrome: important underrecognised cardiometabolic risk factor in reproductive-age women. International journal of endocrinology, 2015.
Balen, A.H. 2017. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, 19(2):119-129.
Borzoei, A., Rafraf, M. and Asghari-Jafarabadi, M. 2018a. Cinnamon improves metabolic factors without detectable effects on adiponectin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 27(3):556-563.
Borzoei, A., Rafraf, M., Niromanesh, S., Farzadi, L., Narimani, F. and Doostan, F. 2018b. Effects of cinnamon supplementation on antioxidant status and serum lipids in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 8(1):128-133.
Cajas, Y.N., Cañón-Beltrán, K., Ladrón de Guevara, M., Millán de la Blanca, M.G., Ramos-Ibeas, P., Gutiérrez-Adán, A., Rizos, D. and González, E.M. 2020. Antioxidant nobiletin enhances oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development and quality. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(15): 5340.
Carvalho, L.M., Dos Reis, F.M., Candido, A.L., Nunes, F.F., Ferreira, C.N. and Gomes, K.B. 2018. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as a systemic disease with multiple molecular pathways: a narrative review. Endocrine Regulations, 52(4):208-221.
Costello, M.F., Shrestha, B., Eden, J., Johnson, N.P. and Sjoblom, P. 2007. Metformin versus oral contraceptive pill in polycystic ovary syndrome: a Cochrane review. Human Reproduction, 22(5):1200-1209.
Deepika, M.L., Nalini, S., Maruthi, G., Ramchander, V., Ranjith, K., Latha, K.P., Rani, V.U. and Jahan, P. 2014. Analysis of oxidative stress status through MN test and serum MDA levels in PCOS women. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS, 17(4):574-577.
Deligeoroglou, E., Kouskouti, C. and Christopoulos, P. 2009. The role of genes in the polycystic ovary syndrome: predisposition and mechanisms. Gynecological Endocrinology, 25(9):603-609.
Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. and Dunaif, A. 2012. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocrine reviews, 33(6):981-1030.
Dou, L., Zheng, Y., Li, L., Gui, X., Chen, Y., Yu, M. and Guo, Y. 2018. The effect of cinnamon on polycystic ovary syndrome in a mouse model. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 16(1):1-10.
Dumesic, D.A., Oberfield, S.E., Stener-Victorin, E., Marshall, J.C., Laven, J.S. and Legro, R.S. 2015. Scientific statement on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine reviews, 36(5):487-525.
Ehrmann, D.A. 2005. Polycystic ovary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(12):1223-1236.
Elcocks, E.R., Spencer‐Phillips, P.T.N. and Adukwu, E.C. 2020. Rapid bactericidal effect of cinnamon bark essential oil against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of applied microbiology, 128(4):1025-1037.
El-Hack, A., Mohamed, E., Alagawany, M., Abdel-Moneim, A.M.E., Mohammed, N.G., Khafaga, A.F., Bin-Jumah, M., Othman, S.I., Allam, A.A. and Elnesr, S.S. 2020. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) oil as a potential alternative to antibiotics in poultry. Antibiotics, 9(5): 210.
Elshopakey, G.E. and Elazab, S.T. 2021. Cinnamon aqueous extract attenuates diclofenac sodium and oxytetracycline mediated hepato-renal toxicity and modulates oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and inflammation in male albino rats. Veterinary Sciences, 8(1): 9.
Escobar-Morreale, H.F. 2018. Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(5):270-284.
Flannery, C.A., Rackow, B., Cong, X., Duran, E., Selen, D.J. and Burgert, T.S. 2013. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence: impaired glucose tolerance occurs across the spectrum of BMI. Pediatric diabetes, 14(1):42-49.
Ganie, M.A., Marwaha, R.K., Aggarwal, R. and Singh, S. 2010. High prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome characteristics in girls with euthyroid chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: a case–control study. European journal of endocrinology, 162(6):1117-1122.
Goel, B. and Mishra, S. 2020. Medicinal and nutritional perspective of cinnamon: A mini-review. Eur. J. Med. Plants, 31:10-16.
González, F., Rote, N.S., Minium, J. and Kirwan, J.P. 2006. Reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress in the development of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 91(1):336-340.
Goodarzi, M.O., Dumesic, D.A., Chazenbalk, G. and Azziz, R. 2011. Polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis. Nature reviews endocrinology, 7(4):219-231.
Gooding, H.C., Milliren, C., Paul, M.S., Mansfield, M.J. and DiVasta, A. 2014. Diagnosing dysglycemia in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of adolescent health, 55(1):79-84.
Goyal, A. and Ganie, M.A. 2018. Idiopathic hyperprolactinemia presenting as polycystic ovary syndrome in identical twin sisters: A case report and literature review. Cureus, 10(7): 100-110.
Gupta, M., Singh, D., Toppo, M., Priya, A., Sethia, S. and Gupta, P. 2018. A cross sectional study of polycystic ovarian syndrome among young women in Bhopal, Central India. Int J Community Med Public Health, 5(1):95-100.
Hafizur, R.M., Hameed, A., Shukrana, M., Raza, S.A., Chishti, S., Kabir, N. and Siddiqui, R.A. 2015. Cinnamic acid exerts anti-diabetic activity by improving glucose tolerance in vivo and by stimulating insulin secretion in vitro. Phytomedicine, 22(2):297-300.
