جایگاه اصل احتیاط در حقوق بین‌الملل دریاها ( با تاکید بر قضیه‌ی ماهی تن آبی باله)
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیستعلی صابرنژاد علویان 1 , مرتضی نجفی اسفاد 2
1 - دانش‌آموخته‌ی دوره‌ی دکتری تخصصی حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی،گروه عمومی و بین‌الملل ، دانشکده‌ی حقوق و علوم سیاسی،واحد علوم تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،ایران، تهران
2 - عضو هیات علمی بازنشسته دانشگاه علوم قضایی و مدعو گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکده‌ی حقوق و علوم سیاسی،واحد علوم تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایران، تهران.(نویسنده‌ی مسئول).
کلید واژه: اصل جلوگیری, اصل احتیاط, آلودگی دریایی, رویه‌ی قضایی, محیط زیست,
چکیده مقاله :
اصل احتیاط جایگاه بسیار مهمی در پیشگیری از وقوع خسارات زیست محیطی دارد و برای دست یابی به توسعه پایدار، باید سیاست‌های محیط زیستی بر اساس اصل عمل احتیاطی بنا شود. این اصل در کنار دیگر اصول زیست محیطی به عنوان قاعده ای طلایی در جهت جلوگیری از وقوع خسارات زیست محیطی نقش ایفا می نماید. جایگاه اساسی اصل مذکور در محیط زیست دریایی در پیشگیری از آلودگی دریایی و نیل به حق بر محیط زیست سالم دریایی می باشد. رویه ی قضایی دیوان بین المللی حقوق دریاها نقشی اساسی در شناسایی و تنویر زوایای پنهان این اصل در حقوق محیط زیست دریایی داشته است که در قضیه ی ماهی تن آبی باله این موضوع به وضوح مبرهن گردیده و دیوان بین الملل حقوق دریاها به بررسی و تحلیل چگونگی اجرای این اصل در حقوق بین الملل دریاها پرداخته است. مقاله حاضر به بررسی و واکاوی این اصل در حقوق دریاها و نقش دیوان بین المللی حقوق دریاها در این زمینه پرداخته است. یافته های مقاله حکایت از آن دارد که این اصل در حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست نقش مهمی را ایفاء می نماید و محیط زیست حقوق بین الملل دریاها نیز از این قضیه مستثنی نبوده و رویه ی قضایی بین المللی در قضیه ی ماهی تن آبی باله بر این مهم تاکید داشته است.
The precautionary principle plays a very important role in preventing the occurrence of environmental damage, and in order to achieve sustainable development, environmental policies must be based on the precautionary principle. This principle, along with other environmental principles, acts as a golden rule to prevent environmental damage. The principle of this principle in the marine environment is to prevent "marine pollution" and to achieve the "Right to a Healthy Marine Environment". The jurisprudence of the International Court of the Law of the Sea has played a key role in identifying and illuminating the hidden angles of this principle in marine environmental law, which has been made clear in the case of the "Bluefin Tuna" and the International Court of Justice Maritime Law examines and analyzes how this principle is applied in the international law of the sea. The present article examines this principle in the law of the sea and the role of the International Court of the Law of the Sea in this regard. The findings of the article indicate that this principle plays an important role in international environmental law and the international law of the sea is no exception and international jurisprudence in the case. "Bluefin Tuna" has emphasized this important point.
1. Dahbiri, Farhad, Pourhashemi, Seyyed Abbas, Roosta, Fakhr al-Zoha, Sustainable development in the concepts and principles of international law of environment, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST), Volume 11, Issue 3, Winter 2009,pp.219-220,(in Persian)
2. Hayati, Ali Abbas, Concept of the "Precautionary Principle" and its Place in Civil Responsibility,islamic law research journal, Volume 15, Issue 40, Winter and Spring 2015,p.187,(i n Persian)
3. Mousavi, Seyed Fazllolah, Arashpour, Alireza, The “Principle of Prevention” in international environmental law, public law studies journal, Volume 45, Issue 2, Summer 2015,p.169 ,(in Persian)
4. Ramazani Ghavam Abadi, Mohammad Hossein, A Comparative Study of “Precautionary Principle” in Opinions and Decisions of Internationals Tribunals, public law research journal, Volume 15, Issue 40, Summer 2013,9.141,(in Persian)
5. Robinson,Nicholas, Colasuria, Lal Kuro, Fundamentals of international environmental law, Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini (translator), mizan,2012,p.26,(in Persian)
6. Pourhashemi, Seyyed Abbas, Zare, Ali, Review the implementation of the precautionary principle in international environmental law,Journal of Law and Politics, Volume 23, Spring 2015,p.120, (in Persian)
7. Pourhashemi, Seyyed Abbas, Bahareh, Arghandeh, International Law of the Environment,Dadgostar,2013, (in Persian)
8. Tanaka, Yoshifumi, International Law of the Sea, Armin Talat (translator), shahredanesh,2016,p.428, (in Persian)
9. Springer, A L, Towards a meaningful concept of pollution in international law, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol 26, 1977, p.550
11. Mashhadi, Ali, Terminology of Environmental Law, khorsandy,2010,p.24
12. Pourghahramani Babak , Sabernejad ,Ali, Analysis of the Islamic Republic of Iran about the environment of Urmia Lake From the perspective of the Ramsar Convention, Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences,2015, Volume 5, No. S1,p.1647
