مدل‌سازی الگوی سبز شدن گیاهچه سه گونه علف‌هرز در واکنش به دما و رطوبت خاک در مزرعه
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکسمیه تکاسی 1 , ابراهیم کازرونی منفرد 2 , پرویز رضوانی مقدم 3 , مهدی نصیری 4
1 - بخش تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گیلان،
سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران
2 - دانشگاه جامع علمی کاربردی گیلان، رشت، ایران
3 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
4 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
کلید واژه: پتانسیل آب, رطوبت خاک, علف‌هرز, دمای خاک, مدل سیگموئیدی سه پارامتری,
چکیده مقاله :
مدل‌های پیش‌بینی زمان سبزشدن گیاهچه برای بهینه‌سازی برنامه‌های کنترل علف‌های‌هرز به‌کار‌می‌روند. این آزمایش با هدف پیش‌بینی زمان ظهور سه گونه علف‌هرز تابستانه تاتوره (Datura stramonium)، تاجریزیسیاه (Solanum nigrum) و تاج‌خروس‌ریشه‌قرمز (Amaranthus retroflexus) در شرایط مزرعه با استفاده از دما و رطوبت خاک اجراء شد. سه تاریخ کاشت اول خرداد، اول تیر و اول مرداد و 3 رژیم آبیاری دو، سه و چهار روز یک‌بار به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌‌های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار برای سه گونه علف‌هرز مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. برای بیان روند تغییرات سبزشدن از مدل زمان آبی-گرمایی استفاده شد. مگاپاسکال-درجه سانتی‌گراد-روز مورد نیاز برای سبز شدن گونه‌ها با دما و پتانسیل پایه به‌دست آمده توسط مدل زمان آبی-گرمایی و رطوبت و دمای روزانه خاک محاسبه شد. درصد سبز شدن تجمعی در مقابل زمان آبی-گرمایی رسم و مدل سیگموئیدی سه پارامتری برآن برازش داده شد. سپس حداکثر درصد سبز شدن و مقدار مگاپاسکال- درجه سانتی‌گراد روز مورد نیاز برای 50 درصد سبز شدن بذور برآورد گردید. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین و کمترین درصد سبز شدن سه گونه علف‌هرز به ترتیب در رژیم آبیاری دو روز یک‌بار در ماه مرداد و رژیم آبیاری چهار روز یک‌بار در ماه خرداد رخ داد. سبز شدن گیاهچه سه گونه علف‌هرز در ماه مرداد نسبت به ماه‌های خرداد و تیر سریع‌ترو بیشتر بود. زمان آبی-گرمایی مورد نیاز برای سبز شدن سه گونه متفاوت بود. تاتوره کمترین و تاجریزیسیاه بیشترین زمان آبی-گرمایی را برای 50 درصد سبز شدن گیاهچه نیاز داشتند. دمای بهینه سبزشدن تاج‌خروس‌ریشه قرمز، تاجریزیسیاه و تاتوره به‌ترتیب 35-30، 30-27، 34-29 درجه سانتی‌گراد به‌دست آمد.سبز شدن گیاهچه سه گونه علف‌هرز در ماه مرداد و بیشترین و کمترین درصد سبز شدن سه گونه علف‌هرز به‌ترتیب در رژیم آبیاری دو روز یک‌بار در ماه مرداد و رژیم آبیاری چهار روز یک‌بار در ماه خرداد بود.
Models that predict the timing of weed seedling emergence are used to optimize weed control schedules. This study was carried out with the aim to predict the time of seedling emergence of three weed species, namely, Datura stramonium, Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus in field conditions using soil temperature and moisture. Three planting dates including first of June, first of July, and first of August were studied with three irrigation regimes including every other two, three, and four days and with three weed species. To express the changes in the emergence process, hydrothermal time model () was used. MPa - °C - days required for the emergence was calculated with the base temperature and water potential that was calculated by hydrothermal time model and soil moisture and temperature. Cumulative emergence percentage was plotted with hydrothermal time model and the sigmoid three-parameter model was fitted on it. Then the maximum germination percentage and MPa - °C - days required for 50% seedling emergence was calculated. Results showed that seedling emergence of three weed species was the highest and lowest in the first regime of irrigation in August and third regime of irrigation in June, respectively. Three species seedlings were emerged higher and faster in August than in June and July. Hydrothermal time required for the seedling emergence of these species was varied. D. stramonium had the lowest and S. nigrum had the highest hydrothermal time for 50% seedling emergence. The optimum temperatures for A. retroflexus, S. nigrum, and D. stramonium were 30-35, 37-30, and 29-34 °C respectively in all water potentials.