Hajimonfarednejad, M., Nimrouzi, M., Heydari, M., Zarshenas, M.M., Raee, M.J. and Jahromi, B.N. 2018. Insulin resistance improvement by cinnamon powder in polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized double‐blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 32(2):276-283.
Hajimonfarednejad, M., Ostovar, M., Raee, M.J., Hashempur, M.H., Mayer, J.G. and Heydari, M. 2019. Cinnamon: A systematic review of adverse events. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2):594-602.
Hayes, M.G., Urbanek, M., Ehrmann, D.A., Armstrong, L.L., Lee, J.Y., Sisk, R., Karaderi, T., Barber, T.M., McCarthy, M.I., Franks, S. and Lindgren, C.M. 2015. Genome-wide association of polycystic ovary syndrome implicates alterations in gonadotropin secretion in European ancestry populations. Nature communications, 6(1):1-13.
Heibashy M, Mazen G, Shahin M. 2013. Metabolic Changes and Hormonal Disturbances in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Rats and the Amelioration Effects of Metformin and/or Cinnamon Extraction. Journal of American Sciences, 9 (12): 54-p62.
Hyderali, B.N. and Mala, K. 2015. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular complications in polycystic ovarian syndrome. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 191 :15-22.
Imparl-Radosevich, J., Deas, S., Polansky, M.M., Baedke, D.A., Ingebritsen, T.S., Anderson, R.A. and Graves, D.J. 1998. Regulation of PTP-1 and insulin receptor kinase by fractions from cinnamon: implications for cinnamon regulation of insulin signalling. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 50(3): 177-182.
Khalisyaseen, O. and Mohammed, M.T. 2021. Identification Of Some Antioxidant Active Compounds In True Cinnamon (Cinnamomm Zeylanicum) Bark Extract. vol, 8 :7565-7577.
Khan, A., Safdar, M., Ali Khan, M.M., Khattak, K.N. and Anderson, R.A. 2003. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care, 26(12) :3215-3218.
Khare, P., Jagtap, S., Jain, Y., Baboota, R.K., Mangal, P., Boparai, R.K., Bhutani, K.K., Sharma, S.S., Premkumar, L.S., Kondepudi, K.K. and Chopra, K. 2016. Cinnamaldehyde supplementation prevents fasting‐induced hyperphagia, lipid accumulation, and inflammation in high‐fat diet‐fed mice. Biofactors, 42(2) :201-211.
Khodaeifar, F., Fazljou, S.M.B., Khaki, A., Torbati, M., Madarek, E.O.S., Khaki, A.A., Shokoohi, M. and Dalili, A.H. 2019. Investigating the role of hydroalcoholic extract of Apium graveolens and Cinnamon zeylanicum on metabolically change and ovarian oxidative injury in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Womens Health Reprod Sci, 7(1): 92-98.
Kim, S.H. and Choung, S.Y. 2010. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic action of Cinnamomi Cassiae (Cinnamon bark) extract in C57BL/Ks db/db mice. Archives of pharmacal research, 33(2): 325-333.
Kleefstra, N., Logtenberg, S.J., Groenier, K.H. and Bilo, H.J. 2012. Cinnamon in glycaemic control: Systematic review and meta analysis. Clinical Nutrition, 31(5): 776.
Kort, D.H. and Lobo, R.A. 2014. Preliminary evidence that cinnamon improves menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 211(5): 487-e1.
Kuşçu, N.K. and Var, A. 2009. Oxidative stress but not endothelial dysfunction exists in non-obese, young group of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 88(5): 612-617.
Laven, J.S., Mulders, A.G., Visser, J.A., Themmen, A.P., De Jong, F.H. and Fauser, B.C. 2004. Anti-Mullerian hormone serum concentrations in normoovulatory and anovulatory women of reproductive age. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(1): 318-323.
Lee, S.C., Xu, W.X., Lin, L.Y., Yang, J.J. and Liu, C.T. 2013. Chemical composition and hypoglycemic and pancreas-protective effect of leaf essential oil from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 61(20): 4905-4913.
Legro, R.S. 2012, December. Obesity and PCOS: implications for diagnosis and treatment. In Seminars in reproductive medicine (Vol. 30, No. 06: 496-506). Thieme Medical Publishers.
Li, A.L., Li, G.H., Li, Y.R., Wu, X.Y., Ren, D.M., Lou, H.X., Wang, X.N. and Shen, T. 2019. Lignan and flavonoid support the prevention of cinnamon against oxidative stress related diseases. Phytomedicine, 53: 143-153.
Li, L., Chen, X., He, Z., Zhao, X., Huang, L. and Yang, D. 2012. Clinical and metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 25(6): 390-395.
Lu, J., Wang, Z., Cao, J., Chen, Y. and Dong, Y. 2018. A novel and compact review on the role of oxidative stress in female reproduction. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 16(1): 1-18.
Maleki, V., Faghfouri, A.H., Tabrizi, F.P.F., Moludi, J., Saleh-Ghadimi, S., Jafari-Vayghan, H. and Qaisar, S.A. 2021. Mechanistic and therapeutic insight into the effects of cinnamon in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. Journal of ovarian research, 14(1): 1-14.
