علف¬کش¬های زیستی مبتنی بر پایه عصاره و اسانس گیاهان دارویی
محورهای موضوعی : گیاهان دارویی
1 - کارشناس‌ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
2 - کارشناس‌ارشد، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشكده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
کلید واژه: باغبانی, خواص بیولوژیکی, سمیت گیاهی, کشاورزی پایدار, متابولیت¬های ثانویه,
چکیده مقاله :
علف¬کش¬های زیستی مبتنی بر پایه عصاره و اسانس گیاهان دارویی چکیده کاربرد علف‌کش از دیرباز به عنوان کارآمدترین روش کنترل علف‌های هرز در تولیدات کشاورزی در سراسر جهان می¬باشد. با این حال، استفاده طولانی مدت از مواد شیمیایی کشاورزی اثرات منفی متعددی بر محصولات و محیط زیست دارد. در سال‌های اخیر، توسعه محصولات جدید مبتنی بر ترکیبات زیست فعال برای کنترل زیستی علف¬های هرز اهمیت پیدا کرده است زیرا به کاهش استفاده از ترکیبات و علف‌کش‌های مصنوعی در کشاورزی کمک می‌کند. علف‌کش‌های مصنوعی، می‌توانند منجر به اثرات نامطلوب مانند بیماری‌های انسانی و همچنین بدلیل جابجایی آنها در هوا و ماندگاری در محیط¬های مختلف، محیط زیست را مختل می‌کنند. به نظر می¬رسد استفاده از مولکول¬های طبیعی، جایگزین بسیار خوبی برای حفظ کشاورزی پایدار و بدون عوارض جانبی منفی علف¬کش¬های مصنوعی است. در این زمینه، عصاره و اسانس گیاهان دارویی و اجزای آنها به لطف فعالیت¬های زیست¬کشی شناخته شده¬اند. اسانس¬ها منبع مهمی از ترکیبات فعال بیولوژیکی هستند، ترپن¬های اکسیژن¬دار، و مونو و سسکوی¬ترپن¬ها، نقش اصلی را در سمیت گیاهی اسانس¬ها ایفا می¬کنند. اسانس¬ها و اجزای آنها، عمدتاً ترپنوئیدها، به عنوان ترکیبات طبیعی خالص یا مخلوط، بدلیل تنوع ساختاری و فعالیت سمیت گیاهی قوی، می¬توانند نامزدهای خوبی برای علف¬کش¬های زیستی جدید یا به عنوان مواد اولیه برای علف‌کش‌های مصنوعی جدید باشد. واژه¬های کلیدی: باغبانی، خواص بیولوژیکی، سمیت گیاهی، کشاورزی پایدار، متابولیت¬های ثانویه مقدمه علف¬های هرز یک محدودیت مهم برای تولید محصولات کشاورزی هستند (Jugulam. 2017). علف¬های هرز تقریباً 1/0 درصد از فلور جهان را تشکیل می¬دهند و با شیوه¬های کشاورزی تکامل می¬یابند. علف¬های هرز می¬توانند از طریق رقابت برای منابعی مانند نور، آب و مواد غذایی و با تولید ترکیبات شیمیایی موسوم به ترکیبات آللوپاتیک باعث کاهش عملکرد محصول شوند (Rice. 1984).