Akram Ghaderi, F., Soltani, A. and Sadeghipour, H.R. (2008). Effect of temperature and water potential on germination of medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo.convar. pepo var. Styriaca), black cumin (Nigella sativa) and borago (Borago officinalis). Journal of Agricultural Science Natural Resource. 15(5): 157-170. (In Persian with English abstract).
Benech-Arnold, R.L., Sanchez, R.A. Forcella, F., Kruk, B.C. and Ghersa, C.M. (2000). Environmental control of dormancy in weed seed banks in soil. Field Crops Research. 67: 105-122.
Blackshaw, R.E., Brandt, R.N. and Entz, T. (2002). Soil temperature and soil water effects on henbit emergence. Weed Science. 50: 494-497.
Bosh, Z., Yousefi, A., Tavakolli, A. and Nikbakht, J. (2013). Emergence prediction of Amaranthus retroflexus under different irrigation systems in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) production. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 44 (1): 119-127.
Bradford, K.J. (2002). Applications of hydrothermal time to quantifying and modeling seed germination and dormancy. Weed Science. 50: 248-260.
Ebrahimi E., Eslami S.V., Jami Al-Ahmadi M. and Mahmodi S. (2011). Studying the effect of different environmental factors on germination of Ceratocarpus arenarius. Bluk seed. Iranian Journal of Weed Science. 7(1): 45-87. (In Persian with English abstract).
Finch-Savage, W. and Phelps, K. (1993). Onion (Allium cepa) seedling emergence patterns can be explained by the influence of soil temperature and water potential on seed germination. Journal of Experimental Botany. 44: 407-414.
Finch-Savage, W.E., Phelps K., Steckel, J.R.A., Whalley, W.R. and Rowse, H.R. (2001). Seed reserve-dependent growth responses to temperatuer and water potential in carrot (Daucus carota). Journal of Experimental Botany. 52: 2187-2197.
Finch-Savage, W.E., Steckel, J.R.A. and Phelps, K. (1998). Germination and post-germination growth to carrot seedling emergence: predictive threshold models and sources of variation between sowing occasions. New Phytologist Journal. 139: 505-516.
Forcella F., Benech-Arnold R.L., Sanchez R. and Ghersa C.M. (2000). Modeling seedling emergence. Field Crops Research. 67: 123-139.
Fyfield, T.P. and Gregory, P.J. (1989). Effects of temperature and water potential on germination, radicle elongation and emergence of mungbean. Journal of Experimental Botany. 40: 667-674.
Ghanbari, A. (2005). Agroecophysiology of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. PhD thesis. Ferdowsi university of Mashad.
Ghorbani, R., Seel, W. and Leiferr, C. (1999). Effects of environmental factors on germination and emergence of Amaranthus retroflexus. Weed Science. 47(5): 505-510.
Hardegree, S.P., Vactor, S.S.V. Pierson, F.B. and Palmquist, D.E. (1999). Predicting variable-temperature response of non-dormant seeds from constant-temperature germination data. Journal of Range Management. 52: 83-91.
Hartley, M.J. and Popayو A.J. )1992(. Yield losses due to weeds in sugarbeet, corn and dwarf beans. Proceeding of the forty fifth Newzeland Plant Protection Conf., Wellington, Newzeland., PP:52-54.
Harvey, S.J. and Forcella, F. (1993). Vernal seedling emergence model for common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). Weed Science. 41(2): 309-316.
Keeley, P.E. and Thullen, R.J. (1983). Influence of planting date on the growth of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). Weed Science. 31(2): 180-184.
Keshtkar, E., Kordbacheh, F., Mesgaran, M.B., Mashhadi, H.R. and Alizadeh, H.M. (2009). Effects of the sowing depth and temperature on the seedling emergence and early growth of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and wheat. Weed Biology and Management. 9(1): 10-19.
Knezevic, S.Z., Horakو M.J. and Vanderlipو R.L. (1997). Relative time of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) emergence is critical in pigweed-sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) competition. Weed Science. 45: 502-505.
Pahlevani, A., Rashed, M. and Ghorbani, R. (2008). Effects of environmental factors on germination and emergence of Swallowwort. Weed Technology. 22(2): 303-308.
Rafael. A.M., Randall, S.C., Michael, J.H. and John, B.J. (2001). Interference of palmer amaranth in corn. Weed Science. 49: 202-208.
