حفاظت از باغ‌ها حاشیه شهر از منظر اکولوژی سیمای سرزمین مطالعه موردی: سراب قنبر-کرمانشاه
محورهای موضوعی :
طراحی محیط زیست
سجاد شمشیری
1
1 - دانشگاه سید جمال الدین اسدآبادی
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/09/01
تاریخ پذیرش : 1398/10/02
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/01/01
کلید واژه:
سراب قنبر کرمانشاه,
حفاظت,
باغ,
اکولوژی سیمای سرزمین,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: رشد گسترده افقی شهرها دارای پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی است، این فرآیند منجر به تخریب منظر و باغ‌ها حاشیه شهرها می‌گردد. باغ‌ها سراب‌قنبر در جنوب شهر کرمانشاه نیز به دلیل رشد گسترده شهری در معرض تخریب گسترده‌ای قرار دارد.روش بررسی: با استفاده از سنجه‌های اکولوژی سیمای‌سرزمین تحولات محدوده مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در مرحله بعد براساس برداشت میدانی انواع لکه‌ها و کریدورها مشخص شده است.یافته‌ها: با توجه به کارکرد این فضاها از لحاظ عملکرد اکولوژیک، عناصر ساختاری محدوده در چهار گروه از راهبردهای حمایتی، تدافعی، تهاجمی و فرصت‌طلبانه طبقه‌بندی شده‌اند. این طبقات شامل لکه‌ها و کریدورهای طبیعی، اختلالی، مکان و نحوه‌ی قرارگیری آن‌ها بر روی بستر سرزمین می‌باشد. با درنظر گرفتن اهداف طراحی و این طبقات، طرح راهبردی محدود ارائه شد.بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: گسترش بستر شهر منجر به ایجاد لکه‌های اختلالی در سطح محدوده شده و از سوی دیگر لکه‌های طبیعی گرایش به خردشدن پیدا کرده‌اند. کریدورهای طبیعی با چالش‌های جدی مواجه‌اند. در حالی که گسترش کریدورهای اختلالی منجر به تغییر در ساختار سیمای‌سرزمین شده و گسست اکولوژیک را تشدید کرده است. تداوم این روند منجر به نابودی این اراضی خواهد شد و تبعات بسیاری را به دنبال خواهد داشت. طراحی محیطی متناسب می‌تواند چارچوب مناسبی را با استفاده از مبانی پایه اکولوژی سیمای‌سرزمین فراهم ساخته و با تعریف کارکردهای متناسب نیاز شهری، این عرصه‌های طبیعی را حفاظت نماید.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Sprawl growth of the cities has different environmental impacts. This process leads to destruction of suburban agricultural land and marginal orchards. The devastation of suburb area not only influenced the area, but also it has different impacts on whole city. Sarab Qanbar gardens which located in the southern city of Kermanshah, is largely degraded as a result of urban Sprawl growth. While area protection is compulsory necessity due to the ecological services which provided by this area.Method: Landscape ecology framework were used to develop the area in order to achieve the mentioned goal. Therefore, first the appropriate landscape metrics were used. In the next stage, patches and corridors have been identified and analyzed based on field surveys. Ecological redesign was the final stage.Findings: The strategic design plan of the area was designed, which has been done based on strategic planning. Strategies were classified in four groups of protective, defensive, offensive and opportunistic. Each class determined based on patch and corridors characteristics and their interaction with context. Finally, actions and strategic plan were purposed protection and development of the area.Discussion and conclusion: The expansion of the city has led to the creation of disturbance patches in the region, On the other hand, natural patches tend to be crushed, Natural corridors face serious challenges. While the spread of disturbing corridors leads to changes in the structure of the landscape and the ecological fracture has intensified. The continuation of this process will lead to the destruction of these lands, which will have many consequences. Effective environmental design can be providing a proper framework based on the landscape ecology by defining the city's proper functions, it will protect these natural arenas.
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1- United-Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision - Comprehensive Tables,Dept. of Economic Social Affairs. Population Division: UN; 2007.
2- Matlock MD, Morgan R. Ecological Engineering Design: Restoring and Conserving Ecosystem Services: John Wiley & Sons; 2010.
3- Economic UNDO, Division SAP. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision: UN; 2004.
4- Forman RT. The urban region: natural systems in our place, our nourishment, our home range, our future. Landscape Ecology. 2008;23(3):251-3.
5- Milan BF, Creutzig F. Municipal policies accelerated urban sprawl and public debts in Spain. Land Use Policy. 2016;54:103-15.
