ارزیابی تحمل به خشکی در اینبرد لاین‌ها و ارقام مصنوعی آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L.) در اقلیم معتدل کرمانشاه
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
سید مهدی صفوی
1
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.)
کلید واژه: نشت یونی, عملکرد دانه, روغن دانه, بایپلات, شاخصهای تحمل تنش, قطر طبق,
چکیده مقاله :
در این پژوهش اثر تنش خشکی بر برخی ویژگی‎های آگروفیزیولوژیک 15 ژنوتیپ آفتابگردان شامل سه رقم شاهد، هشت لاین اینبرد و چهار رقم مصنوعی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی معاونت مؤسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم (سرارود، کرمانشاه) در قالب طرح بلوک‎های کامل تصادفی، در سه تکرار و دو محیط (بدون تنش و تنش خشکی) طی سال زراعی 93-1392 بررسی شد. میانگین عملکرد دانه ژنوتیپ ها در شرایط بدون تنش 715 و در شرایط تنش 579 کیلوگرم در هکتار بدست آمد که نشان‎دهنده کاهش 02/19 درصدی در اثر تنش خشکی می‎باشد. رقم شاهد Zaria و لاین Sil-292 با بیش از 30 درصد، بیشترین درصد کاهش عملکرد را داشتند. ارقام مصنوعی Sil-94، Sil-54 و Sil-96 با کمتر از 5 درصد، کمترین درصد کاهش را به خود اختصاص دادند. دامنه میزان روغن دانه در شرایط بدون تنش از 5/45 تا 7/51 درصد و در شرایط تنش خشکی از 4/35 تا 9/49 درصد متغیر بود. تنش خشکی سبب کاهش حدود 10 درصدی روغن دانه ژنوتیپ ها گردید. در مجموع، اعمال تنش خشکی منجر به زودگلدهی و زودرس شدن، کاهش صفات زراعی و مورفولوژیک و محتوای روغن دانه و افزایش نشت یونی و میزان آب نسبی از دست رفته برگ‌ها گردید. با استفاده از روش مجموع رتبه و بررسی پارامترهای آن، ژنوتیپ‎های SIL-54، SIL-42، SIL-140 و SIL-237 به‎عنوان متحمل‎ترین ژنوتیپ‎ها شناخته شدند. این ژنوتیپ‎ها بر اساس دیاگرام بای‎پلات نیز به عنوان برترین ژنوتیپ‎ها تحت هر دو شرایط معرفی شدند.
At this study, the effect of drought stress on some agro-physiological characteristics of 15 sunflower genotypes including three check cultivars, eight inbred lines and four synthetic cultivars was evaluated using Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replicates under non-stress and drought stress conditions at Dryland Agricultural Research Sub-Institute (Sararood Station), AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran during 2013-2014 cropping year. The mean kernel yield of genotypes was 715 and 597 kg/ha under non-stress and stress conditions, respectively which shows a 19.02% reduction due to drought stress. Check cultivar “Zaria” and line “Sil-292” had the highest percentage of yield loss with more than 30%. Synthetic cultivars “Sil-94”, “Sil-54” and “Sil-96” had the lowest percentage of reduction with less than 5%. Kernel oil content ranged from 45.5 to 51.7% in non-stress conditions and from 35.4 to 49.9% in drought stress conditions. Drought stress caused about 10% decrease in kernel oil of the genotypes. Overall, drought stress caused early flowering, reduced agronomic and morphological traits and kernel oil content and increased relative electrolyte leakage and leaf relative water loss. Genotypes “SIL-54”, “SIL-42”, “SIL-140” and “SIL-237” were recognized as the most tolerant genotypes using ranking method and its parameters. These genotypes were identified as the best genotypes based on the biplot diagrams under the both conditions.
References
Ahmadi, K., Ebadzadeh, H.R., Abdeshah, H.R., Kazemian, A. and Rafiee, M. (2018). Agricultural Bulletin Volume I - Crops. Deputy Minister of Planning and Economics, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad. p 116. (In Persian).
Adiredjo, A.L., Navaud, O., Muños, S., Langlade, N.B., Lamaze, T. and Grieu, P. (2014). Genetic control of water use efficiency and leaf carbon isotope discrimination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) subjected to two drought scenarios. PLoS One. 9(7): e101218.
Amiri, R., Bahraminejad, S., Sasani, Sh. and Ghobadi, M. (2014). Genetic evaluation of 80 irrigated bread wheat genotypes for drought tolerance indices. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 20(1): 101-111.