Mang, B., Wolters, M., Schmitt, B., Kelb, K., Lichtinghagen, R., Stichtenoth, D.O. and Hahn, A. 2006. Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA1c, and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2. European journal of clinical investigation, 36(5): 340-344.
Medagama, A.B. 2015. The glycaemic outcomes of Cinnamon, a review of the experimental evidence and clinical trials. Nutrition journal, 14(1): 1-12.
Mehrpouri, M., Hamidpour, R., Hamidpour, M. and Hamidpour, M. 2020. Cinnamon inhibits platelet function and improves cardiovascular system. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 19(73): 1-11.
Mohammadi, M. 2019. Oxidative stress and polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief review. International journal of preventive medicine, 10: 100-110.
Moran, C., Tena, G., Moran, S., Ruiz, P., Reyna, R. and Duque, X. 2010a. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome and related disorders in mexican women. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation, 69(4): 274-280.
Moran, L.J., Misso, M.L., Wild, R.A. and Norman, R.J. 2010b. Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 16(4): 347-363.
Murri, M., Luque-Ramírez, M., Insenser, M., Ojeda-Ojeda, M. and Escobar-Morreale, H.F. 2013. Circulating markers of oxidative stress and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 19(3): 268-288.
Nidhi, R., Padmalatha, V., Nagarathna, R. and Amritanshu, R. 2011. Prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome in Indian adolescents. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 24(4): 223-227.
Pellatt, L., Rice, S. and Mason, H.D. 2010. Anti-Müllerian hormone and polycystic ovary syndrome: a mountain too high?. Reproduction, 139(5): 825-833.
Pigny, P., Merlen, E., Robert, Y., Cortet-Rudelli, C., Decanter, C., Jonard, S. and Dewailly, D. 2003. Elevated serum level of anti-mullerian hormone in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship to the ovarian follicle excess and to the follicular arrest. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(12): 5957-5962.
Pongsumpun, P., Iwamoto, S. and Siripatrawan, U. 2020. Response surface methodology for optimization of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion with improved stability and antifungal activity. Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 60: 104604.
Puttabyatappa, M. and Padmanabhan, V. 2018. Ovarian and extra-ovarian mediators in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of molecular endocrinology, 61(4): R161-R184.
Qin, B., Nagasaki, M., Ren, M., Bajotto, G., Oshida, Y. and Sato, Y. 2004. Cinnamon extract prevents the insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet. Hormone and metabolic research, 36(02): 119-125.
Qin, B., Nagasaki, M., Ren, M., Bajotto, G., Oshida, Y. and Sato, Y. 2003. Cinnamon extract (traditional herb) potentiates in vivo insulin-regulated glucose utilization via enhancing insulin signaling in rats. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 62(3): 139-148.
Qin, B., Panickar, K.S. and Anderson, R.A. 2010. Cinnamon: potential role in the prevention of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 4(3): 685-693.
Radhia, K., Zakkia, K. and Shah, S.H. 2010. Cinnamon may reduce glucose, lipid and cholesterol level in type 2 diabetic individuals. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9(5): 430-433.
Ranasinghe, P., Pigera, S., Premakumara, G.A., Galappaththy, P., Constantine, G.R. and Katulanda, P. 2013. Medicinal properties of ‘true’cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): a systematic review. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 13(1): 1-10.
Randeva, H.S., Tan, B.K., Weickert, M.O., Lois, K., Nestler, J.E., Sattar, N. and Lehnert, H. 2012. Cardiometabolic aspects of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine reviews, 33(5): 812-841.
Rao, P.V. and Gan, S.H. 2014. Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014.
Raperport, C. and Homburg, R. 2019. The source of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clinical Medicine Insights: Reproductive Health, 13: 1179558119871467.
Rehme, M.F.B., Pontes, A.G., Goldberg, T.B.L., Corrente, J.E. and Pontes, A. 2013. Clinical manifestations, biochemical, ultrasonographic and metabolic of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 35: 249-254.
Rosenfield, R.L. and Ehrmann, D.A. 2016. The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the hypothesis of PCOS as functional ovarian hyperandrogenism revisited. Endocrine reviews, 37(5): 467-520.
Salehpour, S., Setavand, S. and Onsori, S. 2015. A double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of cinnamon extract to metformin effects upon insulin resistance, Apolipoprotein B: Apolipoprotein A1 Ratio, and BMI of obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome. ESPE Abstracts, 84.
Shalaby, M.A. and Saifan, H.Y. 2014. Some pharmacological effects of cinnamon and ginger herbs in obese diabetic rats. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 3(4): 144.
Shan, B., Cai, J.H., Yang, S.Y. and Li, Z.R. 2015. Risk factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome among Li People. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 8(7): 590-593.
Sheng, X., Zhang, Y., Gong, Z., Huang, C. and Zang, Y.Q. 2008. Improved insulin resistance and lipid metabolism by cinnamon extract through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. PPAR research, 2008.
Shi, Y., Zhao, H., Shi, Y., Cao, Y., Yang, D., Li, Z., Zhang, B., Liang, X., Li, T., Chen, J. and Shen, J. 2012. Genome-wide association study identifies eight new risk loci for polycystic ovary syndrome. Nature genetics, 44(9): 1020-1025.
