بررسی ابعاد تمایز رابطه ناظر با منظر مثمر و منظر زینتی در باغ‌های ایرانی
محورهای موضوعی : معماری و شهرسازیسیدمحمدرضا خلیل نژاد 1 , محمدعلی بیدختی 2
1 - استادیار گروه صنایع دستی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات(
2 - استادیار گروه صنایع دستی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.
کلید واژه: منظر مثمر, نظام بصری, باغ ایرانی, منظر زینتی, نظام گیاهی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: مقاله حاضر با بررسی باغ‌های ایرانی مختلف از دیدگاه رابطه ناظر و منظر سبز باغ در دو بخش منظر مثمر و منظر زینتی، سعی در پی یافتن تاثیر نظام گیاهی در کیفیت نظام بصری باغ و اهمیت توجه توامان به دو مقوله زیبایی‌شناختی و کارکرد در طراحی باغ ایرانی است. روش بررسی: روش تحقیق در مطالعه حاضر از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی و جمع‌آوری اطلاعات به شیوه موردپژوهی، کتابخانه‌ای و مصاحبه، به همراه مطالعات میدانی بر روی 8 باغ تاریخی می‌باشد. انجام مطالعات میدانی در شهریورماه سال 1393 انجام گرفت که مصاحبه با مدیران و مشاوران با سابقه باغها و همچنین اخذ اطلاعات از باغبانان قدیمی نیز به تکمیل مطالعات میدانی کمک نمود. باغ‌های مورد مطالعه عبارتند از: باغ‌های اکبریه، رحیم‌آباد، امیرآباد، بهلگرد (باغ‌های تاریخی بیرجند)، باغ شاهزاده (ماهان)، باغ پهلوانپور (مهریز)، باغ دولت‌آباد (یزد) و باغ فین (کاشان). برای این منظور باغ‌های فوق‌الذکر از نظر رابطه ناظر و منظر در دو بخش منظر مثمر و منظر زینتی مورد مطالعه و مقایسه قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها و نتایج: - در باغ‌های ایرانی کیفیت رابطه ناظر با منظر مثمر متفاوت و متمایز از رابطه با منظر زینتی است. - دسترسی فیزیکی به منظر مثمر به عنوان بخش تولیدی باغها مدیریت شده بوده و نظام گیاهی و نظام بصری به نحوی بوده است که در باغ‌های حکومتی-تشریفاتی محدودیت‌های دسترسی عموم به بخش تولیدی باغها اعمال گردد. - تغییر نظام گیاهی باغ‌های تاریخی، در اثر تعویض گونه‌ها، خشکیدگی و یا حذف عناصر گیاهی اصیل، می‌تواند تاثیرات نامطلوبی بر کیفیت و تنوع رابطه ناظر و منظر گذاشته و تمایز اصیل ارتباط ناظر با صحنه‌های مثمر و زینتی را کم نماید.
Introduction: Structurally speaking, beyond the productive and decorative functions of plants as the main elements of the garden, they have the significant role in shaping the relationship of viewer and the interior landscape of the garden. Material and Methods: This article under the comparative surveys will discuss the relationship of spectator and the interior sceneries of the historical gardens and the effect of plant order on the quality of visual system. The case gardens studies are: Akbariye, Amir Abad, Bahlgerd, Rahim Abad, Shahzadeh, Pahlavanpour, Dolat Abad, and Fin. Those gardens have been studied and compared based on the connection between onlooker and green appearance from the severally potential viewpoints. Furthermore, based on the separation of fruitful and ornamental greenery in Persian gardens, all of studies and comparison have been conducted in two main sections for each of the above mentioned landscape types. Result and discussion: In Persian gardens, the quality of connection of visitor to the productive sceneries and pleasure landscapes is different. The physical access of public visitors to the productive fields was managed, especially in ceremonial gardens The contemporary conversion (managed or unwanted) of the planting system has undesirable effects on the quality and variety of connection the spectator-scenery, and will decline the genuine differentiation of the connectedness of visitor to the edible and pleasure sceneries.
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2. Motedayyen, H. 2010. Causes of formation the historical Persian gardens, Bagh-e-Nazar, 7(15): 51-62. (In Persian)
3. Mansouri, S. A. 2005. An introduction to the aesthetics of the Persian garden. Bagh-e-Nazar, 2(3): 58-63. (In Persian)
4. Khansari, M; Moghtader, M.R. and Yavari, M. 2004. The Persian Gardens Echoes of Paradise. Washington DC: Mage Publishers.