Andrianasolo, F.N., Casadebaig, P., Champolivier, L., Maza, E., Maury, P. and Debaeke, P. (2014). Prediction of sunflower grain oil concentration as a function of variety, crop management and environment by the means of statistical models. European Journal of Agronomy. 54: 84-96.
Angadi, S.V. and Entz, M.H. (2002). Water relation of standard height and dwarf sunflower cultivars. Crop Science. 42: 125-159.
Baniabbass Shahri, Z.,Zamani, G.R. and Sayyari Zahan, M.H. (2012). Effect of drought stress and zinc sulfate foliar application on yield and yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 4(2): 165-172. (In Persian)
Darvishzadeh, R., Pirzad, A., Hatami-Maleki, H., Poormohammad Kiani, S. and Sarrafi, A. (2010). Evaluation of the reaction of sunflower inbred lines and their F1 hybrids to drought conditions using various stress tolerance indices. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 8: 1037-1046.
Ebrahimian, E. and Bybordi, A. (2011). Effect of iron foliar fertilization on growth, seed and oil yield of sunflower grown under different irrigation regimes. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. 5: 621-627.
Egert, M. and Tevini, M. (2002). Influence of drought on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress in leaves of chives (Allium choenoprasum). Environmental and Experimental Botany. 48: 43-49.
Esmaeilian, Y., Sirousmehr, A.R., Asghripour, M.R. and Amiri, E. (2012). Comparison of sole and combined nutrient application on yield and biochemical composition of sunflower under water stress. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology. 3: 214-220.
Farshadfar, E. and Elyasi, P. (2012). Screening quantitative indicators of drought tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2(3): 577-584.
Ghaffari, M. (2007). Evaluation and selection of sunflower inbred lines under normal and drought stress. Seed and Plant Improvment Journal. 23(4): 633-649. (In Persian)
Ghaffari, M., Farrokhi, I. and Mirzapour, M. (2011). Combining ability and gene action for agronomic traits and oil content in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) using F1 hybrids. Crop Breeding Journal. 1(1): 75-87.
Ghaffari, M., Toorchi, M., Valizadeh, M. and Shakiba, M.R. (2012). Morpho-physiological screening of sunflower inbred lines under drought stress condition. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 17(2): 185-190.
Gholinezhad, E., Darvishzadeh, R. and Bernousi, I. (2013). Effects of drought stress on grain qualitative traits in Iranian confectionary sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) landraces. Iranian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 2(2): 9-20.
Gholinezhad, E., Aynaband, A., Hassanzade Ghorthapeh, A., Noormohamadi, G. and Bernousi, I. (2009). Study of the effect of drought stress on yield, yield components and harvest index of sunflower hybrid Iroflor at different levels of nitrogen and plant population. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 37(2): 85-94.
Hatami Maleki, H., Abdi, N., Darvishzadeh, R. and Jafari, M. (2016). Mapping QTLs controlling drought tolerance indices in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Crop Breeding. 8(20): 228-235. (In Persian)
Heidari, M. and Karami, A.V. (2013). Effect of drought stress and strains of mycorrhiza on yield, photosynthetic pigments sunflower. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 6(1): 17-26. (In Persian)
Hussain, M., Farooq, S., Hasan, W., Ul-Allah, S., Tanveer, M., Farooq, M. and Nawaz, A. (2018). Drought stress in sunflower: Physiological effects and its management through breeding and agronomic alternatives. Agricultural Water Management. 201: 152-166.
Karimzadeh-Asl, K.H., Mazaheri, D. and Peyghambari, S.A. (2003). Effect of four irrigation intervals on the seed yield and quantitative characteristics of three sunflower cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science. 34(2): 293-301. (In Persian)
Kassab, O.M., Abo Ellil, A.A. and Abo El-Kheir, M.S.A. (2012). Water use efficiency and productivity of two sunflower cultivars as influenced by three rates of drip irrigation water. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 7: 3524-3529.
Khorshidi Benam, M.B., Rahimzadeh Khoii, F., Mirhadi, M.J. and Nour-Mohamadi, G. (2002). Study of drought stress effects in different growth stages on potato cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 4(1): 48-59. (In Persian)
Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M. and Bouharmont, J. (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals of Botany. 78: 389-398.
Mirshekari, M., Majnoun Hosseini, N., Amiri, R. and Zandvakili, O.R. (2012). Study the effects of planting date and low irrigation stress on quantitative traits of spring sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Romanian Agricultural Research. 29: 189-199.