Singletary, K. 2019. Cinnamon: update of potential health benefits. Nutrition Today, 54(1): 42-52.
Sohel, M.M.H., Akyuz, B., Konca, Y., Arslan, K., Sariozkan, S. and Cinar, M.U. 2019. Oxidative stress modulates the expression of apoptosis-associated microRNAs in bovine granulosa cells in vitro. Cell and tissue research, 376(2): 295-308.
Solomon, T.P. and Blannin, A.K. 2009. Changes in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following 2 weeks of daily cinnamon ingestion in healthy humans. European journal of applied physiology, 105(6): 969-976.
Sova, M. 2012. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cinnamic acid derivatives. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry, 12(8): 749-767.
Spinedi, E. and Cardinali, D.P. 2018. The polycystic ovary syndrome and the metabolic syndrome: a possible chronobiotic-cytoprotective adjuvant therapy. International journal of endocrinology, 2018.
Vasconcelos, N.G., Croda, J. and Simionatto, S. 2018. Antibacterial mechanisms of cinnamon and its constituents: A review. Microbial pathogenesis, 120: 198-203.
Verit, F.F. and Erel, O. 2008. Oxidative stress in nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: correlations with endocrine and screening parameters. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation, 65(4): 233-239.
Victor, V.M., Rocha, M., Banuls, C., Alvarez, A., de Pablo, C., Sanchez-Serrano, M., Gomez, M. and Hernandez-Mijares, A. 2011. Induction of oxidative stress and human leukocyte/endothelial cell interactions in polycystic ovary syndrome patients with insulin resistance. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(10): 3115-3122.
Wahyuningtyas, R. and Sa'adi, A. 2021. Cinnamon extract effects on insulin resistance, metabolic factors, and menstrual cyclicity of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Research, 10(523): 523.
Wang, J.G., Anderson, R.A., Graham III, G.M., Chu, M.C., Sauer, M.V., Guarnaccia, M.M. and Lobo, R.A. 2007. The effect of cinnamon extract on insulin resistance parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. Fertility and sterility, 88(1): 240-243.
Wiweko, B. and Susanto, C.A. 2017. The effect of metformin and cinnamon on serum anti-mullerian hormone in women having PCOS: A Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Journal of human reproductive sciences, 10(1): 31.
Yadav, A., Kumari, R., Yadav, A., Mishra, J.P., Srivatva, S. and Prabha, S. 2016. Antioxidants and its functions in human body-A Review. Res. Environ. Life Sci, 9(11): 1328-1331.
Yang, H., Xie, Y., Yang, D. and Ren, D. 2017. Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in granulosa cells involves JNK, p53 and Puma. Oncotarget, 8(15): 25310.
Yildiz, B.O., Bozdag, G., Yapici, Z., Esinler, I. and Yarali, H. 2012. Prevalence, phenotype and cardiometabolic risk of polycystic ovary syndrome under different diagnostic criteria. Human reproduction, 27(10): 3067-3073.
Zhang, D., Luo, W.Y., Liao, H., Wang, C.F. and Sun, Y. 2008. The effects of oxidative stress to PCOS. Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science edition, 39(3): 421-423.
Zhao, Y., Zhang, C., Huang, Y., Yu, Y., Li, R., Li, M., Liu, N., Liu, P. and Qiao, J. 2015. Up-regulated expression of WNT5a increases inflammation and oxidative stress via PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling in the granulosa cells of PCOS patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 100(1): 201-211.
Ziegenfuss, T.N., Hofheins, J.E., Mendel, R.W., Landis, J. and Anderson, R.A. 2006. Effects of a water-soluble cinnamon extract on body composition and features of the metabolic syndrome in pre-diabetic men and women. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 3(2): 45.
Abdeen, A., Abdelkader, A., Abdo, M., Wareth, G., Aboubakr, M., Aleya, L. and Abdel-Daim, M. 2019. Protective effect of cinnamon against acetaminophen-mediated cellular damage and apoptosis in renal tissue. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(1): 240-249.
Adams, J.M., Taylor, A.E., Crowley Jr, W.F. and Hall, J.E. 2004. Polycystic ovarian morphology with regular ovulatory cycles: insights into the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(9):4343-4350.
Ainehchi, N., Khaki, A., Farshbaf-Khalili, A., Hammadeh, M. and Ouladsahebmadarek, E. 2019. The effectiveness of herbal mixture supplements with and without clomiphene citrate in comparison to clomiphene citrate on serum antioxidants and glycemic biomarkers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome willing to be pregnant: a randomized clinical trial. Biomolecules, 9(6): 215.
Akilen, R., Tsiami, A., Devendra, D. and Robinson, N. 2012. Cinnamon in glycaemic control: Systematic review and meta analysis. Clinical Nutrition, 31(5): 609-615.
Al Khaduri, M., Al Farsi, Y., Al Najjar, T.A.A. and Gowri, V. 2014. Hospital-based prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome among Omani women. Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 19(2):135-138.
Albu, D. and Albu, A. 2019. The relationship between anti-Müllerian hormone serum level and body mass index in a large cohort of infertile patients. Endocrine, 63(1):157-163.
