دستیابی زیستی جیوه در رسوبات خوریات پتروشیمی و جعفری، بندر امام
محورهای موضوعی : فلزات سنگینصدیقه آقابکی آلوقره 1 , صدیقه بطالب لوئی 2 , حکیمه امانی پور 3 , کامران گرایش 4
1 - کارشناسی ارشد، زمین شناسی زیست محیطی، دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر، ایران
2 - استادیار، دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر، ایران. * (مسئول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار، دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر، ایران.
4 - کارشناس ارشد، پتروشیمی بندر امام خمینی، بندر امام خمینی، ایران
کلید واژه: جیوه, خور جعفری, خورپتروشیمی, دستیابی زیستی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: باتوجه به تحرک جیوه و سمیت بالای آن و توانایی تجمع آن در زنجیره غذایی، آگاهی از سطوح جیوه در بخش های مختلف محیط زیستی برای درک و پیش بینی در معرض قرارگیری انسانی و ارزیابی خطر اکولوژیکی جیوه ضروری است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین غلظت کل و دست یابی زیستی فلز سنگین جیوه در رسوب خورهای پتروشیمی و جعفری صورت پذیرفت. روش بررسی: تعداد 27 نمونه رسوب از خورهای پتروشیمی و جعفری برداشت شد. پس از هضم نمونه ها، محتوی جیوه آن ها با استفاده از دستگاه آنالیز جیوه اندازه گیری شد. استخراج ترتیبی رسوبات با روش BCR انجام شد. یافته ها: داده های غلظت کل جیوه مورد مطالعه در نمونه های رسوب با حداقل 19/2 میلی گرم بر لیتر در ایستگاه 2-8 و حداکثر 71/45 میلی گرم بر لیتر در ایستگاه 1-9 و با میانگین 23/9 میلی گرم بر لیتر، نشان می دهد که رسوبات منطقه نسبت به این عنصر آلوده است. هم چنین میزان جیوه موجود در رسوبات منطقه از حد استانداردهای بین المللی NOAA بیش تر بود. فرم های شیمیایی جیوه با استفاده از روش استخراج ترتیبی در نمونه های رسوب نشان داد که به ترتیب 10/5 درصد، 57/5 درصد، 51/15 درصد، 79/45 درصد جیوه به ترتیب در بخش تبادل پذیر، کاهنده، اکساینده و فاز باقی مانده است. بحث و نتیجه گیری: بخش اعظم فلز جیوه با بخش غیر تبادل پذیر همراه می باشد و نمی تواند تحت شرایط فیزیکوشیمیایی حاکم (pH قلیایی) بین آب و رسوب مبادله شوند. فلزاتی که در بخش تبادل پذیر قرار می گیرند به علت داشتن پیوندهای الکترواستاتیک ضعیف به راحتی تحت تأثیر فرایندهای تبادل یونی(جذب/ واجذب) قرار می گیرند. مقادیر بالای جیوه ی به ایستگاه های نزدیک به خروجی پساب واحد کلروآلکالی تعلق داشت که با افزایش فاصله از این ایستگاه ها ، مقدار جیوه کل در رسوبات نسبت به مناطق نزدیک به ساحل، کاهش می یابد. بنابراین جیوه ی تجمع یافته در رسوبات نزدیک به ساحل، از این منابع منشا گرفته و سطح آلودگی فلز سنگین جیوه در رسوبات به شدت وابسته به این منابع است.
Background and Objective: Due to high mobility and toxicity of mercury in environment and also high accumulation of mercury in food chain, it is important to understand and predict human exposure and ecological risk assessment of mercury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the total concentration of mercury and its bio-availability in sediment of Petrochemical and Ja'fari creeks. Method: In the present study, 27 sediment samples were collected from the sampling sites. Digestion was employed in sample digestion followed by analysis using MOOPAM. Samples were analyzed and determined for mercury concentrations by Mercury Analyzer model VM-3000 MERCURY VAPOR MONITOR. Sediments were further investigated for mercury fractions using a three step sequential extraction procedure of BCR. Results: The concentrations of THg in sediment samples with a minimum of 2.19 and maximum of 45.71 and average of 23.9 milligram per liter show that area is contaminated with mercury according to the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration standard. Discussion and Conclusion: The sequential extraction procedure showed that most Hg in the sediments was largely bound in exchangeable phases. Therefore it can't be exchanged between water and sediment under the physicochemical conditions with alkaline pH. The mercury which bound to exchangeable phase can easily desorb and adsorb by sediments. High content of mercury was in station close to chloral alkaline factory and with distance, Hg concentration was decreased.