Rashed Mohassel M.H., Rastgoo M., Mousavi S.K., Valiollahpour R.H. and Haghighi A.A. (2006). An introduction to weeds science. Trans. Ferdowsi University of Mashad Press, 536 pp. (in Persian).
Roberts, E.H. (1988). Temperature and seed germination. Pages 109- 132 In: Long SP, Woodward FI (eds.): Plant and Temperature, Symposia of Society of Experimental Biology. Cambridge: Company of Biologist Ltd.
Roman, E.S., Murphy, S.D. and Swanton, C.J. (2000). Simulation of Chenopodium album seedling emergence. Weed Science. 48(2): 217-278.
Rowse, H.R. and Finch-Savage, W.E. (2003). Hydrothermal threshold models can describe the germination response of carrot (Daucus carota) and onion (Allium cepa) seed populations across both sub- and supra-optimal temperatures. New Phytologist Journal. 158(1): 101-108.
Schutte, B.J., Regnier, E.E., Kent Harrison, S., Schmoll, J.T., Spokas, K. and Forcella, F. (2008). A hydrothermal seedling emergence model for giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida). Weed Science. 56(4): 555-560.
Wang, H., Cutforth, H., McCaig, T., McLeod, G., Brandt, K., Lemke, R., Goddard, T. and Sprout, C. (2009). Predicting the time to 50% seedling emergence in wheat using a Beta model. Wageningen Journal of Life Science. 57(1): 65-71.
Wang, R. 2005. Modeling seed germination and seedling emergence in Winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit): physiological mechanisms and ecological relevance. Doctor of Philosophy. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan. 190 p.
Wang, R., Bai, Y. and Tanino, K. 2005. Germination of winterfat (Eurotia lanata) seeds at reduced water potentials: testing assumptions of hydrothermal time model. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53(1): 49-63.
Ward, J.P., Smith, S.E. and McClaran, M.P. 2006. Water requirements for emergence of buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare). Weed Science. 54(4): 720-725.
Yousefi A.R., Rastgoo M., Ghanbari Motlagh M. and Ebrahimi M. (2013). Predicting seedling emergence of Flixweed (Descurainia sophia) and Hoary cress (Cardaria draba) in rapeseed (Brassica napus) field in Zanjan conditions. Journal of Plant Protection. 27(1): 48-54. (In Persian with English abstract)
Akram Ghaderi, F., Soltani, A. and Sadeghipour, H.R. (2008). Effect of temperature and water potential on germination of medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo.convar. pepo var. Styriaca), black cumin (Nigella sativa) and borago (Borago officinalis). Journal of Agricultural Science Natural Resource. 15(5): 157-170. (In Persian with English abstract).
Benech-Arnold, R.L., Sanchez, R.A. Forcella, F., Kruk, B.C. and Ghersa, C.M. (2000). Environmental control of dormancy in weed seed banks in soil. Field Crops Research. 67: 105-122.
Blackshaw, R.E., Brandt, R.N. and Entz, T. (2002). Soil temperature and soil water effects on henbit emergence. Weed Science. 50: 494-497.
Bosh, Z., Yousefi, A., Tavakolli, A. and Nikbakht, J. (2013). Emergence prediction of Amaranthus retroflexus under different irrigation systems in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) production. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 44 (1): 119-127.
Bradford, K.J. (2002). Applications of hydrothermal time to quantifying and modeling seed germination and dormancy. Weed Science. 50: 248-260.
Ebrahimi E., Eslami S.V., Jami Al-Ahmadi M. and Mahmodi S. (2011). Studying the effect of different environmental factors on germination of Ceratocarpus arenarius. Bluk seed. Iranian Journal of Weed Science. 7(1): 45-87. (In Persian with English abstract).
Finch-Savage, W. and Phelps, K. (1993). Onion (Allium cepa) seedling emergence patterns can be explained by the influence of soil temperature and water potential on seed germination. Journal of Experimental Botany. 44: 407-414.
Finch-Savage, W.E., Phelps K., Steckel, J.R.A., Whalley, W.R. and Rowse, H.R. (2001). Seed reserve-dependent growth responses to temperatuer and water potential in carrot (Daucus carota). Journal of Experimental Botany. 52: 2187-2197.
Finch-Savage, W.E., Steckel, J.R.A. and Phelps, K. (1998). Germination and post-germination growth to carrot seedling emergence: predictive threshold models and sources of variation between sowing occasions. New Phytologist Journal. 139: 505-516.