Al-Gubory, K.H., Fowler, P.A. and Garrel, C. 2010. The roles of cellular reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and antioxidants in pregnancy outcomes. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 42(10):1634-1650.
Allen, R.W., Schwartzman, E., Baker, W.L., Coleman, C.I. and Phung, O.J. 2013. Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Annals of Family Medicine, 11(5):452-459.
Archibong, A.E., Rideout, M.L., Harris, K.J. and Ramesh, A. 2018. Oxidative stress in reproductive toxicology. Current opinion in toxicology, 7:95-101.
Azziz, R. ed. 2007. The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Current Concepts on Pathogenesis and Clinical Care. Endocrine Updates. Springer.
Azziz, R., Carmina, E., Dewailly, D., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Escobar-Morreale, H.F., Futterweit, W., Janssen, O.E., Legro, R.S., Norman, R.J., Taylor, A.E. and Witchel, S.F. 2009. Task Force on the Phenotype of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome of The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril, 91(2):456-488.
Azziz, R., Carmina, E., Dewailly, D., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Escobar-Morreale, H.F., Futterweit, W., Janssen, O.E., Legro, R.S., Norman, R.J., Taylor, A.E. and Witchel, S.F. 2006. Criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an androgen excess society guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 91(11):4237-4245.
Baldani, D.P., Skrgatic, L. and Ougouag, R. 2015. Polycystic ovary syndrome: important underrecognised cardiometabolic risk factor in reproductive-age women. International journal of endocrinology, 2015.
Balen, A.H. 2017. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, 19(2):119-129.
Borzoei, A., Rafraf, M. and Asghari-Jafarabadi, M. 2018a. Cinnamon improves metabolic factors without detectable effects on adiponectin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 27(3):556-563.
Borzoei, A., Rafraf, M., Niromanesh, S., Farzadi, L., Narimani, F. and Doostan, F. 2018b. Effects of cinnamon supplementation on antioxidant status and serum lipids in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 8(1):128-133.
Cajas, Y.N., Cañón-Beltrán, K., Ladrón de Guevara, M., Millán de la Blanca, M.G., Ramos-Ibeas, P., Gutiérrez-Adán, A., Rizos, D. and González, E.M. 2020. Antioxidant nobiletin enhances oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development and quality. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(15): 5340.
Carvalho, L.M., Dos Reis, F.M., Candido, A.L., Nunes, F.F., Ferreira, C.N. and Gomes, K.B. 2018. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as a systemic disease with multiple molecular pathways: a narrative review. Endocrine Regulations, 52(4):208-221.
Costello, M.F., Shrestha, B., Eden, J., Johnson, N.P. and Sjoblom, P. 2007. Metformin versus oral contraceptive pill in polycystic ovary syndrome: a Cochrane review. Human Reproduction, 22(5):1200-1209.
Deepika, M.L., Nalini, S., Maruthi, G., Ramchander, V., Ranjith, K., Latha, K.P., Rani, V.U. and Jahan, P. 2014. Analysis of oxidative stress status through MN test and serum MDA levels in PCOS women. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS, 17(4):574-577.
Deligeoroglou, E., Kouskouti, C. and Christopoulos, P. 2009. The role of genes in the polycystic ovary syndrome: predisposition and mechanisms. Gynecological Endocrinology, 25(9):603-609.
Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. and Dunaif, A. 2012. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocrine reviews, 33(6):981-1030.
Dou, L., Zheng, Y., Li, L., Gui, X., Chen, Y., Yu, M. and Guo, Y. 2018. The effect of cinnamon on polycystic ovary syndrome in a mouse model. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 16(1):1-10.
Dumesic, D.A., Oberfield, S.E., Stener-Victorin, E., Marshall, J.C., Laven, J.S. and Legro, R.S. 2015. Scientific statement on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine reviews, 36(5):487-525.
Ehrmann, D.A. 2005. Polycystic ovary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(12):1223-1236.
Elcocks, E.R., Spencer‐Phillips, P.T.N. and Adukwu, E.C. 2020. Rapid bactericidal effect of cinnamon bark essential oil against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of applied microbiology, 128(4):1025-1037.
El-Hack, A., Mohamed, E., Alagawany, M., Abdel-Moneim, A.M.E., Mohammed, N.G., Khafaga, A.F., Bin-Jumah, M., Othman, S.I., Allam, A.A. and Elnesr, S.S. 2020. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) oil as a potential alternative to antibiotics in poultry. Antibiotics, 9(5): 210.
Elshopakey, G.E. and Elazab, S.T. 2021. Cinnamon aqueous extract attenuates diclofenac sodium and oxytetracycline mediated hepato-renal toxicity and modulates oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and inflammation in male albino rats. Veterinary Sciences, 8(1): 9.
Escobar-Morreale, H.F. 2018. Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(5):270-284.
Flannery, C.A., Rackow, B., Cong, X., Duran, E., Selen, D.J. and Burgert, T.S. 2013. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence: impaired glucose tolerance occurs across the spectrum of BMI. Pediatric diabetes, 14(1):42-49.
Ganie, M.A., Marwaha, R.K., Aggarwal, R. and Singh, S. 2010. High prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome characteristics in girls with euthyroid chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: a case–control study. European journal of endocrinology, 162(6):1117-1122.