6- Nazarnia N, Schwick C, Jaeger JA. Accelerated urban sprawl in Montreal, Quebec City, and Zurich: Investigating the differences using time series 1951–2011. Ecological Indicators. 2016;60:1229-51.
7- Kumar P, Rosenberger JM, Iqbal GMD. Mixed integer linear programming approaches for land use planning that limit urban sprawl. Computers & Industrial Engineering. 2016;102:33-43.
8- Arribas-Bel D, Nijkamp P, Scholten H. Multidimensional urban sprawl in Europe: A self-organizing map approach. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. 2011;35(4):263-75.
9- Zhang D, Zhou C, Su F, Yang X, Du Y. A physical Impulse-based approach to evaluate the exploitative intensity of Bay—A case study of Daya Bay in China. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2012;69(0):151-9.
10- Su W, Gu C, Yang G, Chen S, Zhen F. Measuring the impact of urban sprawl on natural landscape pattern of the Western Taihu Lake watershed, China. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2010;95(1–2):61-7.
11- Hasse JE, Lathrop RG. Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl. Applied Geography. 2003;23(2–3):159-75.
12- Jaeger JAG, Bertiller R, Schwick C, Kienast F. Suitability criteria for measures of urban sprawl. Ecological Indicators. 2010;10(2):397-406.
13- Barbero-Sierra C, Marques MJ, Ruíz-Pérez M. The case of urban sprawl in Spain as an active and irreversible driving force for desertification. Journal of Arid Environments. 2013;90(0):95-102.
14- He J, Liu Y, Yu Y, Tang W, Xiang W, Liu D. A counterfactual scenario simulation approach for assessing the impact of farmland preservation policies on urban sprawl and food security in a major grain-producing area of China. Applied Geography. 2013;37(0):127-38.
15- Kahn ME. Green cities: urban growth and the environment: Brookings Institution Press; 2006.
16- Gulinck H, Wagendorp T. References for fragmentation analysis of the rural matrix in cultural landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2002;58(2–4):137-46.
17- Zhou B, He HS, Nigh TA, Schulz JH. Mapping and analyzing change of impervious surface for two decades using multi-temporal Landsat imagery in Missouri. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2012;18(0):195-206.
18- Zanganeh Shahraki S, Sauri D, Serra P, Modugno S, Seifolddini F, Pourahmad A. Urban sprawl pattern and land-use change detection in Yazd, Iran. Habitat International. 2011;35(4):521-8.
19- Neuman M. Regional design: Recovering a great landscape architecture and urban planning tradition. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2000;47(3–4):115-28.
20- Torres A, Jaeger JA, Alonso JC. Multi-scale mismatches between urban sprawl and landscape fragmentation create windows of opportunity for conservation development. Landscape Ecol. 2016;31(10):2291-305.
21- Breuste J, Niemelä J, Snep RPH. Applying landscape ecological principles in urban environments. Landscape Ecology. 2008;23(10):1139-42.
22- Farina A. Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology: Towards a Science of the Landscape: Springer; 2007.
23- The portal of the General Department of Meteorology of Kermanshah province-(2018 Septtember 3). Statistical data obtained from http://www.kermanshahmet.ir. (In Persian)
24- Shamshiri S. Design and organize a conservation- tourism in fringe gardens, Case study: Sarab Qanbar Kermanshah. University of Tehran Faculty of environment. 2012 (In Persian)
25- Baschak LA, Brown RD. An ecological framework for the planning, design and management of urban river greenways. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1995;33(1–3):211-25.
26- Ying-zi W, Wei H, Cheng-zhen W, Dong-jin H, Shu-wei L, Hai-lan F. Application of landscape ecology to the research on wetlands. Journal of Forestry Research. 2008;19(2):164–70
27- Francis RA, Millington JD, Chadwick MA. Urban Landscape Ecology: Science, Policy and Practice: Routledge; 2016.
28- Jørgensen SE, Xu L, Costanza Handbook of ecological indicators for assessment of ecosystem health: CRC press; 2016.
29- Albert C, Galler C, Hermes J, Neuendorf F, von Haaren C, Lovett A. Applying ecosystem services indicators in landscape planning and management: The ES-in-Planning framework. Ecological Indicators. 2016;61:100-13.
30- Cook EA. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2002;58 269-80.
31- Ahern J. Theories, methods and strategies for sustainable landscape planning2005.
32- Forman R, Gordon M. landscape ecology: Johon Wiley & sons, UK; 1986.
