بررسی میزان آلودگی فلزات سنگین سرب، کادمیوم و آرسنیک موجود در نمونه برنج پرمصرف عنبربو در مناطقی از استان خوزستان
محورهای موضوعی : میکروبیولوژی مواد غذایی
بنیامین شیرزاد
1
(دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، واحد سوادکوه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سوادکوه، ایران)
نازنین خاکی پور
2
(استادیارگروه کشاورزی، واحد سوادکوه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سوادکوه، ایران)
کلید واژه: اسپکتروفتومترICP, آرسنیک, برنج, سرب, کادمیوم,
چکیده مقاله :
مقدمه: آلودگی فلزات سنگین یکی از مشکلات مهم زیست محیطی و یکی از نگرانی های بهداشت موادغذایی به شمار می آید. برنج، به ویژه برنج سفید اساسی ترین غذا در رژیم غذایی افراد مختلف از جمله در کشورهای آسیایی و دومین غذای پرمصرف در بین مردم ایران است.مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه به منظور کنترل و تعیین غلظت کادمیوم، سرب و آرسنیک در نمونه برنج عنبربو در مناطقی از استان خوزستان انجام شد. برای این منظور، 7 نمونه از برنج عنبربو به همراه خاک مورد کشت تهیه گردید و پس از آماده سازی، سنجش غلظت های کادمیوم، سرب و آرسنیک با استفاده از دستگاه اسپکتروفتومتر ICP انجام شد. پس از جمع آوری داده ها بوسیله نرم افزار آماری SPSS آنالیز و سپس با استاندارد ملی مقایسه شدند.یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که میانگین غلظت کادمیوم، سرب و آرسنیک در نمونه‌های برنج به ترتیب 0292/0 ، 0075/0 و 0072/0 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم و همچنین میانگین غلظت این عناصر در خاک مورد آزمون به ترتیب فوق 0071/0، 09/187و110/16 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم بر مبنای وزن خشک بود. تفاوت معنی داری میان غلظت کادمیوم، سرب و آرسنیک در نمونه های برنج مشاهده گردید (p<0.05). میانگین غلظت فلزات ذکر شده در نمونه های برنج به طور قابل توجهی کمتر از مقادیر تایید شده موسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران بود.نتیجه گیری: نتایج بیانگر آن است که میزان آلودگی به انواع فلزات سنگین در حد قابل قبول است و تفاوت اندک در مقدار فلزات سنگین احتمالا به عوامل متعددی چون وضعیت جغرافیایی منطقه کشت، ویژگی خاک و وضعیت صنعتی منطقه بستگی دارد. پس از بررسی نتایج به دست آمده از خاک و برنج های نمونه برداری شده مشاهده شد، ارتباط مستقیم و معناداری در میزان فلزات سنگین موجود در نمونه خاک و برنج رشد یافته در آن وجود دارد.
Introduction: Heavy metal pollution, is one of the most important environmental problems and one of the concerns of food hygiene. Rice, especially white rice is the most important food in the diet of people in various asian countries and is the second staple food of the people of Iran.Materials and Methods: This study was designed to determine the concentrations of cadmium, lead and arsenic in Anbarboo rice samples in areas of Khoozestan province. Seven Anbarboo rice samples and samples of cultivated soils were collected. The samples were prepared and subjected to ICP apparatus to analyze and determine the concentrations of cadmium, lead and arsenic. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software and compared with the national standard.Results: The results indicated that the mean concentrations of cadmium, lead and arsenic in the rice samples were 0.0292, 0.0075 and 0.0072 ppm respectively while the concentrations of these elements in the related soils were 0.0071, 187.09 and 16.110 ppm respectively.Conclusion: It is therefore concluded that the concentrations of studied elements in the Anbarboo rice samples were less than the concentration defined by the national standard. It also may be concluded that many factors namely the nature of the soil and irrigation might affect and the concentrations of these elements in the rice samples.
Alloway, B. J. (2012). Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and Their Bioavailability. Springer. Berlin.
Arao, T., Kawasaki, A., Mori, S. & Baba, K. (2010). Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil and countermeasures in Japan. Paddy Water Environmental, 8, 47–257.
Ashja Ardalan, A., Salimi, L. & Khodadai, V. (2008) Determination of heavy metals (Hg, As, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cd) in fish muscle tissue and sediments of Babolrood river, the first national conference on environmental protection and planning [In Persian].
Atafar, Z., Mesdaghinia, A., Nouri, J., Homaee, M., Yunesian, M. & Ahmadimoghaddam, M. (2010). Effect of fertilizer application on soil heavy metal concentration. Environmental Monitoring Assess, 160(1), 83-89.
