اندازه گیری آلاینده های معیار و بررسی کیفیت بهداشتی هوای زیر گذر حرم مطهر رضوی بر اساس شاخص AQI
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی هواقاسم ذوالفقاری 1 , میترا محمّدی 2 , فاطمه عرب عامری 3
1 - دانشیار علوم و مهندسی محيط زيست، دانشکده علوم محيطي، دانشگاه حکيم سبزواري، سبزوار، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استادیار علوم و مهندسی محيط زيست، دانشگاه خردگرایان مطهر، مشهد، ایران.
3 - کارشناسی ارشد علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشگاه خرد گرایان مطهر، مشهد، ایران.
کلید واژه: آلاینده های معیار, زیر گذر حرم مطهر, کیفیت هوا, مشهد.,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: آلودگی هوا یکی از مهم ترین مشکلات قرن حاضر است که سلامت انسان را تهدید می کند. آلودگی هوا باعث ایجاد طیف گسترده ای از اثرات حاد و مزمن سلامتی از ناهنجاری های فیزیولوژیکی خفیف تا مرگ ناشی از بیماری های قلبی و تنفسی می شود. هدف از انجام این مطالعه اندازه گیری آلاینده های هوا شامل منوکسید کربن (CO)، دی اکسید گوگرد (SO2)، ذرات معلق کم تر از 5/2 میکرون (PM2.5)، و ذرات معلق کم تر از 10 میکرون (PM10) در محل زیر گذر حرم مطهر می باشد.
روش بررسی: این مطالعه تحلیلی-توصیفی می باشد. طی 8 ماه 224 نمونه برای هر کدام از آلاینده های CO ،SO2 ، PM2.5 و PM10 از سه ایستگاه با دوبار تکرار انجام شد. آلاینده CO در ساعت 9 صبح و 1 بعد از ظهر تکرار شد و سایر آلاینده ها در ساعت یک بعد از ظهر در سه ایستگاه زیر گذر حرم مطهر رضوی اندازه گیری شد. اندازه گیری CO توسط دستگاه قرائت مستقیم مجهز به سنسور الکتروشیمیایی (Multi- RAE)، SO2 با روش شیمیایی (آب اکسیژنه) و همچنین اندازه گیری ذرات معلق با دستگاه Haz-Dust مدل EPAM5000 انجام شد. شاخص کیفیت هوا (AQI) برای آلاینده های مورد بررسی (CO، SO2، PM2.5، و PM10) با استفاده از روش میان یابی خطی طبق استانداردها ملی کیفیت هوای آزاد (NAAQS) محاسبه شد. داده ها با نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 16 تجزیه و تحلیل و رسم نمودار با Excel انجام گرفت.
یافتهها: نتایج نشان داد که همبستگی بین سریهای زمانی قابل قبول و رابطه قوی بین رویش و متغیرهای اقلیمی وجود دارد. تفاوت معنیداری بین هر سه منطقه وجود داشته و در میانبند بیشترین رویش قطری به‌دست آمده است. بررسی رابطه متغیرهای اقلیمی و رویش قطری نیز نشان داد که در منطقه پایینبند، عوامل دما و رطوبت نسبی به ترتیب همبستگی منفی (571/0-) و مثبت (734/0) معنیداری با رویش دارند. در منطقه میانبند نیز همین متغیرها معنی دار بودند. در منطقه بالابند، هیچکدام از متغیرهای اقلیمی ارتباط معنی داری با رویش نشان ندادند.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: کیفیت هوای زیرگذر در بازه زمانی مورد مطالعه ناسالم است. نتایج این مطالعه کمک می کند تا داده های کیفیت زیرگذر حرم مطهر امام رضا ناشی از اثرات انسانی روی سلامت انسان تدوین شود.
Background and Objectives: Air pollution is one of the most important problems of this century, which threats human health. Air pollution causes wide spectrum acute and chronic effects of health from slight physiological disorders to death from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The objective of this study was to measure concentration of air pollutants (CO, SO2, PM2.5, and PM10) in underpass of Emam Reza Holy Shrine, Mashhad in March 2016- Oct 2016. Materials and Methods: This Study was a descriptive–analytic study. To determine the concentration of pollutants, 224 samples were collected during 8 month. CO was measured by real time monitoring instrument, Multi-RAE equipped by electrochemical sensor. Furtheremore, SO2 was measured by chemical method (H2O2 method). PM2.5 and PM10 were collected using Haz-Dust, EPAM5000 model. Then, Air Quality Index (AQI) was calculated based on the criteria pollutants’ levels (CO, SO2, PM2.5, and PM10) for three cities through linear interpolation and was classified into describing classes according to tables of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Data analysis was performed with Excel and SPSS 16 software. Findings: The most concentrations for CO (22.31 ppm), SO2 (41.26 ppb), PM2.5 (128.5 μg/m3), and PM10 (165.25 μg/m3) were in Shairazi station. The results showed that the AQI in this station was higher than Iran’s environmental protection agency standards (AQI>100). Conclusion: The air quality of the underpass of Emam Reza Holy Shrine was unhealthy in March 2016- Oct 2016. The results of the present study aimed to provide data from underpass of Emam Reza Holy Shrine as indicators of anthropogenic impacts on human health.
