اهمیت آزمایش عناصر خاک مزارع در توصیه کودی به منظور پایداری محیط: مطالعه موردی مزارع ذرت کوزران در استان کرمانشاه
محورهای موضوعی : کشاورزی و محیط زیست
مسیب حشمتی
1
(دانشیار بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).)
پرستو قوچی
2
(فارغالتحصیل کارشناسی ارشد آبخیزداری از دانشگاه ملایر)
نسرین کرمی
3
(فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی مرتع و آبخیزداری –علمی-کاربردی مرکز ماهیدشت)
کلید واژه: مزارع ذرت, استان کرمانشاه, توصیه کودی, کودهای شیمیایی,
چکیده مقاله :
کشت ذرت به دلیل مصرف زیاد کودهای شیمیایی پیامدهای ناگوار زیست محیطی و بهداشتی را در بر دارد. یکی از راهکارهای مناسب در این زمینه تطبیق مصرف کود با عناصر غذایی خاک و نیاز محصول است. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی سطح عناصر غذایی موجود در خاک و مقایسه آن با مقدار توصیه کودی به منظور استفاده بهینه از این کودهاست که در مزارع ذرت منطقه کوزران استان کرمانشاه انجام شد. نمونه های خاک از عمق 0 تا 30 سانتی متری برداشت و مورد آزمایش های کربن آلی، ازت، فسفر، پتاسیم، منگنز، روی و آهن قرار گرفت. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که متوسط کربن آلی خاک کم (23/1%) بود و با همه عناصر غذایی مورد آزمایش همبستگی دارد. مقادیر متوسط ازت، فسفر، پتاسیم، منگنز، آهن و روی به ترتیب 121/0، 00/17، 381، 71/9، 41/12 و 86/0 میلی گرم درکیلوگرم بدست آمد. توصیه کودی شامل اوره، سوپرفسفات تریپل، سولفات پتاسیم، سولفات منگنز، سکوسترین آهن و سولفات روی بود. نتایج این بررسی نشان داد که مقدار توصیه کودی برای فسفر، پتاسیم و آهن با سطح آنها در خاک همبستگی ندارد. همچنین علی رغم کفایت پتاسیم خاک، بطور متوسط 134 کیلوگرم در هکتار سولفات پتاسیم توصیه شده بود. در مقابل، مقادیر توصیه کودی برای تقویت ازت، منگنز و روی به ترتیب 418، 4/32 و 3/54 کیلوگرم در هکتار بوده که با سطح این عناصر در خاک همبستگی معنی دار داشت. مقایسه مقدار توصیه شده این کودها با عناصر غذایی خاک نشان داد که سطح توصیه کودی از دقت کافی برخوردار نبوده و بطور تقریبی برآورد شده بود.
Corn (maize) is cultivated in several parts of irrigation lands of Iran and over application of chemical fertilizers causing environmental and human health impacts. However, soil nutrients available analysis can be improved with optimal chemical fertilizer consumption in these farms. The objective of this research was to evaluate soil nutrients content and appropriate fertilizers application in the corn farms which was conducted in Kuzaran, west Kermanshah, Iran. Soil sampling carried out from 0-30 soil depth and subjected to soil organic carbon (SOC) content as well as availability of N, P, K, Mn, Fe and Zn analysis. The results showed that the mean SOC was low (1.23%) and significantly (p<0.05) correlated to all measured soil nutrients. The respective average level of N, P, K, Mn, Fe and Zn was 0.121, 17.00, 381, 9.71, 12.41 and0.86 mg-1 kg. The recommended consumption rates included triple super phosphate, potassium sulfate and iron, hence; these rates were not correlated with P, K and F available in the soil. Furthermore, recommended potassium sulfate input was 134 kg/ha, while soil K available was sufficient for corn crop. In contrasts, the recommended levels of Urea (418 kg/ha), manganese sulfate (32.4 kg/ha) and Zinc sulfate (54.3 kg/ha) were significantly correlated with soil N, Mn and Zn content. Thus, recommended chemical fertilizers application was not sufficiently accurate and did not follow by soil nutrients content. For sustaining environment and human health, the consumption of chemical fertilizer particularly in corn farms should be recommended based on soil nutrient analysis and crop needs.