چکیده انگلیسی:
Werrie PY, Durenne B, Delaplace P, Fauconnier ML. 2020. Phytotoxicity of essential oils: Opportunities and constraints for the development of biopesticides. A review. Foods. 9: 1291. Zhang J, An M, Wu H, Li Liu D, Stanton R. 2012. Chemical composition of essential oils of four Eucalyptus species and their phytotoxicity on silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) in Australia. Plant Growth Regulation. 68: 231–237. Biological herbicides based on extracts and essential oils of medicinal plants Abstract The use of herbicides has long been considered the most efficient method of weed control in agricultural production all over the world. However, the long-term use of agrochemicals has several negative effects on crops and the environment. In recent years, the development of new products based on bioactive compounds for the biological control of weeds has become important because it helps to reduce the use of synthetic compounds and herbicides in agriculture. Synthetic herbicides can lead to adverse effects such as human diseases and also disrupt the environment due to their movement in the air and persistence in different environments. It seems that the use of natural molecules is a very good alternative to maintain sustainable agriculture without the negative side effects of synthetic herbicides. In this context, extracts and essences of medicinal plants and their components are known thanks to their biocidal activities. Essential oils are an important source of biologically active compounds, oxygenated terpenes, and mono and sesquiterpenes play the main role in the phytotoxicity of essential oils. Essential oils and their components, mainly terpenoids, as pure or mixed natural compounds, can be good candidates for new biological herbicides or as raw materials for new synthetic herbicides due to their structural diversity and strong phytotoxic activity. Keywords: horticulture, biological properties, phytotoxicity, sustainable agriculture, secondary metabolites
منابع و مأخذ:
Abd El-Gawad AM, El-Amier YA, Bonanomi G. 2018. Allelopathic activity and chemical composition of Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. essential oil from Egypt. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 15: e1700438.
Abd El-Gawad AM, El-Amier YA, Bonanomi G. 2018. Essential oil composition, antioxidant and allelopathic activities of Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 15: e1800392.
Abd El-Gawad AM, Elshamy A, El Gendy AEN, Al-Rowaily SL, Assaeed AM. 2019. Preponderance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and diterpenes in the volatile oil constituents of Lactuca serriola L. revealed antioxidant and allelopathic activity. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 16: e1900278.
Abd El-Gawad AM, Elshamy AI, El Gendy AEN, Gaara A, Assaeed AM. 2019. Volatiles profiling, allelopathic activity, and antioxidant potentiality of Xanthium strumarium leaves essential oil from Egypt: Evidence from chemometrics analysis. Molecules. 24: 584.
Abrahim D, Francischini AC, Pergo EM, Kelmer-Bracht AM, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. 2003. Effects of α-pinene on the mitochondrial respiration of maize seedlings. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 41: 985–91.
Ahn JK, Chung I.M. 2000. Allelopathic potential of rice hulls on germination and seedling growth of barnyardgrass. Agronomy Journal. 92: 1162–1167.
Ali B, Al-Wabel NA, Shams S, Ahamad A, Khan SA, Anwar F. 2015. Essential oils used in aromatherapy: a systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 5: 601–11.
Alipour M, Saharkhiz MJ, Niakousari M, Damyeh MS. 2019. Phytotoxicity of encapsulated essential oil of rosemary on germination and morphophysiological features of amaranth and radish seedlings. Scientia Horticulturae. 243: 131–9.
Amri I, Gargouri S, Hamrouni L, Hanana M, Fezzani T, Jamoussi, B. 2012. Chemical composition, phytotoxic and antifungal activities of Pinus pinea essential oil. Journal of Pest Science. 85: 199–207.
Amri I, Hamrouni L, Hanana M, Jamoussi B. 2013. Reviews on phytotoxic effects of essential oils and their individual components: news approach for weeds management. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 4: 96–114.
Amri I, Hanana M, Jamoussi B, Hamrouni L. 2017. Essential oils of Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. laricio Maire: Chemical composition and study of their herbicidal potential. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 10: S3877–S3882.
Angelini LG, Carpanese G, Cioni PL, Morelli I, Macchia M, Flamini G. 2003. Essential oils from Mediterranean Lamiaceae as weed germination inhibitors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51: 6158–6164.
Araniti F, Landi M, Lupini A, Sunseri F, Guidi L, Abenavoli M. 2018. Origanum vulgare essential oils inhibit glutamate and aspartate metabolism altering the photorespiratory pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Journal of Plant Physiology. 231: 297–309.
Arminante F, De Falco E, De Feo V, De Martino L, Mancini E, Quaranta E. 2006. Allelopathic activity of essential oils from Mediterranean Labiatae. In Proceedings of the I International Symposium on the Labiatae: Advances in Production, Biotechnology and Utilisation 723, Sanremo, Italy, 22–25 February pp. 347–356.