Goel, B. and Mishra, S. 2020. Medicinal and nutritional perspective of cinnamon: A mini-review. Eur. J. Med. Plants, 31:10-16.
González, F., Rote, N.S., Minium, J. and Kirwan, J.P. 2006. Reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress in the development of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 91(1):336-340.
Goodarzi, M.O., Dumesic, D.A., Chazenbalk, G. and Azziz, R. 2011. Polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis. Nature reviews endocrinology, 7(4):219-231.
Gooding, H.C., Milliren, C., Paul, M.S., Mansfield, M.J. and DiVasta, A. 2014. Diagnosing dysglycemia in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of adolescent health, 55(1):79-84.
Goyal, A. and Ganie, M.A. 2018. Idiopathic hyperprolactinemia presenting as polycystic ovary syndrome in identical twin sisters: A case report and literature review. Cureus, 10(7): 100-110.
Gupta, M., Singh, D., Toppo, M., Priya, A., Sethia, S. and Gupta, P. 2018. A cross sectional study of polycystic ovarian syndrome among young women in Bhopal, Central India. Int J Community Med Public Health, 5(1):95-100.
Hafizur, R.M., Hameed, A., Shukrana, M., Raza, S.A., Chishti, S., Kabir, N. and Siddiqui, R.A. 2015. Cinnamic acid exerts anti-diabetic activity by improving glucose tolerance in vivo and by stimulating insulin secretion in vitro. Phytomedicine, 22(2):297-300.
Hajimonfarednejad, M., Nimrouzi, M., Heydari, M., Zarshenas, M.M., Raee, M.J. and Jahromi, B.N. 2018. Insulin resistance improvement by cinnamon powder in polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized double‐blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 32(2):276-283.
Hajimonfarednejad, M., Ostovar, M., Raee, M.J., Hashempur, M.H., Mayer, J.G. and Heydari, M. 2019. Cinnamon: A systematic review of adverse events. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2):594-602.
Hayes, M.G., Urbanek, M., Ehrmann, D.A., Armstrong, L.L., Lee, J.Y., Sisk, R., Karaderi, T., Barber, T.M., McCarthy, M.I., Franks, S. and Lindgren, C.M. 2015. Genome-wide association of polycystic ovary syndrome implicates alterations in gonadotropin secretion in European ancestry populations. Nature communications, 6(1):1-13.
Heibashy M, Mazen G, Shahin M. 2013. Metabolic Changes and Hormonal Disturbances in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Rats and the Amelioration Effects of Metformin and/or Cinnamon Extraction. Journal of American Sciences, 9 (12): 54-p62.
Hyderali, B.N. and Mala, K. 2015. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular complications in polycystic ovarian syndrome. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 191 :15-22.
Imparl-Radosevich, J., Deas, S., Polansky, M.M., Baedke, D.A., Ingebritsen, T.S., Anderson, R.A. and Graves, D.J. 1998. Regulation of PTP-1 and insulin receptor kinase by fractions from cinnamon: implications for cinnamon regulation of insulin signalling. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 50(3): 177-182.
Khalisyaseen, O. and Mohammed, M.T. 2021. Identification Of Some Antioxidant Active Compounds In True Cinnamon (Cinnamomm Zeylanicum) Bark Extract. vol, 8 :7565-7577.
Khan, A., Safdar, M., Ali Khan, M.M., Khattak, K.N. and Anderson, R.A. 2003. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care, 26(12) :3215-3218.
Khare, P., Jagtap, S., Jain, Y., Baboota, R.K., Mangal, P., Boparai, R.K., Bhutani, K.K., Sharma, S.S., Premkumar, L.S., Kondepudi, K.K. and Chopra, K. 2016. Cinnamaldehyde supplementation prevents fasting‐induced hyperphagia, lipid accumulation, and inflammation in high‐fat diet‐fed mice. Biofactors, 42(2) :201-211.
Khodaeifar, F., Fazljou, S.M.B., Khaki, A., Torbati, M., Madarek, E.O.S., Khaki, A.A., Shokoohi, M. and Dalili, A.H. 2019. Investigating the role of hydroalcoholic extract of Apium graveolens and Cinnamon zeylanicum on metabolically change and ovarian oxidative injury in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Womens Health Reprod Sci, 7(1): 92-98.
Kim, S.H. and Choung, S.Y. 2010. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic action of Cinnamomi Cassiae (Cinnamon bark) extract in C57BL/Ks db/db mice. Archives of pharmacal research, 33(2): 325-333.
Kleefstra, N., Logtenberg, S.J., Groenier, K.H. and Bilo, H.J. 2012. Cinnamon in glycaemic control: Systematic review and meta analysis. Clinical Nutrition, 31(5): 776.
Kort, D.H. and Lobo, R.A. 2014. Preliminary evidence that cinnamon improves menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 211(5): 487-e1.
Kuşçu, N.K. and Var, A. 2009. Oxidative stress but not endothelial dysfunction exists in non-obese, young group of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 88(5): 612-617.
Laven, J.S., Mulders, A.G., Visser, J.A., Themmen, A.P., De Jong, F.H. and Fauser, B.C. 2004. Anti-Mullerian hormone serum concentrations in normoovulatory and anovulatory women of reproductive age. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(1): 318-323.