Forcella F., Benech-Arnold R.L., Sanchez R. and Ghersa C.M. (2000). Modeling seedling emergence. Field Crops Research. 67: 123-139.
Fyfield, T.P. and Gregory, P.J. (1989). Effects of temperature and water potential on germination, radicle elongation and emergence of mungbean. Journal of Experimental Botany. 40: 667-674.
Ghanbari, A. (2005). Agroecophysiology of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. PhD thesis. Ferdowsi university of Mashad.
Ghorbani, R., Seel, W. and Leiferr, C. (1999). Effects of environmental factors on germination and emergence of Amaranthus retroflexus. Weed Science. 47(5): 505-510.
Hardegree, S.P., Vactor, S.S.V. Pierson, F.B. and Palmquist, D.E. (1999). Predicting variable-temperature response of non-dormant seeds from constant-temperature germination data. Journal of Range Management. 52: 83-91.
Hartley, M.J. and Popayو A.J. )1992(. Yield losses due to weeds in sugarbeet, corn and dwarf beans. Proceeding of the forty fifth Newzeland Plant Protection Conf., Wellington, Newzeland., PP:52-54.
Harvey, S.J. and Forcella, F. (1993). Vernal seedling emergence model for common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). Weed Science. 41(2): 309-316.
Keeley, P.E. and Thullen, R.J. (1983). Influence of planting date on the growth of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). Weed Science. 31(2): 180-184.
Keshtkar, E., Kordbacheh, F., Mesgaran, M.B., Mashhadi, H.R. and Alizadeh, H.M. (2009). Effects of the sowing depth and temperature on the seedling emergence and early growth of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and wheat. Weed Biology and Management. 9(1): 10-19.
Knezevic, S.Z., Horakو M.J. and Vanderlipو R.L. (1997). Relative time of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) emergence is critical in pigweed-sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) competition. Weed Science. 45: 502-505.
Pahlevani, A., Rashed, M. and Ghorbani, R. (2008). Effects of environmental factors on germination and emergence of Swallowwort. Weed Technology. 22(2): 303-308.
Rafael. A.M., Randall, S.C., Michael, J.H. and John, B.J. (2001). Interference of palmer amaranth in corn. Weed Science. 49: 202-208.
Rashed Mohassel M.H., Rastgoo M., Mousavi S.K., Valiollahpour R.H. and Haghighi A.A. (2006). An introduction to weeds science. Trans. Ferdowsi University of Mashad Press, 536 pp. (in Persian).
Roberts, E.H. (1988). Temperature and seed germination. Pages 109- 132 In: Long SP, Woodward FI (eds.): Plant and Temperature, Symposia of Society of Experimental Biology. Cambridge: Company of Biologist Ltd.
Roman, E.S., Murphy, S.D. and Swanton, C.J. (2000). Simulation of Chenopodium album seedling emergence. Weed Science. 48(2): 217-278.
Rowse, H.R. and Finch-Savage, W.E. (2003). Hydrothermal threshold models can describe the germination response of carrot (Daucus carota) and onion (Allium cepa) seed populations across both sub- and supra-optimal temperatures. New Phytologist Journal. 158(1): 101-108.
Schutte, B.J., Regnier, E.E., Kent Harrison, S., Schmoll, J.T., Spokas, K. and Forcella, F. (2008). A hydrothermal seedling emergence model for giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida). Weed Science. 56(4): 555-560.
Wang, H., Cutforth, H., McCaig, T., McLeod, G., Brandt, K., Lemke, R., Goddard, T. and Sprout, C. (2009). Predicting the time to 50% seedling emergence in wheat using a Beta model. Wageningen Journal of Life Science. 57(1): 65-71.
Wang, R. 2005. Modeling seed germination and seedling emergence in Winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit): physiological mechanisms and ecological relevance. Doctor of Philosophy. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan. 190 p.
Wang, R., Bai, Y. and Tanino, K. 2005. Germination of winterfat (Eurotia lanata) seeds at reduced water potentials: testing assumptions of hydrothermal time model. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53(1): 49-63.
Ward, J.P., Smith, S.E. and McClaran, M.P. 2006. Water requirements for emergence of buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare). Weed Science. 54(4): 720-725.
Yousefi A.R., Rastgoo M., Ghanbari Motlagh M. and Ebrahimi M. (2013). Predicting seedling emergence of Flixweed (Descurainia sophia) and Hoary cress (Cardaria draba) in rapeseed (Brassica napus) field in Zanjan conditions. Journal of Plant Protection. 27(1): 48-54. (In Persian with English abstract)