Bakhtiarian, A., Gholipour, M. & Ghazi- Khansari, M. (2001). Lead and cadmium content of korbal rice in Northern Iran. Iranian Journal Public Health, 30 (3-4), 129-132.
Banitahmasb, G. & Khakipour, N. (2017) Cadmium Contamination in Rice Cultivation in Savadkooh Region, North of Iran. Open
Journal of Soil Science, 7, 69-76. doi: 10.4236/ojss.2017.73005.
Bin, G. C. H., Wenbin, T., Mingxing, X., Chunlei, H., Hanqin, Y., Yicheng, L. & Qinglin, F. (2020). Health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in a soil-rice system: a case study in the Jin-Qu Basin of China. 11490. nature communications.
Brent Clothier, R. B., Bolan, N.S., Mahimairaja, S., Greven, M., Moni, Ch. & Marchetti, M. (2004). Arsenic in the New Zealand environment. Australian New Zealand Soils Conference, 5-9 December, University of Sydney, Australia. [CDROM].
Budaghi, H., Younesian, M., Mahvi, A. H., Mohammadi, M. A., Dehghani, M. H. & Nazmara, Sh. (2011). Investigation of arsenic, cadmium and lead in soil and groundwater and its relationship with chemical fertilizer in paddy soil. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 21, 20-28 [In Persian].
Emam, Y. (2004). Cereal cultivation. Shiraz University Press. Investigation of Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead in soil and groundwater and its relationship with chemical fertilizer in paddy soil [In Persian].
Gharachoorloo, M., Zulfiqar, A., Bayat, M. & Bahrami, F. (2019). Arsenic tracking in Iranian rice: Analysis of agricultural soil and water, unpolished rice and white rice. Journal of Food Biosciences and Technology, 9(1),19-34.
Hu, Y., Cheng, H. & Tao, S. (2016). The challenges and solutions for cadmium-contaminated rice in China: A critical review. Environmental International, 92–93, 515–532.
Jarup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Brit Med Bull. 68(1), 167.
Jung, M. C., Yun, S. T. & Lee, J. S. (2005). Baseline study on essential and trace elements in polished rice. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 27, 455.
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2000). Trace elements in soils and plants, 3rd edn. Newyork: CRC Press.
Kim, K. & Thornton, I. (1993). Influence of uraniferous black shales on cadmium, molybdenum and selenium in soils and crop plants in the Deog-Pyoun-g area of Korea. Environmental Geochemistry Health, 15, 119–133.
Lee, C. S., Li, X. & Shi, W. (2006). Metal contamination in urban, suburban, and country park soils of Hong.
Luo, L., Ma, Y., Zhang, S., Wei, D. & Zhu, Y. (2009). An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China. Journal Environmental Management, 90, 2524–2530.
McCauley, A., Jones, C. & Jacobsen, J. (2009). Commercial fertilizers and soil amendments. Nutrition. Manage Module, 10, 4449-4410.
Malakooti, M. (1998). Achievements of Soil and Water Research Institute on Manure Manufacturing in Iran. Soil and Water Research Institute, Tehran-Iran [In Persian].
Sparks, D. L., Page, A. G., Helmke, P. A., Loeppert, R. H., Soltanpour, P. N., Tabatabai, Johnston, C. T. & Sumner, M. E. (1996). Methods of soil analysis, The Soil Science Society of America, Inc., American Society of Agronomy, Inc.
Molina, M., Aburto, F., Calderon, R., Cazanga, M. & Escudey, M. (2009). Trace element composition of selected fertilizers used in Chile: phosphorus fertilizers as a source of long term soil contamination. Taylor & Francis, 18(4), 497-511.
Mosaferi, F., Ahmadi, M., Poor Ramezani, F. & Abedi Arani, M. (2018). Investigation of heavy metal content including lead, arsenic and cadmium in imported rice of Hormozgan province in 2016-2017. Journal of Preventive Medicine, 5 (2), 65-73 [In Persian].Mubaraki, A. R., Mirkazahi, A. & Safarzaie, A. (2014). Evaluation of cadmium, lead and arsenic in Pakistani white rice samples in Zahedan, 21st National Congress of Food Science and Technology of Iran, Shiraz University [In Persian].Naqdipour, E. & Fazlara, A. (2017). Comparison of Iranian rice in terms of heavy metals, the 3rd International Conference on Iranian Food Industry, https://civilica.com/doc/810675 [In Persian].
Norton, G. J., Williams, P. N. & Adomako, E. E. (2014). Lead in rice: Analysis of baseline lead levels in market and field collected rice grains. Science of the Total Environment, 485–486, 428–434.
Polizzotto, M. L., Kocar, B. D., Benner, S. G., Sampson, M. & Fendorf, S. (2008). Near-surface wetland sediments as a source of arsenic release to ground water in Asia. Nature, 454(7203), 505-508.