Arunachalam K, Balogun SO, Pavan E, de Almeida GVB, de Oliveira RG, Wagner T, Cechinel Filho V, de Oliveira Martins D.T. 2017. Chemical characterization, toxicology and mechanism of gastric antiulcer action of essential oil from Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms in the in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 94: 292–306.
Assaeed A, Elshamy A, El Gendy AEN, Dar B, Al-Rowaily S, Abd El-Gawad A. 2020. Sesquiterpenes rich essential oil from above ground parts of Pulicaria somalensis exhibited antioxidant activity and allelopathic effect on weeds. Agronomy 10: 399.
Bainard LD, Isman MB, Upadhyaya MK. 2006. Phytotoxicity of clove oil and its primary constituent eugenol and the role of leaf epicuticular wax in the susceptibility to these essential oils. Weed Science. 54: 833–837.
Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. 2008. Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 46: 446–475.
Baser KHC, Buchbauer G. 2020. Handbook of Essential Oils, 3rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, ISBN 9781351246460.
Batish DR, Singh HP, Setia N, Kohli RK, Kaur S, Yadav SS. 2007. Alternative control of littleseed canary grass using eucalypt oil. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 27: 171–177.
Battaglin WA, Meyer M, Kuivila KM, Dietze J. 2014. Glyphosate and its degradation product AMPA occur frequently and widely in U.S. soils, surface water, groundwater, and precipitation. The Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA). 50: 275–290.
Ben Ghnaya A, Amri I., Hanana M, Gargouri S, Jamoussi B, Romane A, Hamrouni L. 2016. Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl.) Masters essential oil from Tunisia: Chemical characterization and herbicidal and antifungal activities assessment. Industrial Crops and Products. 83: 113–117.
Ben Ghnaya A, Hanana M, Amri I, Balti H, Gargouri S, Jamoussi B, Hamrouni L. 2013. Chemical composition of Eucalyptus erythrocorys essential oils and evaluation of their herbicidal and antifungal activities. Journal of Pest Science. 86: 571–577.
Ben Kaab S, Rebey IB, Hanafi M, Berhal C, Fauconnier ML, De Clerck C, Ksouri R, Jijakli H. 2019. Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil as an effective antifungal and herbicidal agent. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 17: e1006.
Blázquez MA, Carbó E. 2015. Control of Portulaca oleracea by boldo and lemon essential oils in different soils. Industrial Crops and Products. 76: 515–521.
Blázquez MA. 2014. Role of natural essential oils in sustainable agriculture and food preservation. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports. 3: 1843–1860.
Bozok F, Ulukanli Z. 2016. Volatiles from the aerial parts of east Mediterranean clary sage: Phytotoxic activity. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants.19: 1192–1198.
Chaimovitsh D, Shachter A, Abu-Abied M, Rubin B, Sadot E, Dudai N. 2017. Herbicidal activity of monoterpenes is associated with disruption of microtubule functionality and membrane integrity. Weed Science. 65:19– 30.
Ciriminna R, Fidalgo A, Ilharco LM, Pagliaro M. 2019. Herbicides based on pelargonic acid: Herbicides of the bioeconomy. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 13: 1476–1482.
Colosio C, Rubino FM, Moretto A. 2017. Pesticides. In International Encyclopedia of Public Health; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, pp. 454–462.
Damtie D, Braunberger C, Conrad J, Mekonnen Y, Beifuss U. 2019. Composition and hepatoprotective activity of essential oils from Ethiopian thyme species (Thymus serrulatus and Thymus schimperi). Journal of Essential Oil Research. 31: 120–128.
De Clerck C, Maso SD, Parisi O, Dresen F, Zhiri A, Jijakli MH. 2020. Screening of antifungal and antibacterial activity of 90 commercial essential oils against 10 pathogens of agronomical importance. Foods. 9: 1418.
De María N, Becerril JM, Garcia-Plazaola JI, Hernández A, De Felipe MR, Fernández-Pascual M. 2006. New insights on glyphosate mode of action in nodular metabolism: Role of shikimate accumulation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54: 2621–2628.
De Martino L, Mancini E, De Almeida LFR, De Feo V. 2010. The antigerminative activity of twenty-seven monoterpenes. Molecules. 15: 6630–6637.