Lee, S.C., Xu, W.X., Lin, L.Y., Yang, J.J. and Liu, C.T. 2013. Chemical composition and hypoglycemic and pancreas-protective effect of leaf essential oil from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 61(20): 4905-4913.
Legro, R.S. 2012, December. Obesity and PCOS: implications for diagnosis and treatment. In Seminars in reproductive medicine (Vol. 30, No. 06: 496-506). Thieme Medical Publishers.
Li, A.L., Li, G.H., Li, Y.R., Wu, X.Y., Ren, D.M., Lou, H.X., Wang, X.N. and Shen, T. 2019. Lignan and flavonoid support the prevention of cinnamon against oxidative stress related diseases. Phytomedicine, 53: 143-153.
Li, L., Chen, X., He, Z., Zhao, X., Huang, L. and Yang, D. 2012. Clinical and metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 25(6): 390-395.
Lu, J., Wang, Z., Cao, J., Chen, Y. and Dong, Y. 2018. A novel and compact review on the role of oxidative stress in female reproduction. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 16(1): 1-18.
Maleki, V., Faghfouri, A.H., Tabrizi, F.P.F., Moludi, J., Saleh-Ghadimi, S., Jafari-Vayghan, H. and Qaisar, S.A. 2021. Mechanistic and therapeutic insight into the effects of cinnamon in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. Journal of ovarian research, 14(1): 1-14.
Mang, B., Wolters, M., Schmitt, B., Kelb, K., Lichtinghagen, R., Stichtenoth, D.O. and Hahn, A. 2006. Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA1c, and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2. European journal of clinical investigation, 36(5): 340-344.
Medagama, A.B. 2015. The glycaemic outcomes of Cinnamon, a review of the experimental evidence and clinical trials. Nutrition journal, 14(1): 1-12.
Mehrpouri, M., Hamidpour, R., Hamidpour, M. and Hamidpour, M. 2020. Cinnamon inhibits platelet function and improves cardiovascular system. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 19(73): 1-11.
Mohammadi, M. 2019. Oxidative stress and polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief review. International journal of preventive medicine, 10: 100-110.
Moran, C., Tena, G., Moran, S., Ruiz, P., Reyna, R. and Duque, X. 2010a. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome and related disorders in mexican women. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation, 69(4): 274-280.
Moran, L.J., Misso, M.L., Wild, R.A. and Norman, R.J. 2010b. Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 16(4): 347-363.
Murri, M., Luque-Ramírez, M., Insenser, M., Ojeda-Ojeda, M. and Escobar-Morreale, H.F. 2013. Circulating markers of oxidative stress and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 19(3): 268-288.
Nidhi, R., Padmalatha, V., Nagarathna, R. and Amritanshu, R. 2011. Prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome in Indian adolescents. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 24(4): 223-227.
Pellatt, L., Rice, S. and Mason, H.D. 2010. Anti-Müllerian hormone and polycystic ovary syndrome: a mountain too high?. Reproduction, 139(5): 825-833.
Pigny, P., Merlen, E., Robert, Y., Cortet-Rudelli, C., Decanter, C., Jonard, S. and Dewailly, D. 2003. Elevated serum level of anti-mullerian hormone in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship to the ovarian follicle excess and to the follicular arrest. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(12): 5957-5962.
Pongsumpun, P., Iwamoto, S. and Siripatrawan, U. 2020. Response surface methodology for optimization of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion with improved stability and antifungal activity. Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 60: 104604.
Puttabyatappa, M. and Padmanabhan, V. 2018. Ovarian and extra-ovarian mediators in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of molecular endocrinology, 61(4): R161-R184.
Qin, B., Nagasaki, M., Ren, M., Bajotto, G., Oshida, Y. and Sato, Y. 2004. Cinnamon extract prevents the insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet. Hormone and metabolic research, 36(02): 119-125.
Qin, B., Nagasaki, M., Ren, M., Bajotto, G., Oshida, Y. and Sato, Y. 2003. Cinnamon extract (traditional herb) potentiates in vivo insulin-regulated glucose utilization via enhancing insulin signaling in rats. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 62(3): 139-148.
Qin, B., Panickar, K.S. and Anderson, R.A. 2010. Cinnamon: potential role in the prevention of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 4(3): 685-693.
Radhia, K., Zakkia, K. and Shah, S.H. 2010. Cinnamon may reduce glucose, lipid and cholesterol level in type 2 diabetic individuals. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9(5): 430-433.
Ranasinghe, P., Pigera, S., Premakumara, G.A., Galappaththy, P., Constantine, G.R. and Katulanda, P. 2013. Medicinal properties of ‘true’cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): a systematic review. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 13(1): 1-10.
Randeva, H.S., Tan, B.K., Weickert, M.O., Lois, K., Nestler, J.E., Sattar, N. and Lehnert, H. 2012. Cardiometabolic aspects of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine reviews, 33(5): 812-841.
Rao, P.V. and Gan, S.H. 2014. Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014.
Raperport, C. and Homburg, R. 2019. The source of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clinical Medicine Insights: Reproductive Health, 13: 1179558119871467.
