ارزیابی صفات کیفی علوفه ارقام ذرت (Zea mays L) در واکنش به تراکم کاشت
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیحمداله اسکندری 1 , عبداله جوانمرد 2 , فریبرز شکاری 3
1 - دانشیار گروه علمی کشاورزی دانشگاه پیام نور
2 - دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه مراغه، مراغه، ایران
3 - دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه مراغه، مراغه، ایران
کلید واژه: تراکم بوته, ماده خشک, پروتئین خام, دیواره سلولی, همی‌سلولز,
چکیده مقاله :
ذرت نقش مهمی در تغذیه دام ها دارد. به همین دلیل، تلاش برای افزایش کیفیت علوفه آن از طریق مدیریت های زراعی اهمیت بالایی دارد. به منظور بررسی کیفیت علوفه ارقام ذرت در واکنش به تراکم کاشت، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه مراغه در سال زراعی 93-1392 اجرا شد. فاکتور اول شامل تراکم بوته در سه سطح، 93، 105 و 119 هزار بوته در هکتار و فاکتور دوم شامل ارقام ذرت در پنج سطح، زوالا، سیمون، NS، 540 و 370 بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تولید ماده خشک تحت تأثیر اثر متقابل تراکم و رقم قرار گرفت. به طوری که، رقم 540 در تراکم 119 هزار بوته در هکتار بیش ترین مقدار علوفه (980 گرم بر متر مربع) و رقم NS در تراکم 93 هزار بوته کمترین مقدار آن را (933 گرم بر متر مربع) تولید کردند. به نظر می رسد که هر چه تراکم کاشت بیشتر باشد، میزان دیواره سلولی فاقد همی سلولز نیز بالاتر رفته و کیفیت علوفه افزایش می یابد. از نظر شاخص دیواره سلولی فاقد همی سلولز، رقم زولا با داشتن 638 گرم بر کیلوگرم، کم ترین کیفیت را داشت، در حالی که سایر ارقام از این نظر در یک گروه آماری قرار گرفتند. میزان فسفر علوفه در تراکم 93 هزار بوته در هکتار بیش ترین مقدار را داشت ولی مقدار کلسیم تحت تأثیر تراکم کاشت قرار نگرفت. در تراکم های کمتر، از نظر پروتئین خام، علوفه ای با کیفیتی بالاتر تولید شد. رقم 540 بیش ترین عملکرد پروتئین خام (کیلوگرم در هکتار) را داشت که نشان از برتری این رقم نسبت به سایر ارقام مورد بررسی دارد و در نتیجه، برای تولید علـوفه با کیفیت بالاتر و ماده خشک بیشتر در منطقه (و سایر مناطق با شرایط اقلیمی مشابه) قابل توصیه می باشد.
Maize has an important role in livestock nutrition. Thus, improving its forage quality through agronomical managements seems to be of high importance. To evaluate quality traits of forage maize cultivars in response to plant densities, a factorial experiment based on RCBD with three replications was carried out at the Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2013-2014 growing season. The first factor was plant density with three levels (93000, 105000 and 119000 plant.ha-1) and the second factor was maize cultivars with five levels (Zola, Simon, NS, 540 and 370). Results of the experiment indicated that dry matter production was affected by the interaction of plant density and cultivar, where cultivar 540 produced the highest dry forage (980 g.m-2) by density of 119000 plant.h-1 and cultivar NS the lowest (933 g.m-2) dry forage by density of 93000 plant.m-2. However, all cultivars under study produced higher dry matter under higher plant densities. It was also observed that Zola cultivar, with 638 g.kg-1 of hemicellulose, had the lowest forage quality. Other cultivars were in the same statistical group. Phosphorous content of forage was in its highest value in 93000 plant density, while calcium content was not affected by plant density. Lower plant densities resulted in higher crude protein content. Cultivar no. 540 produced the highest crude protein yield (kg.ha-1) suggesting its superiority to the other cultivar. This cultivar can be recommended for growing in this region and other regions with same climatic conditions for producing high quality and quantity of maize forage production.
Andrade, F.H., P. Calvino, A. Cirilo, and P. Barbieri. 2002. Yield response to narrow rows depends on increased radiation interception. Agronomy Journal. 94: 975-980.
Ansari-Ardali, S., and M. Aghaalikhani. 2015. Effect of plant density and nitrogen level on yield and quality of amaranth forage. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 1(17): 35-46. (In Persian).
Aysen, U., B. Ugur, S. Mehmet, and A. Esvet. 2003. Effect of seeding rates on yield and yield components of Hungarian vetch. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forage. 28:179-182.