1. Guo H, Luo S, Chen L, Xiao X, Xi Q, Wei W.,2010. Bioremediation of heavy metals by growing hyperaccumulaor endophytic bacterium Bacillus sp. L14. Bioresource Technology; 101(22):8599-605.
2. Järup L., 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin; 68(1):167-82.
3. Shajan, K.P., 2001. Geochemistry of bottom sediments from a river-estuary-shelf mixing zone on the tropical southwest coast of India. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan. 52(8):371-382.
4. Macklin, M.G., 1996. Fluxes and storage of sediment-associated heavy metals in floodplain systems: assessment and river basin management issues at a time of rapid environmental change, P 441-60. In: M.G. Anderson, D.E. Walling and P.D. Bates (Eds.), Floodplain Processes, Wiley, Chichester.
5. Kratzer, C.R., 1999. Transport of sediment-bound organocholrine pesticides to San Joaquin River. California. J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. 35: 81-957.
6. McKnight, D.M., Bencala, K.E., 1989. Reactive iron transport in an acidic mountain stream in Summit Country, Colorado: a hydrologic perspective. Geochem et Cosmo. Acta. 53: 34-2225.
7. Singh, K.P., Mohan, M., Singh, V.K., Malik, M., 2005. Studies on distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in Gomati river sediment – a tributary of the Ganges, Ind. J. Hydrol. 312: 14-27.
8. Yu, X., Li, H., Pan, K., Yan, Y., Wang., 2012. Mercury distribution, speciation and bioavailability in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China, Marine pollution Bulletin, 64: 1699-1704.
9. Chakraborty, P., Babu, P.V.R., Vudamala, K., Ramteke, D., 2014a. Mercury speciation in coastal sediments from the central east coast of India by modified BCR method. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 81, 282–288.
10. Barbara, G; Olga, B; Marta, K; Justyna, W., 2016. Mercury in marine and oceanic waters- a review. Water Air and Soil pollution. 227(10); 371.
11. Bermejo Santos, J.C., Beltran, R., and Ariza. G., 2003. Spatial variations of heavy metals contamination in sediments from Odiel river (South Spain). J. Geol. Soc. India. 15: 150-157.
12. Salamat, N., Soleimani, Z., Safahieh, A., Savari, A., Ronagh, M.T., 2013. Using Histopathological changes as a biomarker to trace contamination loading of Musa Creeks (Persian Gulf). Toxicologic Pathology, 41: 913-920.
13. Aghanabati, A., 2004., Geology of Iran. GSI press. 708p (in Persian).
14. USEPA., 1999. Distribution and Transport of Total Mercury and Methylmercury in Mercury-ontaminated Sediments in Reservoirs and Wetlands of the Sudbury River, East-Central Massachusetts. water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4060.
15. Moopam., 1999. Manual of Oceanographic Observations and Pollutant Analyses Methods.Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine environment,Kuwait.
16. Quevauviller PH, Rauret G, López-Sánchez JF, Rubio R, Ure A, Muntau H., 1997. Certification of trace metal extractable contents in a sediment reference material (CRM 601) following a three-step sequential extraction procedure. Sci. Total Environ.205, 223–234.
17. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)., 1997. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste Physical/Chemical Methods (SW-846).
18. Buchanan, J. B., 1984. Sediment analysis chap 30in: Methos for the study of marine benthos, Ed: N.A.Holme and A. D. macIntyre black well, Oxford.
19. Naji, A., Ismail, A., Ismail, A R., 2010. Chemical speciation and contamination assessment of Zn and Cd by sequential extraction in surface sediment of Klang River, Malaysia. Micro. Chem. J. 95: 285-92.