1- Sepehr, A., Malakuti, M.J., Kholdbarin, B., Karimian, N., Samadi, A., Rasooli, H., Noorgholipoor, F. and Rezaee. H. 2010. Comparative study on phosphor absorption in cereal crops. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 2 (23): 126-134. (In Persian)
2- Mostashari, M. 2012. The effects of wheat cultivation in corn rotation on mineralized and availability of phosphorous in calcareous soil. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 26 (1): 19-21. (In Persian)
3- Hatam, Z. and Ronaghi, A. 2012. Imbalance nutrition in corn through Cu and Mn in calcareous soil. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 3 (26): 197-206. (In Persian)
4- Khaseh-Sirjani, A., Farahbakhsh, H. and RAvari, S.H. 2011. Evaluation the effects of biological fertilizer, zinc sulfate and urea on wheat yield. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 2 (25;A): 125-135. (In Persian)
5- Nelson, D. W., and L. E. Sommers. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter.PP. 961-1010. In: D. L. Sparks et al., (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part III, 3rd Ed.American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
6- Bremner, J. M. 1996. Nitrogen-Total. PP. 1082-1122. In: D. L. Sparks et al., (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part III, 3rd Ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
7- Watanabe, F. S., and S. R. Olsen. 1965. Test of an ascorbic acid for determining phosphorous in water and NaHCO3-extracted from soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 29: 677-678.
8- Lindsay, W. L., and W. A. Norvell. 1978. Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 421-428.
9- Hazelton, P. and Murphy, B. 2007. Interpreting Soil Test Results. CSIRO Publisher Sydney.
10- Farid Giglo, B Arami, A and Akhzari, D. 2014. Assessing the role of some soil properties onaggregate stability using path analysis (Case study: silty-clay- loam and clay-loam soil from gully lands in North West of Iran), ECOPERSIA, 2 (2), 513-523.
11- Liu, K. and Wiatrak, P., 2012.Corn production response to tillage and nitrogen application in dry-land environment. Soil and Tillage Research. 124, 138-143.
12- Asgharzadeh, M., Malakuti, M.J., Bahrami, S. and Ebrahimi, S. 2005. Management of soil in Iran. Soils of Iran; new approaches on management and utility. In: Banaee, M.H., Momeni, A., Baybordi, M. and Malakuti, M.J. (Edi.), Soil and Water Research Institue Pres. Tehran (In Persian)
13- Ahmadpoor, S.R. Bahmanyar, M.A., Salek Gilani, S. and Forghani, A. 2011.Assessing the urea and phosphor enzymes affecting some soil characteristics through compost and vermicomposting for corn. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 2 (25;A): 113-123. (In Persian)
14- Malakuti, M.J., Ghaderi, J., Majidi, A. and Baybordi, M. 2005. Monitoring the soil resource of Iran. Soils of Iran; new approaches on management and utility. In: Banaee, M.H., Momeni, A., Baybordi, M. and Malakuti, M.J. (Edi.), Soil and Water Research Institue Pres. Tehran (In Persian)
15- Bruce, R.C. and Rayment, G.E. 1982. Analaytical methods and interpretations used by the agricultural chemistry branch for soil and land use survey. Queenland Department of Primary Indusrial. Bulletin QB8 (2004), Indooroopilly, Queenland.