Baron, V.S., H. G. Najda, and F. C. Stevenson. 2006. Influence of population density, row spacing and hybrid on forage corn yield and nutritive value in a cool-season environment. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 86: 1131-1138.
Budakli-Carpici, E., N. Celik, and G. Bayram. 2010. Yield and quality of forage maize as influenced by plant density and nitrogen rate. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 15(2): 128-132.
Cox, W.J., and D.J.R. Cherney .2001. Row spacing plant density and nitrogen effect on corn silage. Agronomy Journal. 93: 597-602.
Daraie-Mofrad, A.R. 2007. Evaluation of intercropping and sole cropping of barley and vetch under the completion of weeds. MSc thesis. University of Lorestan. 55 pp. (In Persian).
Eskandari, H., A. Ghanbari-Bonjar, M. Galavai, and M. Salari. 2009. Forage quality of cow pea intercropped with corn as affected by nutrient uptake and light interception. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 37: 171-174.
Eskandari, H., and A. Ghanbari. 2011. Evaluation of competition and complementary of maize-cowpea intercropping for nutrient consumption. Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 2(21): 67-75. (In Persian).
Faizbakhsh, M.T., H. Mokhtarpour, S. Mosavat, M. Mohajer, and G. Shahi. 2010. Effect of planting date and density on forage yield and some morphological properties of maize. Journal of Plant Production. 1(3): 216-224.
Fallah, S., and A. Tadayon. 2009. Effect of planting density and nitrogen level on yield, nitrate and protein of silage maize. Journal of Plant Production. 1(2): 105-121.
Farnham, D. 2001. Row spacing, plant density, and Hybrid effects on corn grain yield and moisture. Agronomy Journal. 93: 1049 - 1053.
Fathi-Achachlouei, B. and M. Baderzadeh. 2014. Determination of chemical compounds and some of minerals in several vetches forage in Ardabil province. Journal of Animal Science Researches. 4: 15-26. (In Persian).
Ferreira, G., M. Alfonso, S. Depino, and E. Alessandri. 2014. Effect of planting density on nutritional quality of green chopped corn for silage. Journal of Dairy Science. 97: 5918-5921.
Ghanbari, A., A. Ahmadian, B. Mir, and E. Arazmjo. 2010. Study of the effect harvest time on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of corn (Zea mays) forage. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15: 41-54. (In Persian).
Haidargholinezhad, M., M. Ghadimzadeh, and A. Faiazmoghaddam. 2003. The effect of planting density of corn hybrid on the basis of agronomy traits. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 34: 417-425. (In Persian).
Iptas, S., and A.A. Acar. 2006. Effect of hybrid and row spacing on maize forage yield and Quality. Journal of Plant Soil and Environment. 52: 515-522.
Lithorgidis, A.S., I.B. Vasilakoglou, K.V. Dhima, C.A. Dordas, and M.D. Yiakoulaki. 2006. Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seeding ratios. Field Crops Research. 99: 106-113.
Maddonni, G.A., and M.E. Otegui. 2006. Intra- specific competition in maize: Contribution of extreme plant hierarchies to grain yield, grain yield components and kernel composition. Field Crops Research. 97: 155-166.
Mokhtarpour, H., S. Mosavat, M.T. Bazi, and A. Saberi. 2006. Effect of planting date and density on quality and quantity of forage maize in spring cultivation. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 23: 483-487. (In Persian).
Morseli, A., M, Aghaalikhani, and A. Ghalavand. 2007. Growth analysis and qualitative and quantitative yield of four ecotype of green pea as affected by density and arrangement in double cropping system. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 3(9): 246-263. (In Persian).
Norwood, C.A. 2000. Water use and yield of limited-irrigated and dryland corn. Journal of American Society of Soil Science. 64: 365-370.
Norwood, C.A. 2001. Dryland corn in western Kansas: Effects of hybrid maturity, planting date and plant population. Agronomy Journal. 93: 540-547.
Optiz von Boberfeld, W., E. Beckmann, and H. Laser. 2005. Forage characteristics of Vicia sativa L. and Trifolium resupinatum L. in catch crop systems under central European conditions. Institute of Agronomy and plant Breeding, Giessen, Germany. Journal of Plant Soil and Environment. 51: 131-136.
Raie, Y., M. Jouret, H. Moghaddam, M.R. Chaichi, and V. Waisani. 2013. Effect of density on qualitative and quantitative yield of sorghum under water deficit conditions. Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 1(4): 51-65. (In Persian).
Ramezani, M, and R. Rezaie Sokht-Abandani. 2012. The effect of row spacing, plant population and planting pattern on yield and yield components of corn (sc704) in double cropping. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 6(3): 249-264. (In Persian).
