Exploring the Impacts of Brainstorming-Based Collaboration on the Speaking Ability of Iranian EFL Learners and EFL Teachers' Attitudes Toward Using This Technique: A Mixed-Methods Approach
Subject Areas :Ali Hamideh 1 , Mostafa Zamanian 2 , Mohammad Riasati 3
1 - Department of English, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
2 - Department of English, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
3 - Department of English, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
Keywords: brainstorming, speaking, Teacher Attitudes, Brainstorming-Based Collaboration,
Abstract :
This study used a mixed-methods approach to investigate the impact of brainstorming-based collaboration on the speaking performance of 63 undergraduate male EFL learners at Naval Science and Technology University in Iran. The students were homogenized and divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received instruction that incorporated brainstorming sessions, while the control group was taught using conventional methods. After 20 sessions of treatment, paired t-tests were performed on pretest and posttest scores. The study found that the experimental group's speaking skills were positively affected by the use of brainstorming techniques. Investigators conducted a semi-structured interview with 20 English language teachers to gather their opinions and attitudes about the use and effectiveness of brainstorming strategies. Qualitative analysis of the teachers' evaluations revealed that the use of brainstorming strategy enhances students' speaking skills proficiency and boosts instructors' positive attitudes toward language teaching and learning. The study suggests that English language teachers should incorporate brainstorming strategies into classroom activities and that textbooks could be developed with brainstorming principles.
References
Abdullahi, A. (2015). Brainstorming as a strategy to foster communication skills, thinking, and decision-making skills. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(6), 16-20.
-Abdullahi, A., & Mohammad, M. (2015). Enhancing language proficiency through brainstorming techniques. English Language Teaching, 8(5), 1-10.
-Al-Bwli, Q. (2006). The effectiveness of using brainstorming strategy in developing creative thinking in Islamic Education among Third secondary students in Tabouk City. Unpublished M. Ed. Thesis, Mu’a University, Krak Jordan.
-Alfi, I. (2015). Improving the students’ speaking skills through communicative games for the grade viii students of mts n ngemplak a thesis. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia.
-Al-Jarf, R. (2012). The effect of brainstorming on Saudi EFL students' ability to generate ideas in writing. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 3(3), 457-464.
-Al Masri, A. (2019). The impact of using brainstorming in the development of creative thinking and achievement in the English language of the 10th-grade students at King Abdullah II Schools of Excellence in Amman. International Education Studies, 12(2), 82-92.
-Al-Mekhlafi, A. G., & Nagaratnam, R. P. (2011). Challenges in teaching and learning of English at secondary level in Bangladesh. English Language Teaching, 4(4), 119-130.
-Al-Qahtani, M. A. (2013). The effectiveness of brainstorming in developing EFL learners' creative writing skills. International Journal of Linguistics, 5(2), 174-189.
-Alshammari, M. (2015). The effectiveness of using brainstorming techniques in enhancing language proficiency. International Journal of English Linguistics, 5(6), 1-10.
-Al-Sohbani, Y. A. (2013). An exploration of English language teaching pedagogy in secondary Yemeni education: A case study. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies, 1(3), 40-55.
-Borg, S., & Al-Busaidi, S. (2020). Teacher Talk and Interaction in Second Language Classrooms: Exploring Research-based Practices. Language Teaching Research, 24(5), 568-591.
-Budiarti, E. (2016). The effectiveness of brainstorming game to improve students' speaking ability. Journal of English Language Teaching, 5(2), 58-72.
-Chastain, K. (1988). Developing second language skills: Theory and practice (3 edition). United States of America: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
-Ellis, R. (2017). Task-based language teaching, (w:) Loewen S., Sato M.(red.).
-Emami Rizi, C., Najafipour, M., Haghani, F., & Dehghan, S. (2013). The effect of using the brainstorming method on the academic achievement of students in grade five in Tehran elementary schools. 2nd World Conference on Educational Technology Researches (pp. 230-233). Elsevier.
-Fitriah, I., Kurniawati, D., & Fajri, M. (2022). Brainstorming technique and its effect on students' self-confidence in speaking English. Journal of English Teaching Practice and Critique, 4(1), 1-14.
-Gholami, J., & Birjandi, P. (2021). The Role of Authentic Materials in Developing EFL Learners' Speaking Skills. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 8(4), 1-12.
-Hamzah, M. H., Ting, L. Y., & Pendidikan, F. (2010). Teaching speaking skills through group work activities: A case study in SMK Damai Jaya. A Case Study.
-Hayes, J. R. (1940). The complete problem solver. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: The Franklin Institute Press.
-Hidayanti, W. I., Rochintaniawati, D., & Agustin, R. R. (2018). The effect of brainstorming on students’ creative thinking skill in learning nutrition. Journal of Science Learning, 1(2), 44-48.
-Hirst, L. A., & Slavik, C. (2005). Effective language education practices and native language survival (pp. 133-142), Choctaw, OK: Native American Language Issues. NALI Board of Executors.
-Houston, H. (2008). Enhancing English learning through brainstorming. Retrieved Fromhttp://203.68.184.6:8080/dspace/bitstream/987654321/867/1/Enhancing
-Hsu, C. N. (2010). The effects of brainstorming and the evaluation process on Taiwanese EFL college students' writing quality, creativity, and self-efficacy. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 9(2), 58-78.
-Isaksen, S. G. (1998). A review of brainstorming research: Six critical issues for inquiry (pp. 1-28). Buffalo, NY: Creative Research Unit, Creative Problem-Solving Group-Buffalo.
-Imane, A. (2016). Speaking as an interactive process of communication: The most interesting skill for EFL learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 7(6), 1119-1124.
-Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Stanne, M. B. (2000). Cooperative learning methods: Meta–analysis. Available: http://www.co-operation.org/pages/cl-methods.html. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
-Jossey, B. (1998). Brainstorming. The Pfeiffer Library, 26.
-Kavaliauskiene, G., & Zukauskiene, R. (2021). Brainstorming as a technique for developing speaking skills: A comparative study. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 11(1), 165-187.
-Khodadady, I., Shirmohammadi, S., &Talebi, F. (2011). Brainstorming and its effect on critical thinking and speaking skills. (P. Robertson, Ed.) The Iranian EFL Journal, 7(1), 51-66.
-Kim, S. (2006). Academic oral communication needs of East Asian international graduate students in non-science and non-engineering fields. English for Specific Purposes, 25, 479–489. Doi: 10.1016/j. esp.2005.10.001
-Lado, R. (1977) Lado English Series PT Indra Jakarta 240
-Long, M. H. (1983). Linguistic and conversational adjustments to non-native speakers. Studies in second language acquisition, 5(02), 177-193.
-Mackey, A. (2007). The conversational interaction in second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-McDonough, K. (2004). Learner-learner interaction during pair and small group activities in a Thai EFL context. System, 32(2), 207-224.
-Mahmoud, M. M. A. (2014). The effectiveness of using the cooperative language learning approach to enhance EFL writing skills among Saudi university students. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 5(3), 616-625.
-Namaziandost, E., Hashemifardnia, A., & Shafiee, S. (2019). The impact of opinion-gap, reasoning-gap, and information-gap tasks on EFL learners’ speaking fluency. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1), 1630150. doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1630150
-Nasri, M., & Biria, R. (2017). Integrating multiple and focused strategies for improving reading comprehension and l2 lexical development of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 6(1), 311-321.
-Nijstad, B. A., Stroebe, W., Lodewijkx, H. F., & Rietzschel, E. F. (2020). The role of brainstorming in creative problem solving: A comprehensive review. European Review of Social Psychology, 31(1), 97-146.
-Nunan, D. (2006). Task-based language teaching. Cambridge university press.
-Octarina, N., Ningsih, K., & Amalia, R. (2021). Enhancing Language Proficiency through Brainstorming Technique: An Experimental Study. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 12(3), 537-547.
-O’Donnell, A. M., Dansereau, D. F., Rockin, T., Lambiotte, J. C., Hythecker, V. I., & Larson, C. O. (1985). Cooperative learning: Direct effects and transfer. Written Communication, 2 (3), 307-315.
-Oniye, M. I., Hassan, Z., Nadjwa, M. N., Abubakar, S., Assake, A. Z., & Lukman, F. (2020). Effect of brainstorming instructional strategy on reflective thinking skills among pre-service teachers of a university in Iloron Metropolis. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(11), 531-534.
-Osborn, A. F., & Veigel, E. W. (1949). Your creative power: How to use imagination to brighten life, to get ahead.
-Pattanpichet, F. (2011). The effects of using collaborative learning to enhance students’ English-speaking achievement. Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 8(11), 1-10.
-Probst, R. E. (2007). Tom Sawyer, teaching and talking. Adolescent literacy: Turning promise into practice, 43-59.
-Rahman, M. M., & Khan, M. A. (2021). Exploring the Effects of Brainstorming Technique on EFL Learners' Self-Confidence in Speaking. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(4), 1446-1462.
-Richards, J. C. (1990). New trends in the teaching of writing in ESL/ EFL in Wang Z. (ed.) ELT in China. Papers Presented in the International Symposium on Teaching English in the Chinese Context, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Beijing.
-Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-Routman, R. (2005). Writing essentials: Raising expectations and results while simplifying teaching. Education Review.
-Soleimani, H., & Taheri Mahmoudabadi, Z. (2013). The effect of pre-task planning through split-information and brainstorming and recall of lexical items by Iranian EFL learners. IJLAL, 3, 82-96.
-Shumin, K. (2002). Factors to consider: Developing adult EFL students’ speaking abilities. Methodology in language teaching: An anthology of current practice, 12(35), 204-211.
-Smith, G. F. (1998). Idea‐generation techniques: A formulary of active ingredients. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 32(2), 107-134.
-Storch, N. (2005). Collaborative writing: Product, process, and students’ reflections. Journal of second language writing, 14(3), 153-173.
-Tahmasbi, S., Hashemifardnia, A., & Namaziandost, E. (2019). Standard English or world Englishes: Issues of ownership and preference. Journal of Teaching English Language Studies, 7(3), 83-98.
-Thornbury, S. (2012). Speaking instruction. The Cambridge guide to pedagogy and practice in second language teaching, 198-206.
-Torky, S. A. E. (2006). The Effectiveness of a Task-Based Instruction Program in Developing the English Language Speaking Skills of Secondary Stage Students. Online Submission.
-Unin, N., & Bearing, P. (2016). Brainstorming as a way to approach student-centered learning in the ESL classroom. 6th International Research Symposium in Service Management (pp. 605-612). Sarawak: Elsevier Ltd.
-Wilson, C. (2013). Brainstorming and beyond: a user-centered design method. Newnes.
-Wu, W. C. V. (2016). The Effects of Brainstorming on EFL Learners' Speaking Performance and Motivation. English Language Teaching, 9(9), 21-33.
-Zarif, T. & Mateen, A. (2013). Role of using brainstorming on student learning outcomes during teaching of S. Students at middle level. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4 (9).
-Ziafar, M., & Namaziandost, E. (2019). Linguistics, SLA and lexicon as the unit of language. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation (IJLLT), 2(5), 245–250.