16- Karimian, N. 2012. Assessment of chemical fertilizer in Iran; An overview and new approaches. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 4 (25): 265-278. (In Persian)
17- Momeni, A., Rasoil. M., Baybordi, M. and Malakuti, M.J. 2005. Proper application of chemical fertilizers. Soils of Iran; new approaches on management and utility. In: Banaee, M.H., Momeni, A., Baybordi, M. and Malakuti, M.J. (Edi.), Soil and Water Research Institue Pres. Tehran (In Persian)
18- Keshavarz, P., Malakuti, M.J. and Homaee, M. 2005. Soil salinity management. Soils of Iran; new approaches on management and utility. In: Banaee, M.H., Momeni, A., Baybordi, M. and Malakuti, M.J. (Edi.), Soil and Water Research Institue Pres. Tehran (In Persian)
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1- Sepehr, A., Malakuti, M.J., Kholdbarin, B., Karimian, N., Samadi, A., Rasooli, H., Noorgholipoor, F. and Rezaee. H. 2010. Comparative study on phosphor absorption in cereal crops. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 2 (23): 126-134. (In Persian)
2- Mostashari, M. 2012. The effects of wheat cultivation in corn rotation on mineralized and availability of phosphorous in calcareous soil. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 26 (1): 19-21. (In Persian)
3- Hatam, Z. and Ronaghi, A. 2012. Imbalance nutrition in corn through Cu and Mn in calcareous soil. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 3 (26): 197-206. (In Persian)
4- Khaseh-Sirjani, A., Farahbakhsh, H. and RAvari, S.H. 2011. Evaluation the effects of biological fertilizer, zinc sulfate and urea on wheat yield. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 2 (25;A): 125-135. (In Persian)
5- Nelson, D. W., and L. E. Sommers. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter.PP. 961-1010. In: D. L. Sparks et al., (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part III, 3rd Ed.American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
6- Bremner, J. M. 1996. Nitrogen-Total. PP. 1082-1122. In: D. L. Sparks et al., (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part III, 3rd Ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
7- Watanabe, F. S., and S. R. Olsen. 1965. Test of an ascorbic acid for determining phosphorous in water and NaHCO3-extracted from soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 29: 677-678.
8- Lindsay, W. L., and W. A. Norvell. 1978. Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 421-428.
9- Hazelton, P. and Murphy, B. 2007. Interpreting Soil Test Results. CSIRO Publisher Sydney.
10- Farid Giglo, B Arami, A and Akhzari, D. 2014. Assessing the role of some soil properties onaggregate stability using path analysis (Case study: silty-clay- loam and clay-loam soil from gully lands in North West of Iran), ECOPERSIA, 2 (2), 513-523.
11- Liu, K. and Wiatrak, P., 2012.Corn production response to tillage and nitrogen application in dry-land environment. Soil and Tillage Research. 124, 138-143.
12- Asgharzadeh, M., Malakuti, M.J., Bahrami, S. and Ebrahimi, S. 2005. Management of soil in Iran. Soils of Iran; new approaches on management and utility. In: Banaee, M.H., Momeni, A., Baybordi, M. and Malakuti, M.J. (Edi.), Soil and Water Research Institue Pres. Tehran (In Persian)
13- Ahmadpoor, S.R. Bahmanyar, M.A., Salek Gilani, S. and Forghani, A. 2011.Assessing the urea and phosphor enzymes affecting some soil characteristics through compost and vermicomposting for corn. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 2 (25;A): 113-123. (In Persian)
14- Malakuti, M.J., Ghaderi, J., Majidi, A. and Baybordi, M. 2005. Monitoring the soil resource of Iran. Soils of Iran; new approaches on management and utility. In: Banaee, M.H., Momeni, A., Baybordi, M. and Malakuti, M.J. (Edi.), Soil and Water Research Institue Pres. Tehran (In Persian)
15- Bruce, R.C. and Rayment, G.E. 1982. Analaytical methods and interpretations used by the agricultural chemistry branch for soil and land use survey. Queenland Department of Primary Indusrial. Bulletin QB8 (2004), Indooroopilly, Queenland.
16- Karimian, N. 2012. Assessment of chemical fertilizer in Iran; An overview and new approaches. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 4 (25): 265-278. (In Persian)
17- Momeni, A., Rasoil. M., Baybordi, M. and Malakuti, M.J. 2005. Proper application of chemical fertilizers. Soils of Iran; new approaches on management and utility. In: Banaee, M.H., Momeni, A., Baybordi, M. and Malakuti, M.J. (Edi.), Soil and Water Research Institue Pres. Tehran (In Persian)
18- Keshavarz, P., Malakuti, M.J. and Homaee, M. 2005. Soil salinity management. Soils of Iran; new approaches on management and utility. In: Banaee, M.H., Momeni, A., Baybordi, M. and Malakuti, M.J. (Edi.), Soil and Water Research Institue Pres. Tehran (In Persian)