Rezaian Attar, F. & Hesari, J. (2014). Investigation of contamination of high consumption imported rice in Tabriz with metallic contaminants of cadmium, lead and arsenic, Journal of Food Industry Research, 23(4) [In Persian].
Watanabe, T., Shimbo, S., Moon, C. S., Zhang, Z. W. & Ikeda, M. (1996). Cadmium contents in rice samples from various areas in the world. Science of the Total Environment, 184, 191-196.
Zarcinas, B. A., Pongsakul, P., McLaughlin, M. J. & Cozens, G. (2004). Heavy metals in soils and crops in Southeast Asia, Thailand. Environmental Geochemistry Health, 26(4), 359-371.
Zazouli, M. A., Shokrzadeh, M., Izanloo, H. & Fathi, S. (2008). Cadmium content in rice and its daily intake in Ghaemshahr region of Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(20), 3686-3689.
Zazouli, M., Mohseni, A., Ebrahimi, M. & lzanloo, H. (2010). Investigation of Cadmium and Lead contents in Iranian rice cultivated in Babol region, Asian Journal of Chemistry, 22, 2, 1369-1376.
Zeng, F., Mao, Y., Cheng, W., Wu, F. & Zhang, G. (2008). Genotypic and environmental variation in Chromium, Cadmium and Lead concentrations in rice. Environmental Pollution. 153(2), 309-314.
Zhao, K., Fu, W., Ye, Z. & Zhang, C. (2015). Contamination and spatial variation of heavy metals in the soil-rice system in Nanxun County, Southeastern China. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 12(2), 1577-1594.
Zueng, Z. S. (1989). Cadmium and Lead contamination of soils, rice plants, and surface water in Northern Taiwan. Soil and Fertility. in Taiwan. 39-47.
Zukowska, J. & Biziuk, M. (2010). Methodological evaluation of method for dietary heavy metal intake. Journal of Food Science, 73, 21–29.
_||_Alloway, B. J. (2012). Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and Their Bioavailability. Springer. Berlin.
Arao, T., Kawasaki, A., Mori, S. & Baba, K. (2010). Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil and countermeasures in Japan. Paddy Water Environmental, 8, 47–257.
Ashja Ardalan, A., Salimi, L. & Khodadai, V. (2008) Determination of heavy metals (Hg, As, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cd) in fish muscle tissue and sediments of Babolrood river, the first national conference on environmental protection and planning [In Persian].
Atafar, Z., Mesdaghinia, A., Nouri, J., Homaee, M., Yunesian, M. & Ahmadimoghaddam, M. (2010). Effect of fertilizer application on soil heavy metal concentration. Environmental Monitoring Assess, 160(1), 83-89.
Bakhtiarian, A., Gholipour, M. & Ghazi- Khansari, M. (2001). Lead and cadmium content of korbal rice in Northern Iran. Iranian Journal Public Health, 30 (3-4), 129-132.
Banitahmasb, G. & Khakipour, N. (2017) Cadmium Contamination in Rice Cultivation in Savadkooh Region, North of Iran. Open
Journal of Soil Science, 7, 69-76. doi: 10.4236/ojss.2017.73005.
Bin, G. C. H., Wenbin, T., Mingxing, X., Chunlei, H., Hanqin, Y., Yicheng, L. & Qinglin, F. (2020). Health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in a soil-rice system: a case study in the Jin-Qu Basin of China. 11490. nature communications.
Brent Clothier, R. B., Bolan, N.S., Mahimairaja, S., Greven, M., Moni, Ch. & Marchetti, M. (2004). Arsenic in the New Zealand environment. Australian New Zealand Soils Conference, 5-9 December, University of Sydney, Australia. [CDROM].
Budaghi, H., Younesian, M., Mahvi, A. H., Mohammadi, M. A., Dehghani, M. H. & Nazmara, Sh. (2011). Investigation of arsenic, cadmium and lead in soil and groundwater and its relationship with chemical fertilizer in paddy soil. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 21, 20-28 [In Persian].
Emam, Y. (2004). Cereal cultivation. Shiraz University Press. Investigation of Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead in soil and groundwater and its relationship with chemical fertilizer in paddy soil [In Persian].
Gharachoorloo, M., Zulfiqar, A., Bayat, M. & Bahrami, F. (2019). Arsenic tracking in Iranian rice: Analysis of agricultural soil and water, unpolished rice and white rice. Journal of Food Biosciences and Technology, 9(1),19-34.
Hu, Y., Cheng, H. & Tao, S. (2016). The challenges and solutions for cadmium-contaminated rice in China: A critical review. Environmental International, 92–93, 515–532.
Jarup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Brit Med Bull. 68(1), 167.