Moghaddam Khamseh, A., Amini Dehaghi, M., Daneshian, J. and Jabbari, H. (2009). Agronomical traits and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) new hybrids under drought stress. Journal of Daneshvar Agronomy Sciences. 2(3): 1-12. (In Persian)
Nazarli, H. and Zardashti, M.R. (2010). The effect of drought stress and super absorbent polymer (A200) on agronomical traits of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under field condition. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 143: 5-14.
Pekcan, V., Evci, G., Yilmaz, M.I., Nalcaiyi, A.S.B., Erdal, Ş.Ç., Cicek, N., Ekmekci, Y. and Kaya, Y. (2015). Drought effects on yield traits of some sunflower inbred lines. Agriculture and Forestry. 61(4): 101-107.
Pereyra-Irujo, G.A. and Aguirrezabal, L.A.N. (2007). Sunflower yield and oil quality interactions and variability: Analysis through a simple simulation modek. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 143: 252-265.
Rauf, S. (2008). Breeding sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) for drought tolerance. Communications in Biometry and Crop Science. 3(1): 29-44.
Rauf, A., Maqsood, M., Ahmad, A. and Gondal, A.S. (2012). Yield and oil content of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as influenced by spacing and reduced irrigation condition. eSci Journal of Crop Production. 1: 41-45.
Rezaizad, A., Parvin, S. and Shoshtari, L. (2018). Genetic analysis of yield and its components in sunflower lines under normal and drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 11(1): 93-105. (In Persian)
Ritchie, S.W., Nguyen, H.T. and Holaday, A.S. (1990). Leaf water content and gas exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing drought resistance. Crop Science. 30: 105-777.
Robert, G.A., Rajasekar, M. and Manivannan, P. (2016). Triazole-induced drought stress amelioration on growth yield, and pigments composition of Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower). International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 5: 6-15.
Safavi, A., Pourdad, S.S. and Jamshid Moghaddam, M. (2011). Identification of drought resistant genotypes in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Seed and Plant Improvment Journal. 27(2): 129-148. (In Persian)
Sarazin, V., Duclercq, J., Guillot, X., Sangwan, B. and Sangwan, R.S. (2017). Water-stressed sunflower transcriptome analysis revealed important molecular markers involved in drought stress response and tolerance. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 142: 45-53.
Skoric, D. (2009). Sunflower breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses. Helia. 32: 1-15.
Stone, L.R., Goodrum, D.E., Jaafar, M.N. and Khan, A.H. (2002). Rooting front and water depletion depths in grain sorghum and sunflower. Agronomy Journal. 93: 1105-1110.
Totsky, I.V. and Lyakh, V.A. (2015). Pollen selection for drought tolerance in sunflower. Helia. 38(63): 211-220.
United State Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2016). National Agricultural Statistics Service. USDA-NASS 1400 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20250.
Vanaja, M., Yadav, S.K., Archana, G., Lakshmi, J.N., Ram Reddy, P.R., Vagheera, P., Abdul Razak, S.K., Maheswari, M. and Venkateswarlu, B. (2011). Response of C4 (maize) and C3 (sunflower) crop plants to drought stress and enhanced carbon dioxide concentration. Plant, Soil and Environment. 57: 207-215.
Yadollahi, P., Asgharipour, M.R., Marvane, H., Kheiri, N. and Amiri, A. (2017). The effects of drought stress on grain and oil yield of two cultivars of sunflower. Crop
Science Research in Arid Regions. 1(1): 65-76. (In Persian)
Yadollahi Dehcheshmeh, P., Bagheri, A.A., Amiri, A. and Esmailzadeh, S.(2014). Effects of drought and foliar application on yield and photosynthetic pigments sunflower. Journal of Crop Physiology. 6(21): 73-83. (In Persian)
Zahedi, H., Tohidi Moghadam,H.R. and Alipour, A. (2014). Investigation on some qualitative indices of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) affected by zeolie application and different levels of irrigation. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 10(3): 53-61. (In Persian)
_||_References
Ahmadi, K., Ebadzadeh, H.R., Abdeshah, H.R., Kazemian, A. and Rafiee, M. (2018). Agricultural Bulletin Volume I - Crops. Deputy Minister of Planning and Economics, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad. p 116. (In Persian).