Rehme, M.F.B., Pontes, A.G., Goldberg, T.B.L., Corrente, J.E. and Pontes, A. 2013. Clinical manifestations, biochemical, ultrasonographic and metabolic of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 35: 249-254.
Rosenfield, R.L. and Ehrmann, D.A. 2016. The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the hypothesis of PCOS as functional ovarian hyperandrogenism revisited. Endocrine reviews, 37(5): 467-520.
Salehpour, S., Setavand, S. and Onsori, S. 2015. A double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of cinnamon extract to metformin effects upon insulin resistance, Apolipoprotein B: Apolipoprotein A1 Ratio, and BMI of obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome. ESPE Abstracts, 84.
Shalaby, M.A. and Saifan, H.Y. 2014. Some pharmacological effects of cinnamon and ginger herbs in obese diabetic rats. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 3(4): 144.
Shan, B., Cai, J.H., Yang, S.Y. and Li, Z.R. 2015. Risk factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome among Li People. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 8(7): 590-593.
Sheng, X., Zhang, Y., Gong, Z., Huang, C. and Zang, Y.Q. 2008. Improved insulin resistance and lipid metabolism by cinnamon extract through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. PPAR research, 2008.
Shi, Y., Zhao, H., Shi, Y., Cao, Y., Yang, D., Li, Z., Zhang, B., Liang, X., Li, T., Chen, J. and Shen, J. 2012. Genome-wide association study identifies eight new risk loci for polycystic ovary syndrome. Nature genetics, 44(9): 1020-1025.
Singletary, K. 2019. Cinnamon: update of potential health benefits. Nutrition Today, 54(1): 42-52.
Sohel, M.M.H., Akyuz, B., Konca, Y., Arslan, K., Sariozkan, S. and Cinar, M.U. 2019. Oxidative stress modulates the expression of apoptosis-associated microRNAs in bovine granulosa cells in vitro. Cell and tissue research, 376(2): 295-308.
Solomon, T.P. and Blannin, A.K. 2009. Changes in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following 2 weeks of daily cinnamon ingestion in healthy humans. European journal of applied physiology, 105(6): 969-976.
Sova, M. 2012. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cinnamic acid derivatives. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry, 12(8): 749-767.
Spinedi, E. and Cardinali, D.P. 2018. The polycystic ovary syndrome and the metabolic syndrome: a possible chronobiotic-cytoprotective adjuvant therapy. International journal of endocrinology, 2018.
Vasconcelos, N.G., Croda, J. and Simionatto, S. 2018. Antibacterial mechanisms of cinnamon and its constituents: A review. Microbial pathogenesis, 120: 198-203.
Verit, F.F. and Erel, O. 2008. Oxidative stress in nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: correlations with endocrine and screening parameters. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation, 65(4): 233-239.
Victor, V.M., Rocha, M., Banuls, C., Alvarez, A., de Pablo, C., Sanchez-Serrano, M., Gomez, M. and Hernandez-Mijares, A. 2011. Induction of oxidative stress and human leukocyte/endothelial cell interactions in polycystic ovary syndrome patients with insulin resistance. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(10): 3115-3122.
Wahyuningtyas, R. and Sa'adi, A. 2021. Cinnamon extract effects on insulin resistance, metabolic factors, and menstrual cyclicity of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Research, 10(523): 523.
Wang, J.G., Anderson, R.A., Graham III, G.M., Chu, M.C., Sauer, M.V., Guarnaccia, M.M. and Lobo, R.A. 2007. The effect of cinnamon extract on insulin resistance parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. Fertility and sterility, 88(1): 240-243.
Wiweko, B. and Susanto, C.A. 2017. The effect of metformin and cinnamon on serum anti-mullerian hormone in women having PCOS: A Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Journal of human reproductive sciences, 10(1): 31.
Yadav, A., Kumari, R., Yadav, A., Mishra, J.P., Srivatva, S. and Prabha, S. 2016. Antioxidants and its functions in human body-A Review. Res. Environ. Life Sci, 9(11): 1328-1331.
Yang, H., Xie, Y., Yang, D. and Ren, D. 2017. Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in granulosa cells involves JNK, p53 and Puma. Oncotarget, 8(15): 25310.
Yildiz, B.O., Bozdag, G., Yapici, Z., Esinler, I. and Yarali, H. 2012. Prevalence, phenotype and cardiometabolic risk of polycystic ovary syndrome under different diagnostic criteria. Human reproduction, 27(10): 3067-3073.
Zhang, D., Luo, W.Y., Liao, H., Wang, C.F. and Sun, Y. 2008. The effects of oxidative stress to PCOS. Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Sichuan University. Medical Science edition, 39(3): 421-423.
Zhao, Y., Zhang, C., Huang, Y., Yu, Y., Li, R., Li, M., Liu, N., Liu, P. and Qiao, J. 2015. Up-regulated expression of WNT5a increases inflammation and oxidative stress via PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling in the granulosa cells of PCOS patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 100(1): 201-211.
Ziegenfuss, T.N., Hofheins, J.E., Mendel, R.W., Landis, J. and Anderson, R.A. 2006. Effects of a water-soluble cinnamon extract on body composition and features of the metabolic syndrome in pre-diabetic men and women. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 3(2): 45.