Saadatzadeh, N., S.M. Nabavi Kalat, and R. Bahari Kashani. 2011. Effects of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer on quantity and quality of forage corn in Daregaz region (Iran). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 16: 29-42. (In Persian).
Saberi, A., D. Mazaheri, and H. Haidari. 2005. Evaluation of planting arrangement and plant density on physiological traits and dry matter accumulation of maize. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 5: 146-161. (In Persian).
Shaffer, J.A., G.W. Roth, J.A. Breining, and W.S. Harkcom. 2013. Pennsylvania commercial grain and silage hybrid corn tests. http://pubs.cas.psu. edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uc194.pdf.
Stanton, D., A.W. Grombacher, R. Pinnisch, H. Mason, and D. Spaner. 2007. Hybrid and population density affect yield and quality of silage maize in central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 87: 867-871.
Tadayon, A., S. Torabian, and M.R. Tadayon. 2013. Effect of plant density on yield and quality of four flax seeds. Agricultural Crop Management. 1(15): 15-26. (In Persian).
Taheri, A., S. Vazan, and R. Dadgar. 2007. Evaluation of planting pattern and density on morphological and physiological properties of forage maize. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 1(3): 85-97. (In Persian).
van Soet, P.J. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminants. In: Van Soet P. J. Fiber and physiochemical properties of feeds. 2th ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London. pp. 140-155.
Widdicombe, D.W., and K.D. Thelen. 2002. Row width and plant density effects on corn grain production in the northern Corn Belt. Agronomy Journal. 94: 1020-1023.
William, D., D.W. Widdicombe, and D. Thelen. 2002. Row width and plant density effect on corn forage hybrids. Agronomy Journal. 94: 326-330.
Zaidi-Toolabi, N., A. Rezaie-Nejad, S. Dirkavandi, D, Eghbali, S. Rahmati, and A. Darvishian. 2012. Effect of plant density on qualitative and quantitative traits of forage vetch under dry land farming in Khorramabad. Crop Physiology. 16: 81-94. (In Persian).
_||_Andrade, F.H., P. Calvino, A. Cirilo, and P. Barbieri. 2002. Yield response to narrow rows depends on increased radiation interception. Agronomy Journal. 94: 975-980.
Ansari-Ardali, S., and M. Aghaalikhani. 2015. Effect of plant density and nitrogen level on yield and quality of amaranth forage. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 1(17): 35-46. (In Persian).
Aysen, U., B. Ugur, S. Mehmet, and A. Esvet. 2003. Effect of seeding rates on yield and yield components of Hungarian vetch. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forage. 28:179-182.
Baron, V.S., H. G. Najda, and F. C. Stevenson. 2006. Influence of population density, row spacing and hybrid on forage corn yield and nutritive value in a cool-season environment. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 86: 1131-1138.
Budakli-Carpici, E., N. Celik, and G. Bayram. 2010. Yield and quality of forage maize as influenced by plant density and nitrogen rate. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 15(2): 128-132.
Cox, W.J., and D.J.R. Cherney .2001. Row spacing plant density and nitrogen effect on corn silage. Agronomy Journal. 93: 597-602.
Daraie-Mofrad, A.R. 2007. Evaluation of intercropping and sole cropping of barley and vetch under the completion of weeds. MSc thesis. University of Lorestan. 55 pp. (In Persian).
Eskandari, H., A. Ghanbari-Bonjar, M. Galavai, and M. Salari. 2009. Forage quality of cow pea intercropped with corn as affected by nutrient uptake and light interception. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 37: 171-174.
Eskandari, H., and A. Ghanbari. 2011. Evaluation of competition and complementary of maize-cowpea intercropping for nutrient consumption. Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 2(21): 67-75. (In Persian).
Faizbakhsh, M.T., H. Mokhtarpour, S. Mosavat, M. Mohajer, and G. Shahi. 2010. Effect of planting date and density on forage yield and some morphological properties of maize. Journal of Plant Production. 1(3): 216-224.
Fallah, S., and A. Tadayon. 2009. Effect of planting density and nitrogen level on yield, nitrate and protein of silage maize. Journal of Plant Production. 1(2): 105-121.
Farnham, D. 2001. Row spacing, plant density, and Hybrid effects on corn grain yield and moisture. Agronomy Journal. 93: 1049 - 1053.
Fathi-Achachlouei, B. and M. Baderzadeh. 2014. Determination of chemical compounds and some of minerals in several vetches forage in Ardabil province. Journal of Animal Science Researches. 4: 15-26. (In Persian).
Ferreira, G., M. Alfonso, S. Depino, and E. Alessandri. 2014. Effect of planting density on nutritional quality of green chopped corn for silage. Journal of Dairy Science. 97: 5918-5921.