1. Atabati, A., Adab, H., Zolfaghari, G., & Nasrabadi, M., 2022. Modeling groundwater nitrate concentrations using spatial and non-spatial regression models in a semi-arid environment. Water Science and Engineering, Vol.15, No. 3, pp. 218-227.
2. Zolfaghari, G., 2018. Risk assessment of mercury and lead in fish species from Iranian international wetlands. MethodsX, Vol.5, pp. 438–447.
3. Zolfaghari, G., Delsouz, M., & Rajaee, S., 2016. Study of mercury pollution in water, sediments, and fish from Hamoon international wetland. Journal of Water and Wastewater, Vol.27, No.5, pp. 25-37. (In Persian)
4. Esmaili Sari, A., Zolfaghari, G., Ghasempouri, S. M., Shayegh, S. S, & Hasani Tabatabei, M., 2007. Effect of age, gender, years of practice, specialty and number of amalgam restorations on mercury concentration in nails of dentists practicing in Tehran. Journal of Iranian Dental Association, Vol.19, No.1, pp. 97-104. (In Persian)
5. Zolfaghari, G., Esmaili Sari, A., Ghasempouri, S. M., Ghorbani, F., Ahmadifard, N., & Shokri, N., 2006. Relationship beetween age, gender and weight with mercury concentration in different organs of Chalcalburnus chalcalburnus from Anzali wetland. Iranian Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol.5, No. 3-4, pp. 23-31. (In Persian)
6. Zolfaghari, G., Esmaili-Sari, A., & Younesi, H., 2011. Surface modification of ordered nanoporous carbons CMK-3 via a chemical oxidation approach and its application in removal of lead pollution from water. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, IPCBEE, 6, 174-178.
7. Zolfaghari, G., & Kargar, M., 2019. Nanofiltration and microfiltration for the removal of chromium, total dissolved solids, and sulfate from water. MethodsX, Vol. 6, pp. 549–557.
8. Masjedi, M.R., Dokoukhi, P., Ahmadnejad, Z., Jamati, H.R., 2002. Correlation between air pollution and acute heart attack and respiratory rate. Research in Medicine, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 25- 33. (In Persian)
9. Ahmadi Asur, A., Elah Abadi, A., 2011. Measuring the air pollutants in Sabzevar. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 140-147. (In Persian)
10. Khorasani, N., Cheraghi, M., Nadafi, K., Karami, M., 2003. Survey and Comparison of Tehran and Isfahan Air Quality in 1378 and Representation of Improvement Methods. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 559- 567 (In Persian).
11. Sahebi, S., Adeli, Sh., 2013. Analysing Tabriz Air quality using Interpolating algorithm in GIS environment based on AQI (Air Quality Index). 3rd Conference on Environmental Planning and Management. (In Persian)
12. Atayi, H., Hashemi Nasab, S., 2011. Identification and analysis of intermediate levels of atmospheric intermediate pattern in air pollution in. Isfahan, Urban Planning and Research, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 97-112. (In Persian)
13. WHO, (2014), http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/
14. Kazemi, Kh., Shakeri, M., Rastegar, M., Sayyadi, S., 2014. Air pollution and urban management challenges in metropolises (Case: Mashhad metropolis). National Conference on Urban Planning and Management with emphasis on the components of Islamic city. (In Persian)
15. Sahaghi, M., Javanbakht Ghahfarakhi, Z., 2013. An analysis of the statistics of domestic tourists and domestic visitors entering the Mashhad metropolis using time series models. Journal of Applied Research of Geographic Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 28, pp. 71-94. (In Persian)
16. Allahyari, S., Assadi, S.N., Esmaily, H., 2014. Assessment of air pollution condition and compare in different areas of Mashhad in winter 2011. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Vol. No.1, pp. 7-16. (In Persian)
17. Kazemi, Z., Kazemi, Z., Jonidi Jafari, A., Farzadkia, M., Hosseini, J., Amini, P., Shahsavani, A., Kermani, M., 2024. Estimating the health impacts of exposure to Air pollutants and the evaluation of changes in their concentration using a linear model in Iran. Toxicology Reports, Vol.12, pp. 56-64.