Adiredjo, A.L., Navaud, O., Muños, S., Langlade, N.B., Lamaze, T. and Grieu, P. (2014). Genetic control of water use efficiency and leaf carbon isotope discrimination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) subjected to two drought scenarios. PLoS One. 9(7): e101218.
Amiri, R., Bahraminejad, S., Sasani, Sh. and Ghobadi, M. (2014). Genetic evaluation of 80 irrigated bread wheat genotypes for drought tolerance indices. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 20(1): 101-111.
Andrianasolo, F.N., Casadebaig, P., Champolivier, L., Maza, E., Maury, P. and Debaeke, P. (2014). Prediction of sunflower grain oil concentration as a function of variety, crop management and environment by the means of statistical models. European Journal of Agronomy. 54: 84-96.
Angadi, S.V. and Entz, M.H. (2002). Water relation of standard height and dwarf sunflower cultivars. Crop Science. 42: 125-159.
Baniabbass Shahri, Z.,Zamani, G.R. and Sayyari Zahan, M.H. (2012). Effect of drought stress and zinc sulfate foliar application on yield and yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 4(2): 165-172. (In Persian)
Darvishzadeh, R., Pirzad, A., Hatami-Maleki, H., Poormohammad Kiani, S. and Sarrafi, A. (2010). Evaluation of the reaction of sunflower inbred lines and their F1 hybrids to drought conditions using various stress tolerance indices. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 8: 1037-1046.
Ebrahimian, E. and Bybordi, A. (2011). Effect of iron foliar fertilization on growth, seed and oil yield of sunflower grown under different irrigation regimes. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. 5: 621-627.
Egert, M. and Tevini, M. (2002). Influence of drought on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress in leaves of chives (Allium choenoprasum). Environmental and Experimental Botany. 48: 43-49.
Esmaeilian, Y., Sirousmehr, A.R., Asghripour, M.R. and Amiri, E. (2012). Comparison of sole and combined nutrient application on yield and biochemical composition of sunflower under water stress. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology. 3: 214-220.
Farshadfar, E. and Elyasi, P. (2012). Screening quantitative indicators of drought tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2(3): 577-584.
Ghaffari, M. (2007). Evaluation and selection of sunflower inbred lines under normal and drought stress. Seed and Plant Improvment Journal. 23(4): 633-649. (In Persian)
Ghaffari, M., Farrokhi, I. and Mirzapour, M. (2011). Combining ability and gene action for agronomic traits and oil content in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) using F1 hybrids. Crop Breeding Journal. 1(1): 75-87.
Ghaffari, M., Toorchi, M., Valizadeh, M. and Shakiba, M.R. (2012). Morpho-physiological screening of sunflower inbred lines under drought stress condition. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 17(2): 185-190.
Gholinezhad, E., Darvishzadeh, R. and Bernousi, I. (2013). Effects of drought stress on grain qualitative traits in Iranian confectionary sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) landraces. Iranian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 2(2): 9-20.
Gholinezhad, E., Aynaband, A., Hassanzade Ghorthapeh, A., Noormohamadi, G. and Bernousi, I. (2009). Study of the effect of drought stress on yield, yield components and harvest index of sunflower hybrid Iroflor at different levels of nitrogen and plant population. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 37(2): 85-94.
Hatami Maleki, H., Abdi, N., Darvishzadeh, R. and Jafari, M. (2016). Mapping QTLs controlling drought tolerance indices in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Crop Breeding. 8(20): 228-235. (In Persian)
Heidari, M. and Karami, A.V. (2013). Effect of drought stress and strains of mycorrhiza on yield, photosynthetic pigments sunflower. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 6(1): 17-26. (In Persian)
Hussain, M., Farooq, S., Hasan, W., Ul-Allah, S., Tanveer, M., Farooq, M. and Nawaz, A. (2018). Drought stress in sunflower: Physiological effects and its management through breeding and agronomic alternatives. Agricultural Water Management. 201: 152-166.
Karimzadeh-Asl, K.H., Mazaheri, D. and Peyghambari, S.A. (2003). Effect of four irrigation intervals on the seed yield and quantitative characteristics of three sunflower cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science. 34(2): 293-301. (In Persian)
Kassab, O.M., Abo Ellil, A.A. and Abo El-Kheir, M.S.A. (2012). Water use efficiency and productivity of two sunflower cultivars as influenced by three rates of drip irrigation water. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 7: 3524-3529.