20. Manohar, D.M., Krishnan, K.A. and Anirudhan, T.S., 2002. Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solutions and chloralkali industry wastewaterusing 2-mercaptobenzimidazole-clay.Water Research, 36: 1609-1619.
21. Zagury, G.J., Neculita, C.M., Bastin, C. and Deschênes, L., 2006. Mercury fractionation, bioavailability, and ecotoxicity in highly contaminated soils from chlor-alkali plants.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,25(4):1138-1147.
22. Goodarzi M, Esmaeili saari A, Sadati poor M, Pouri GH., 2006. The study of mercury concentration form chloralkaline industries in Bandar imam sediments. Seventh intentational congress on civil engineering. 9 p (in Persian)
23. Ullrich, S.M., Ilyushchenko, M.A., Kamberov, I.M., Tanton, T.W., 2007a. Mercury contamination in the vicinity of a derelict chlor-alkali plant. Part I: Sediment and water contamination of Lake Balkyldak and the River Irtysh. Sci. Total Environ. 381, 1–16.
24. Shooshtari, M M., 2017. Principles of open channel flow. Chamran University Press. 588 p (in Persian)
25. Mooraki, N.,Esmaeli Sari, A., Soltani, M. and Valinassab, T., 2009. Spatial distribution and assemblage structure of macrobenthos in a tidal creek in relation to industrial activities.International journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology, 6(4): 651-662.
26. Dehghan Madiseh, S.,Savary, A., Parham, H. and Sabzalizadeh, S., 2009. Determination of the level of contamination in Khuzestan coastal waters (Northern Persian Gulf) by using an ecological risk index.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 159: 521-530.
27. Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., Bisson, M., 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal. Chem. 51 (7), pp 844–851.
28. Jung, H-B., Yun, S.T., Mayer, B., Kim, S., Park, S.S, Lee, P.K., 2005. Transport and sediment– water partitioning of trace metals in acid mine drainage: an example from the abandoned Kwangyang Au–Ag mine area, South Korea”, Environmental Geology 48(5) 437–449.
29. Salomons, W., Forstner, U., 1984. Metals in the Hydrocycle. Springer-Verlag, New York, 349.
30. Tokalioglu. S., Kartal, S., Birol, G., 2003. Application of a Three-Stage Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Determination of Extractable Metal Contents in Highway Soils, Turk J Chem 27,333- 346.
31. Araujo, B; Hintelmann, H; Dimock, B; Sobrinho, R; Bernardes, M; Almeida, M; Krusche, Alex ;Thiago Pessanha, R; Fabiano, T, Carlos, R., 2017.Mercury speciation and Hg stable isotope ratios in sediments from Amazon floodplain lakes—Brazil. Limnology and Oceanography, 10.1002/lno.10758.
32. Krupadam, R.J.; Smita, P.; Wate, S.R., 2006. Geochemical fractionation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tapi estuary. Geochemical Journal, 40: 513-522.
33. Tshia, Malehase., Adegbenro, P.,Daso, Jonathan., O.Okonkwo., 2016. Determination of mercury and its fractionation products in samples from legacy use of mercury amalgam in gold processing in Randfontein, South Africa. Emerging Contaminants. 2(3), 157-165.
34. Horvat M, Nolde N, Fajon V, Jereb V, Logar M, Lojen S., 2003. Total mercury, methylmercury and selenium in mercury polluted areas in the province Guizhou, China. Sci Total Environ. 304:231–256.
35. Raeisi-Sarasiab, A., Hosseini, M., Mirsalari, Z., 2014. Mercury distribution in contaminated surface sediments from four estuaries, Khuzestan shore, north part of Persian Gulf. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 93, 522–525.
36. Zakir, H.M.; Shikazono, N., 2008. Metal fractionation in sediment: a comparative assessment of four sequential extraction schemes. Journal of environmental Science for Sustainable Society, 2: 1-12.
37. Soares, H.M.V.M.; Boaventura, R.A.R.; Machado, A.A.S. C.; Esteves dasilva, J.C.G., 1999. Sediments as monitors of heavy metals contamination in the Ave river basin (Portugal). Multivariate analysis of data. Environmental Pollution, 105(3): 311-323.