18. Geng, F., Zhao, C., Tang, X., Lu, G., Tie X., 2007. Analysis of ozone and VOCs measured in Shanghai: A case study. Atmosphere Environment, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 989-1001.
19. Watson, J.G., Chow, J.C., Fujita, E.M., 2001. Review of volatile organic compound source apportionment by chemical mass balance. Atmos Environ, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1567-84.
20. Nguyen, H.T., Kim, K.H., Kim, M.Y., 2009. Volatile organic compounds at an urban monitoring station in Korea. J Hazardous Materials, Vol. 161, No. 1, pp. 163-74.
21. Mostafaee Mirabadi, M.H., 2010. Investigating the emission of air pollutants in indoor air, case study of Resalat tunnel, Master's thesis for Civil Engineering, Roads and Transportation. Sharif University of Technology, Thesis No, 41132, pp. 111. (In Persian)
22. Alizadeh Ali Abadi, H., Vaziri, M., 2012. The concentration of the carbon monoxide emissions and its relation with the temperature in the Towhid tunnel. The ninth International Congress of Civil Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology. (In Persian)
23. Longley, I., Kelly, F., 2008. Air Quality in and around traffic tunnels. National Health and Medical Research Council with support from The Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing.
24. Laschober, C., Limbeck, A., Rendl, J., Puxbaum, H., 2004. Particulate emissions from on-road vehicles in the Kaisermuhlen-tunnel (Vienna, Austria). Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, pp. 2187–2195.
25. Gholami, R.,2016. A review of the types of road tunnel ventilation systems and their comparison. 2rd conference on air conditioning and heating and cooling, Birjand University. (In Persian)
26. Bellasio, R.,1997. Modelling traffic air pollution in road tunnels, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 31, pp. 1539–1551.
27. Ashrafi, Kh., Shafipour Motlagh, M., Kalhor, M., Esfahanian, V., 2009. Investigating the performance of fans in ventilation of tunnel pollutants. 9th Transportation and Traffic Engineering Conference of Iran. (In Persian)
28. Khabiri, M., Moradi., M.,2015. Investigation of vehicles speed on air pollution inside tunnels, A case study of the Saheb-al-Zaman tunnel, Yasouj. the first national conference on sustainable development in the building with a view to protecting the environment. Shiraz, Shiraz University of Technology. (In Persian)
29. Hosein Nejad, M., Esmaeili Sari, A., Ghasempouri, S.M., 2005. Investigation of carbon monoxide contamination in throne axis tunnels, Journal of Environmental Studies. Vol. 31, No. 38, pp. 11-18. (In Persian)
30. Kirchstetter, T.W., Harley, R.A., Kreisberg, N.M., Stolzenburg, M.R., Hering, S.V., 1999. On-road measurement of fine particle and nitrogen oxide emissions from light- and heavy-duty motor vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 33, pp. 2955–2968.
31. Brandt, R., Borchiellini, R., Dandie, B., Dix, A., Fresta, M., 2012. Mathias Henn (Austria), PIARC Technical Committee C4 Road Tunnels Operation of the World Road Association (PIARC) International Standard Book, Number 2-84060-269-5.
32. Allen, J., Mayo, P., Hughes, L., Salmon, L.G., Cass, G.R., 2001. Emissions of size-segregated aerosols from on-road vehicles in the Caldecott Tunnel. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 35, pp. 4189–4197.
33. Zhou, R., Wang, S., Shi, C., Wang, W., Zhao, H., Liu, R., Chen, L., Zhou, B., 2014. Study on the Traffic Air Pollution inside and outside a Road Tunnel in Shanghai, China. Environmental Science, Medicine, Vol. 9, No. 11, 1-9.
34. Li, H.C., Chen, K.S., Lai, C.H., Wang, H.K., 2011. Measurements of Gaseous Pollutant Concentrations in the Hsuehshan Traffic Tunnel of Northern Taiwan. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, Vol. 11, pp. 776–782.
35. Taghizadeh, F., Mokhtarani, B. Rahmanian, N., 2023. Air pollution in Iran: The current status and potential solutions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 195, pp. 737.
36. Khoshakhlagh, M.H., Mohammadzadeh, M., Morais, S., 2023. Air quality in Tehran, Iran: Spatio-temporal characteristics, human health effects, economic costs and recommendations for good practice, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 19, pp.100-222.