13. Sabrinejad, Ali, Hosseinpoor, Peri, feasibility study on the international responsibility of the Islamic Republic of Iran over the effects of drought on Lake Urmia, Third National Conference on Environmental Research and Agriculture, Hamedan,2015,p.1, (in Persian)
14. Rajabi, Abdullah, Review of the Special Criteria for the Design of Civil Liability for Environmental Damage, khorsandy,2009,pp.159-161, (in Persian)
15. Khalatbari,yalda, Hermidas Bavand,Davood, Zare, Ali, Poorhashemi, Seyed Abbas, Analyzing of pollution and damages in international environmental law, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST), Available Online from 02 July 2016,p.14, (in Persian)
16. Southern Bluefish case, the international tribunal for the law of the sea,1999, para, 77
17. Most notably, the precautionary principle has been featured in West Germany’s legal system (Vorsorgeprinzip), in the Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz, p 5, para. 1, No. 2; and in the Atomgesetz,p. 7, para.2, No. 8
18. Lauterpacht, ‘Codification and Development of International Law’, 49 AJIL(1955) 16–43, at 16
19. Schachter, ‘Creativity and Objectivity in International Tribunals’, in Festschrift für Hermann Mosler(1983) 813-823, at 815
20. Marr, Simon,The Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases: The Precautionary Approach and Conservation and Management of Fish Resources, European Journal of international law,Vol. 11 No.4,2000, p.831
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1. Dahbiri, Farhad, Pourhashemi, Seyyed Abbas, Roosta, Fakhr al-Zoha, Sustainable development in the concepts and principles of international law of environment, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST), Volume 11, Issue 3, Winter 2009,pp.219-220,(in Persian)
2. Hayati, Ali Abbas, Concept of the "Precautionary Principle" and its Place in Civil Responsibility,islamic law research journal, Volume 15, Issue 40, Winter and Spring 2015,p.187,(i n Persian)
3. Mousavi, Seyed Fazllolah, Arashpour, Alireza, The “Principle of Prevention” in international environmental law, public law studies journal, Volume 45, Issue 2, Summer 2015,p.169 ,(in Persian)
4. Ramazani Ghavam Abadi, Mohammad Hossein, A Comparative Study of “Precautionary Principle” in Opinions and Decisions of Internationals Tribunals, public law research journal, Volume 15, Issue 40, Summer 2013,9.141,(in Persian)
5. Robinson,Nicholas, Colasuria, Lal Kuro, Fundamentals of international environmental law, Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini (translator), mizan,2012,p.26,(in Persian)
6. Pourhashemi, Seyyed Abbas, Zare, Ali, Review the implementation of the precautionary principle in international environmental law,Journal of Law and Politics, Volume 23, Spring 2015,p.120, (in Persian)
7. Pourhashemi, Seyyed Abbas, Bahareh, Arghandeh, International Law of the Environment,Dadgostar,2013, (in Persian)
8. Tanaka, Yoshifumi, International Law of the Sea, Armin Talat (translator), shahredanesh,2016,p.428, (in Persian)
9. Springer, A L, Towards a meaningful concept of pollution in international law, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol 26, 1977, p.550
11. Mashhadi, Ali, Terminology of Environmental Law, khorsandy,2010,p.24
12. Pourghahramani Babak , Sabernejad ,Ali, Analysis of the Islamic Republic of Iran about the environment of Urmia Lake From the perspective of the Ramsar Convention, Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences,2015, Volume 5, No. S1,p.1647
13. Sabrinejad, Ali, Hosseinpoor, Peri, feasibility study on the international responsibility of the Islamic Republic of Iran over the effects of drought on Lake Urmia, Third National Conference on Environmental Research and Agriculture, Hamedan,2015,p.1, (in Persian)
14. Rajabi, Abdullah, Review of the Special Criteria for the Design of Civil Liability for Environmental Damage, khorsandy,2009,pp.159-161, (in Persian)
15. Khalatbari,yalda, Hermidas Bavand,Davood, Zare, Ali, Poorhashemi, Seyed Abbas, Analyzing of pollution and damages in international environmental law, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST), Available Online from 02 July 2016,p.14, (in Persian)
16. Southern Bluefish case, the international tribunal for the law of the sea,1999, para, 77
17. Most notably, the precautionary principle has been featured in West Germany’s legal system (Vorsorgeprinzip), in the Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz, p 5, para. 1, No. 2; and in the Atomgesetz,p. 7, para.2, No. 8
18. Lauterpacht, ‘Codification and Development of International Law’, 49 AJIL(1955) 16–43, at 16
19. Schachter, ‘Creativity and Objectivity in International Tribunals’, in Festschrift für Hermann Mosler(1983) 813-823, at 815
20. Marr, Simon,The Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases: The Precautionary Approach and Conservation and Management of Fish Resources, European Journal of international law,Vol. 11 No.4,2000, p.831