5. Irani Behbahani, H., Shokouhi Dehkordi, J., Soltani, R. 2013. Methodology of recognizing and documenting the Iran's unknown historical gardens, Environmental Studies, 39(1): 145-156. (In Persian)
6. Jeyhani, H., Emrani, M. 2007. Fin Garden. Tehran: Research Institute of the Tourism Handicraft and Cultural Heritage Organization. (In Persian)
7. Wilber, D. N. 1979. Persian Gardens and Garden Pavilions. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
8. Kaafi, M. 2014. Xeriscape landscaping readout a tradition in art of Persian gardening, Bagh-e-Nazar, 6(26): 12-17. (In Persian)
9. Naghizadeh, M. 2013. Thoughts on the basics and displays of the beauty in Persian garden, Art Monthly Book, No. 183: 34-45. (In Persian)
10. Clarck, E. 2014. The art of Islamic garden. Wiltshire: Crowood Press National Iranian Botanical Garden, 2014. Reports of studies and plans for the restoration and rehabilitation of the green space of Fin historical garden, Kashan: Archive of the Fin Garden World Heritage Site. (In Persian)
11. Levinsson, A., Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C., Öxell, C., and Fransson, A. M. 2015. Visual assessments of establishment success in urban Prunus avium(L.) and Quercus rubra (L.) in relation to water status and crown morphological characteristics. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14: 218–224.
12. Gonzalo, D. L. F. D. V., and Hermann, M. 2014. Visual quality: An examination of a South American Mediterranean landscape, Andean foothills east of Santiago (Chile). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13: 261–271.
13. Pazhouhanfar, M., and Kamal M. 2014. Effect of predictors of visual preference as characteristics of urban natural landscapes in increasing perceived restorative potential. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13: 145–151.
14. Ode, A. K., and Fry, G. L. A. 2002. Visual aspects in urban woodland management. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14: 218–224.
15. Raˇskovi´c, S., and Decker, R. 2015. The influence of trees on the perception of urban squares. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14: 237–245.
16. Dupont, L., Antrop, M., and Eetvelde, V. V. 2015. Does landscape related expertise influence the visual perception of landscape photographs? Implications for participatory landscape planning and management. Landscape and Urban Planning 141: 68–77.
17. UESCO, 2011, The Persian Garden, World Heritage List: http://whc.unesco.org/eng/list/1372/
18. Ranjbar, A., Mehrabani Golzar, M., Fatemi, M. 2005. An introduction to recognition of Brijand’s historical gardens, Bagh-e-Nazar, 2(4): 50-71. (In Persian)
19. Abar-dasht Consulting Engineers. 2003. Report on the studies of Maahan garden. Kerman: Archive of the Maahan Garden World Heritage Site. (In Persian)
20. Irani Behbahani, H., Khosravi, F. 2006. Iranian garden: a place of coexistence: city-nature-landscape case study: Tehran gardens in 19th century, Environmental Sciences, 12: 79-88.
21. Ramyar, R. 2011. Unity in restoring: a study on healing attributes of Persian garden. International Conference on Environmental and Agricultural Engineering: Singapore.
22. Kalantari, A. 2011. Persian gardens: history, elements, influences. Master thesis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
23. Ruggles, D.F. 2008. Islamic gardens and landscapes. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania.
24. Fadaie, H., and Mofidi, S.M. 2011. The effect of environmental sustainability in the architecture of Persiangardenʼs pavilion, 5th SASTech, Khavaran Higher education institute, Mashhad, Iran.
25. Gharipour, M. 2009. Pavilion structure in Persian gardens reflection in the textual and visual media. Doctoral dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology.
26. Hanachi, P., Eshrati, P., and Eshrati, D. 2011. Understanding the Persian gardens as a cultural landscape: an approach to comprehensive conservation. Proceedings of Heritage international conference, Jordan, Amman: 385-396.