Khorshidi Benam, M.B., Rahimzadeh Khoii, F., Mirhadi, M.J. and Nour-Mohamadi, G. (2002). Study of drought stress effects in different growth stages on potato cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 4(1): 48-59. (In Persian)
Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M. and Bouharmont, J. (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals of Botany. 78: 389-398.
Mirshekari, M., Majnoun Hosseini, N., Amiri, R. and Zandvakili, O.R. (2012). Study the effects of planting date and low irrigation stress on quantitative traits of spring sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Romanian Agricultural Research. 29: 189-199.
Moghaddam Khamseh, A., Amini Dehaghi, M., Daneshian, J. and Jabbari, H. (2009). Agronomical traits and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) new hybrids under drought stress. Journal of Daneshvar Agronomy Sciences. 2(3): 1-12. (In Persian)
Nazarli, H. and Zardashti, M.R. (2010). The effect of drought stress and super absorbent polymer (A200) on agronomical traits of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under field condition. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 143: 5-14.
Pekcan, V., Evci, G., Yilmaz, M.I., Nalcaiyi, A.S.B., Erdal, Ş.Ç., Cicek, N., Ekmekci, Y. and Kaya, Y. (2015). Drought effects on yield traits of some sunflower inbred lines. Agriculture and Forestry. 61(4): 101-107.
Pereyra-Irujo, G.A. and Aguirrezabal, L.A.N. (2007). Sunflower yield and oil quality interactions and variability: Analysis through a simple simulation modek. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 143: 252-265.
Rauf, S. (2008). Breeding sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) for drought tolerance. Communications in Biometry and Crop Science. 3(1): 29-44.
Rauf, A., Maqsood, M., Ahmad, A. and Gondal, A.S. (2012). Yield and oil content of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as influenced by spacing and reduced irrigation condition. eSci Journal of Crop Production. 1: 41-45.
Rezaizad, A., Parvin, S. and Shoshtari, L. (2018). Genetic analysis of yield and its components in sunflower lines under normal and drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 11(1): 93-105. (In Persian)
Ritchie, S.W., Nguyen, H.T. and Holaday, A.S. (1990). Leaf water content and gas exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing drought resistance. Crop Science. 30: 105-777.
Robert, G.A., Rajasekar, M. and Manivannan, P. (2016). Triazole-induced drought stress amelioration on growth yield, and pigments composition of Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower). International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 5: 6-15.
Safavi, A., Pourdad, S.S. and Jamshid Moghaddam, M. (2011). Identification of drought resistant genotypes in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Seed and Plant Improvment Journal. 27(2): 129-148. (In Persian)
Sarazin, V., Duclercq, J., Guillot, X., Sangwan, B. and Sangwan, R.S. (2017). Water-stressed sunflower transcriptome analysis revealed important molecular markers involved in drought stress response and tolerance. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 142: 45-53.
Skoric, D. (2009). Sunflower breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses. Helia. 32: 1-15.
Stone, L.R., Goodrum, D.E., Jaafar, M.N. and Khan, A.H. (2002). Rooting front and water depletion depths in grain sorghum and sunflower. Agronomy Journal. 93: 1105-1110.
Totsky, I.V. and Lyakh, V.A. (2015). Pollen selection for drought tolerance in sunflower. Helia. 38(63): 211-220.
United State Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2016). National Agricultural Statistics Service. USDA-NASS 1400 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20250.
Vanaja, M., Yadav, S.K., Archana, G., Lakshmi, J.N., Ram Reddy, P.R., Vagheera, P., Abdul Razak, S.K., Maheswari, M. and Venkateswarlu, B. (2011). Response of C4 (maize) and C3 (sunflower) crop plants to drought stress and enhanced carbon dioxide concentration. Plant, Soil and Environment. 57: 207-215.
Yadollahi, P., Asgharipour, M.R., Marvane, H., Kheiri, N. and Amiri, A. (2017). The effects of drought stress on grain and oil yield of two cultivars of sunflower. Crop
Science Research in Arid Regions. 1(1): 65-76. (In Persian)
Yadollahi Dehcheshmeh, P., Bagheri, A.A., Amiri, A. and Esmailzadeh, S.(2014). Effects of drought and foliar application on yield and photosynthetic pigments sunflower. Journal of Crop Physiology. 6(21): 73-83. (In Persian)
Zahedi, H., Tohidi Moghadam,H.R. and Alipour, A. (2014). Investigation on some qualitative indices of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) affected by zeolie application and different levels of irrigation. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 10(3): 53-61. (In Persian)