Ram, A., Borole, D. V., Rokade, M.D., 2009. Diagenesis and bioavailability of mercury in the contaminated sediments of Ulhas
_||_1. Guo H, Luo S, Chen L, Xiao X, Xi Q, Wei W.,2010. Bioremediation of heavy metals by growing hyperaccumulaor endophytic bacterium Bacillus sp. L14. Bioresource Technology; 101(22):8599-605.
2. Järup L., 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin; 68(1):167-82.
3. Shajan, K.P., 2001. Geochemistry of bottom sediments from a river-estuary-shelf mixing zone on the tropical southwest coast of India. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan. 52(8):371-382.
4. Macklin, M.G., 1996. Fluxes and storage of sediment-associated heavy metals in floodplain systems: assessment and river basin management issues at a time of rapid environmental change, P 441-60. In: M.G. Anderson, D.E. Walling and P.D. Bates (Eds.), Floodplain Processes, Wiley, Chichester.
5. Kratzer, C.R., 1999. Transport of sediment-bound organocholrine pesticides to San Joaquin River. California. J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. 35: 81-957.
6. McKnight, D.M., Bencala, K.E., 1989. Reactive iron transport in an acidic mountain stream in Summit Country, Colorado: a hydrologic perspective. Geochem et Cosmo. Acta. 53: 34-2225.
7. Singh, K.P., Mohan, M., Singh, V.K., Malik, M., 2005. Studies on distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in Gomati river sediment – a tributary of the Ganges, Ind. J. Hydrol. 312: 14-27.
8. Yu, X., Li, H., Pan, K., Yan, Y., Wang., 2012. Mercury distribution, speciation and bioavailability in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China, Marine pollution Bulletin, 64: 1699-1704.
9. Chakraborty, P., Babu, P.V.R., Vudamala, K., Ramteke, D., 2014a. Mercury speciation in coastal sediments from the central east coast of India by modified BCR method. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 81, 282–288.
10. Barbara, G; Olga, B; Marta, K; Justyna, W., 2016. Mercury in marine and oceanic waters- a review. Water Air and Soil pollution. 227(10); 371.
11. Bermejo Santos, J.C., Beltran, R., and Ariza. G., 2003. Spatial variations of heavy metals contamination in sediments from Odiel river (South Spain). J. Geol. Soc. India. 15: 150-157.
12. Salamat, N., Soleimani, Z., Safahieh, A., Savari, A., Ronagh, M.T., 2013. Using Histopathological changes as a biomarker to trace contamination loading of Musa Creeks (Persian Gulf). Toxicologic Pathology, 41: 913-920.
13. Aghanabati, A., 2004., Geology of Iran. GSI press. 708p (in Persian).
14. USEPA., 1999. Distribution and Transport of Total Mercury and Methylmercury in Mercury-ontaminated Sediments in Reservoirs and Wetlands of the Sudbury River, East-Central Massachusetts. water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4060.
15. Moopam., 1999. Manual of Oceanographic Observations and Pollutant Analyses Methods.Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine environment,Kuwait.
16. Quevauviller PH, Rauret G, López-Sánchez JF, Rubio R, Ure A, Muntau H., 1997. Certification of trace metal extractable contents in a sediment reference material (CRM 601) following a three-step sequential extraction procedure. Sci. Total Environ.205, 223–234.
17. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)., 1997. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste Physical/Chemical Methods (SW-846).
18. Buchanan, J. B., 1984. Sediment analysis chap 30in: Methos for the study of marine benthos, Ed: N.A.Holme and A. D. macIntyre black well, Oxford.
19. Naji, A., Ismail, A., Ismail, A R., 2010. Chemical speciation and contamination assessment of Zn and Cd by sequential extraction in surface sediment of Klang River, Malaysia. Micro. Chem. J. 95: 285-92.
20. Manohar, D.M., Krishnan, K.A. and Anirudhan, T.S., 2002. Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solutions and chloralkali industry wastewaterusing 2-mercaptobenzimidazole-clay.Water Research, 36: 1609-1619.