Jung, M. C., Yun, S. T. & Lee, J. S. (2005). Baseline study on essential and trace elements in polished rice. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 27, 455.
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2000). Trace elements in soils and plants, 3rd edn. Newyork: CRC Press.
Kim, K. & Thornton, I. (1993). Influence of uraniferous black shales on cadmium, molybdenum and selenium in soils and crop plants in the Deog-Pyoun-g area of Korea. Environmental Geochemistry Health, 15, 119–133.
Lee, C. S., Li, X. & Shi, W. (2006). Metal contamination in urban, suburban, and country park soils of Hong.
Luo, L., Ma, Y., Zhang, S., Wei, D. & Zhu, Y. (2009). An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China. Journal Environmental Management, 90, 2524–2530.
McCauley, A., Jones, C. & Jacobsen, J. (2009). Commercial fertilizers and soil amendments. Nutrition. Manage Module, 10, 4449-4410.
Malakooti, M. (1998). Achievements of Soil and Water Research Institute on Manure Manufacturing in Iran. Soil and Water Research Institute, Tehran-Iran [In Persian].
Sparks, D. L., Page, A. G., Helmke, P. A., Loeppert, R. H., Soltanpour, P. N., Tabatabai, Johnston, C. T. & Sumner, M. E. (1996). Methods of soil analysis, The Soil Science Society of America, Inc., American Society of Agronomy, Inc.
Molina, M., Aburto, F., Calderon, R., Cazanga, M. & Escudey, M. (2009). Trace element composition of selected fertilizers used in Chile: phosphorus fertilizers as a source of long term soil contamination. Taylor & Francis, 18(4), 497-511.
Mosaferi, F., Ahmadi, M., Poor Ramezani, F. & Abedi Arani, M. (2018). Investigation of heavy metal content including lead, arsenic and cadmium in imported rice of Hormozgan province in 2016-2017. Journal of Preventive Medicine, 5 (2), 65-73 [In Persian].Mubaraki, A. R., Mirkazahi, A. & Safarzaie, A. (2014). Evaluation of cadmium, lead and arsenic in Pakistani white rice samples in Zahedan, 21st National Congress of Food Science and Technology of Iran, Shiraz University [In Persian].Naqdipour, E. & Fazlara, A. (2017). Comparison of Iranian rice in terms of heavy metals, the 3rd International Conference on Iranian Food Industry, https://civilica.com/doc/810675 [In Persian].
Norton, G. J., Williams, P. N. & Adomako, E. E. (2014). Lead in rice: Analysis of baseline lead levels in market and field collected rice grains. Science of the Total Environment, 485–486, 428–434.
Polizzotto, M. L., Kocar, B. D., Benner, S. G., Sampson, M. & Fendorf, S. (2008). Near-surface wetland sediments as a source of arsenic release to ground water in Asia. Nature, 454(7203), 505-508.
Rezaian Attar, F. & Hesari, J. (2014). Investigation of contamination of high consumption imported rice in Tabriz with metallic contaminants of cadmium, lead and arsenic, Journal of Food Industry Research, 23(4) [In Persian].
Watanabe, T., Shimbo, S., Moon, C. S., Zhang, Z. W. & Ikeda, M. (1996). Cadmium contents in rice samples from various areas in the world. Science of the Total Environment, 184, 191-196.
Zarcinas, B. A., Pongsakul, P., McLaughlin, M. J. & Cozens, G. (2004). Heavy metals in soils and crops in Southeast Asia, Thailand. Environmental Geochemistry Health, 26(4), 359-371.
Zazouli, M. A., Shokrzadeh, M., Izanloo, H. & Fathi, S. (2008). Cadmium content in rice and its daily intake in Ghaemshahr region of Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(20), 3686-3689.
Zazouli, M., Mohseni, A., Ebrahimi, M. & lzanloo, H. (2010). Investigation of Cadmium and Lead contents in Iranian rice cultivated in Babol region, Asian Journal of Chemistry, 22, 2, 1369-1376.
Zeng, F., Mao, Y., Cheng, W., Wu, F. & Zhang, G. (2008). Genotypic and environmental variation in Chromium, Cadmium and Lead concentrations in rice. Environmental Pollution. 153(2), 309-314.
Zhao, K., Fu, W., Ye, Z. & Zhang, C. (2015). Contamination and spatial variation of heavy metals in the soil-rice system in Nanxun County, Southeastern China. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 12(2), 1577-1594.
Zueng, Z. S. (1989). Cadmium and Lead contamination of soils, rice plants, and surface water in Northern Taiwan. Soil and Fertility. in Taiwan. 39-47.
Zukowska, J. & Biziuk, M. (2010). Methodological evaluation of method for dietary heavy metal intake. Journal of Food Science, 73, 21–29.