Ghanbari, A., A. Ahmadian, B. Mir, and E. Arazmjo. 2010. Study of the effect harvest time on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of corn (Zea mays) forage. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15: 41-54. (In Persian).
Haidargholinezhad, M., M. Ghadimzadeh, and A. Faiazmoghaddam. 2003. The effect of planting density of corn hybrid on the basis of agronomy traits. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 34: 417-425. (In Persian).
Iptas, S., and A.A. Acar. 2006. Effect of hybrid and row spacing on maize forage yield and Quality. Journal of Plant Soil and Environment. 52: 515-522.
Lithorgidis, A.S., I.B. Vasilakoglou, K.V. Dhima, C.A. Dordas, and M.D. Yiakoulaki. 2006. Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seeding ratios. Field Crops Research. 99: 106-113.
Maddonni, G.A., and M.E. Otegui. 2006. Intra- specific competition in maize: Contribution of extreme plant hierarchies to grain yield, grain yield components and kernel composition. Field Crops Research. 97: 155-166.
Mokhtarpour, H., S. Mosavat, M.T. Bazi, and A. Saberi. 2006. Effect of planting date and density on quality and quantity of forage maize in spring cultivation. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 23: 483-487. (In Persian).
Morseli, A., M, Aghaalikhani, and A. Ghalavand. 2007. Growth analysis and qualitative and quantitative yield of four ecotype of green pea as affected by density and arrangement in double cropping system. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 3(9): 246-263. (In Persian).
Norwood, C.A. 2000. Water use and yield of limited-irrigated and dryland corn. Journal of American Society of Soil Science. 64: 365-370.
Norwood, C.A. 2001. Dryland corn in western Kansas: Effects of hybrid maturity, planting date and plant population. Agronomy Journal. 93: 540-547.
Optiz von Boberfeld, W., E. Beckmann, and H. Laser. 2005. Forage characteristics of Vicia sativa L. and Trifolium resupinatum L. in catch crop systems under central European conditions. Institute of Agronomy and plant Breeding, Giessen, Germany. Journal of Plant Soil and Environment. 51: 131-136.
Raie, Y., M. Jouret, H. Moghaddam, M.R. Chaichi, and V. Waisani. 2013. Effect of density on qualitative and quantitative yield of sorghum under water deficit conditions. Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 1(4): 51-65. (In Persian).
Ramezani, M, and R. Rezaie Sokht-Abandani. 2012. The effect of row spacing, plant population and planting pattern on yield and yield components of corn (sc704) in double cropping. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 6(3): 249-264. (In Persian).
Saadatzadeh, N., S.M. Nabavi Kalat, and R. Bahari Kashani. 2011. Effects of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer on quantity and quality of forage corn in Daregaz region (Iran). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 16: 29-42. (In Persian).
Saberi, A., D. Mazaheri, and H. Haidari. 2005. Evaluation of planting arrangement and plant density on physiological traits and dry matter accumulation of maize. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 5: 146-161. (In Persian).
Shaffer, J.A., G.W. Roth, J.A. Breining, and W.S. Harkcom. 2013. Pennsylvania commercial grain and silage hybrid corn tests. http://pubs.cas.psu. edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uc194.pdf.
Stanton, D., A.W. Grombacher, R. Pinnisch, H. Mason, and D. Spaner. 2007. Hybrid and population density affect yield and quality of silage maize in central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 87: 867-871.
Tadayon, A., S. Torabian, and M.R. Tadayon. 2013. Effect of plant density on yield and quality of four flax seeds. Agricultural Crop Management. 1(15): 15-26. (In Persian).
Taheri, A., S. Vazan, and R. Dadgar. 2007. Evaluation of planting pattern and density on morphological and physiological properties of forage maize. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 1(3): 85-97. (In Persian).
van Soet, P.J. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminants. In: Van Soet P. J. Fiber and physiochemical properties of feeds. 2th ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London. pp. 140-155.
Widdicombe, D.W., and K.D. Thelen. 2002. Row width and plant density effects on corn grain production in the northern Corn Belt. Agronomy Journal. 94: 1020-1023.
William, D., D.W. Widdicombe, and D. Thelen. 2002. Row width and plant density effect on corn forage hybrids. Agronomy Journal. 94: 326-330.
Zaidi-Toolabi, N., A. Rezaie-Nejad, S. Dirkavandi, D, Eghbali, S. Rahmati, and A. Darvishian. 2012. Effect of plant density on qualitative and quantitative traits of forage vetch under dry land farming in Khorramabad. Crop Physiology. 16: 81-94. (In Persian).