21. Zagury, G.J., Neculita, C.M., Bastin, C. and Deschênes, L., 2006. Mercury fractionation, bioavailability, and ecotoxicity in highly contaminated soils from chlor-alkali plants.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,25(4):1138-1147.
22. Goodarzi M, Esmaeili saari A, Sadati poor M, Pouri GH., 2006. The study of mercury concentration form chloralkaline industries in Bandar imam sediments. Seventh intentational congress on civil engineering. 9 p (in Persian)
23. Ullrich, S.M., Ilyushchenko, M.A., Kamberov, I.M., Tanton, T.W., 2007a. Mercury contamination in the vicinity of a derelict chlor-alkali plant. Part I: Sediment and water contamination of Lake Balkyldak and the River Irtysh. Sci. Total Environ. 381, 1–16.
24. Shooshtari, M M., 2017. Principles of open channel flow. Chamran University Press. 588 p (in Persian)
25. Mooraki, N.,Esmaeli Sari, A., Soltani, M. and Valinassab, T., 2009. Spatial distribution and assemblage structure of macrobenthos in a tidal creek in relation to industrial activities.International journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology, 6(4): 651-662.
26. Dehghan Madiseh, S.,Savary, A., Parham, H. and Sabzalizadeh, S., 2009. Determination of the level of contamination in Khuzestan coastal waters (Northern Persian Gulf) by using an ecological risk index.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 159: 521-530.
27. Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., Bisson, M., 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal. Chem. 51 (7), pp 844–851.
28. Jung, H-B., Yun, S.T., Mayer, B., Kim, S., Park, S.S, Lee, P.K., 2005. Transport and sediment– water partitioning of trace metals in acid mine drainage: an example from the abandoned Kwangyang Au–Ag mine area, South Korea”, Environmental Geology 48(5) 437–449.
29. Salomons, W., Forstner, U., 1984. Metals in the Hydrocycle. Springer-Verlag, New York, 349.
30. Tokalioglu. S., Kartal, S., Birol, G., 2003. Application of a Three-Stage Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Determination of Extractable Metal Contents in Highway Soils, Turk J Chem 27,333- 346.
31. Araujo, B; Hintelmann, H; Dimock, B; Sobrinho, R; Bernardes, M; Almeida, M; Krusche, Alex ;Thiago Pessanha, R; Fabiano, T, Carlos, R., 2017.Mercury speciation and Hg stable isotope ratios in sediments from Amazon floodplain lakes—Brazil. Limnology and Oceanography, 10.1002/lno.10758.
32. Krupadam, R.J.; Smita, P.; Wate, S.R., 2006. Geochemical fractionation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tapi estuary. Geochemical Journal, 40: 513-522.
33. Tshia, Malehase., Adegbenro, P.,Daso, Jonathan., O.Okonkwo., 2016. Determination of mercury and its fractionation products in samples from legacy use of mercury amalgam in gold processing in Randfontein, South Africa. Emerging Contaminants. 2(3), 157-165.
34. Horvat M, Nolde N, Fajon V, Jereb V, Logar M, Lojen S., 2003. Total mercury, methylmercury and selenium in mercury polluted areas in the province Guizhou, China. Sci Total Environ. 304:231–256.
35. Raeisi-Sarasiab, A., Hosseini, M., Mirsalari, Z., 2014. Mercury distribution in contaminated surface sediments from four estuaries, Khuzestan shore, north part of Persian Gulf. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 93, 522–525.
36. Zakir, H.M.; Shikazono, N., 2008. Metal fractionation in sediment: a comparative assessment of four sequential extraction schemes. Journal of environmental Science for Sustainable Society, 2: 1-12.
37. Soares, H.M.V.M.; Boaventura, R.A.R.; Machado, A.A.S. C.; Esteves dasilva, J.C.G., 1999. Sediments as monitors of heavy metals contamination in the Ave river basin (Portugal). Multivariate analysis of data. Environmental Pollution, 105(3): 311-323.
Ram, A., Borole, D. V., Rokade, M.D., 2009. Diagenesis and bioavailability of mercury in the contaminated sediments of Ulhas