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1. Haidarentaj, V., Mansouri, S.A. 2009. A critique of the hypothesis the Chahar-Bagh model in the formation of Persian Garden, Bagh-e-Nazar, 6(12): 17-30. (In Persian)
2. Motedayyen, H. 2010. Causes of formation the historical Persian gardens, Bagh-e-Nazar, 7(15): 51-62. (In Persian)
3. Mansouri, S. A. 2005. An introduction to the aesthetics of the Persian garden. Bagh-e-Nazar, 2(3): 58-63. (In Persian)
4. Khansari, M; Moghtader, M.R. and Yavari, M. 2004. The Persian Gardens Echoes of Paradise. Washington DC: Mage Publishers.
5. Irani Behbahani, H., Shokouhi Dehkordi, J., Soltani, R. 2013. Methodology of recognizing and documenting the Iran's unknown historical gardens, Environmental Studies, 39(1): 145-156. (In Persian)
6. Jeyhani, H., Emrani, M. 2007. Fin Garden. Tehran: Research Institute of the Tourism Handicraft and Cultural Heritage Organization. (In Persian)
7. Wilber, D. N. 1979. Persian Gardens and Garden Pavilions. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
8. Kaafi, M. 2014. Xeriscape landscaping readout a tradition in art of Persian gardening, Bagh-e-Nazar, 6(26): 12-17. (In Persian)
9. Naghizadeh, M. 2013. Thoughts on the basics and displays of the beauty in Persian garden, Art Monthly Book, No. 183: 34-45. (In Persian)
10. Clarck, E. 2014. The art of Islamic garden. Wiltshire: Crowood Press National Iranian Botanical Garden, 2014. Reports of studies and plans for the restoration and rehabilitation of the green space of Fin historical garden, Kashan: Archive of the Fin Garden World Heritage Site. (In Persian)
11. Levinsson, A., Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C., Öxell, C., and Fransson, A. M. 2015. Visual assessments of establishment success in urban Prunus avium(L.) and Quercus rubra (L.) in relation to water status and crown morphological characteristics. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14: 218–224.
12. Gonzalo, D. L. F. D. V., and Hermann, M. 2014. Visual quality: An examination of a South American Mediterranean landscape, Andean foothills east of Santiago (Chile). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13: 261–271.
13. Pazhouhanfar, M., and Kamal M. 2014. Effect of predictors of visual preference as characteristics of urban natural landscapes in increasing perceived restorative potential. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13: 145–151.
14. Ode, A. K., and Fry, G. L. A. 2002. Visual aspects in urban woodland management. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14: 218–224.
15. Raˇskovi´c, S., and Decker, R. 2015. The influence of trees on the perception of urban squares. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14: 237–245.
16. Dupont, L., Antrop, M., and Eetvelde, V. V. 2015. Does landscape related expertise influence the visual perception of landscape photographs? Implications for participatory landscape planning and management. Landscape and Urban Planning 141: 68–77.
17. UESCO, 2011, The Persian Garden, World Heritage List: http://whc.unesco.org/eng/list/1372/
18. Ranjbar, A., Mehrabani Golzar, M., Fatemi, M. 2005. An introduction to recognition of Brijand’s historical gardens, Bagh-e-Nazar, 2(4): 50-71. (In Persian)
19. Abar-dasht Consulting Engineers. 2003. Report on the studies of Maahan garden. Kerman: Archive of the Maahan Garden World Heritage Site. (In Persian)
20. Irani Behbahani, H., Khosravi, F. 2006. Iranian garden: a place of coexistence: city-nature-landscape case study: Tehran gardens in 19th century, Environmental Sciences, 12: 79-88.
21. Ramyar, R. 2011. Unity in restoring: a study on healing attributes of Persian garden. International Conference on Environmental and Agricultural Engineering: Singapore.
22. Kalantari, A. 2011. Persian gardens: history, elements, influences. Master thesis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
23. Ruggles, D.F. 2008. Islamic gardens and landscapes. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania.
24. Fadaie, H., and Mofidi, S.M. 2011. The effect of environmental sustainability in the architecture of Persiangardenʼs pavilion, 5th SASTech, Khavaran Higher education institute, Mashhad, Iran.
25. Gharipour, M. 2009. Pavilion structure in Persian gardens reflection in the textual and visual media. Doctoral dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology.
26. Hanachi, P., Eshrati, P., and Eshrati, D. 2011. Understanding the Persian gardens as a cultural landscape: an approach to comprehensive conservation. Proceedings of Heritage international conference, Jordan, Amman: 385-396.