Deng W, Liu K, Cao S, Sun J, Zhong B, Chun J. 2020. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties of grapefruit essential oil prepared by molecular distillation. Molecules. 25: 217.
Donsì F, Ferrari G. 2016. Essential oil nanoemulsions as antimicrobial agents in food. Journal of Biotechnology. 233: 106–120.
Dudai N, Poljakoff-Mayber A, Mayer AM, Putievsky E, Lerner HR. 1999. Essential oils as allelochemicals and their potential use as bioherbicides. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 25: 1079–1089.
Duke SO, Pan Z, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Boyette C.D. 2022. The potential future roles of natural compounds and microbial bioherbicides in weed management in crops. Advances in Weed Science. 40: e020210054
Duke SO. 2020. Glyphosate: Uses other than in glyphosate-resistant crops, mode of action, degradation in plants, and effects on non-target plants and agricultural microbes. In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany.
Elshamy A, Abd El-Gawad AM, El-Amier YA, El Gendy A, Al-Rowaily S. 2019. Interspecific variation, antioxidant and allelopathic activity of the essential oil from three Launaea species growing naturally in heterogeneous habitats in Egypt. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 34: 316–328.
Elshamy AI, Ammar NM, Hassan HA, Al-Rowaily SL, Raga TR, El Gendy A, Abd El-Gawad AM. 2020. Essential oil and its nanoemulsion of Araucaria heterophylla resin: Chemical characterization, anti inflammatory, and antipyretic activities. Industrial Crops and Products. 148: 112272.
Fagodia SK, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. 2017. Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of Citrus aurantiifolia essential oil and its major constituents: Limonene and citral. Industrial Crops and Products. 108: 708–715.
Fita A, Rodríguez-Burruezo A, Boscaiu M, Prohens J, Vicente O. 2015. Breeding and domesticating crops adapted to drought and salinity: A new paradigm for increasing food production. Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 978.
Frabboni L, Tarantino A, Petruzzi F, Disciglio G. 2019. Bio Herbicidal Effects of Oregano and Rosemary Essential Oils on Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Crop in Organic Farming System. Agronomy. 9: 475.
Francis F, Jacquemyn H, Delvigne F, Lievens B. 2020. From Diverse Origins to Specific targets: Role of microorganisms in indirect pest biological control. Insects. 11: 533.
Fukuda M, Tsujino Y, Fujimori T, Wakabayashi K, Böger P. 2004. Phytotoxic activity of middle chain fatty acids I: Effects on cell constituents. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 80: 143–150.
Giannini V, Harris JR, Todde P, McElroy JS. 2022. Concurrent weed growth suppression with essential oils and species-specific response to fractionated coconut oil. Industrial Crops and Products. 182: 114850.
González-Mas MC, Rambla JL, López-Gresa MP, Blázquez MA, Granell A. 2019. Volatile compounds in Citrus essential oils: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10: 12.
Grul’ová D, Caputo L, Elshafie HS, Baranová B, De Martino L, Sedlák V, Gogal’ová Z, Porácˇová J, Camele I, De Feo V. 2020. Thymol Chemotype Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil as a Potential Selective Bio Based Herbicide on Monocot Plant Species. Molecules. 25: 595.
Gruľová D, Baranová B, Sedlák V, De Martino L, Zheljazkov VD, Konečná M, Poráčová J, Caputo L, De Feo V. 2022. Juniperus horizontalis Moench: Chemical composition, herbicidal and insecticidal activities of its essential oil and of its main component, sabinene. Molecules. 27: 8408.
Gupta I, Singh R, Muthusamy S, Sharma M, Grewal K, Singh HP, Batish DR. 2023. Plant Essential Oils as Biopesticides: Applications, Mechanisms, Innovations, and Constraints. Plants.12: 2916.
Hanana M, Mansour MB, Algabr M, Amri I, Gargouri S, Romane A. 2017. Potential use of essential oils from four Tunisian species of Lamiaceae: biological alternative for fungal and weed control. Records of Natural Products. 11:258–69.
Hasan M, Mokhtar AS, Rosli AM, Hamdan H, Motmainna M, Ahmad-Hamdani MS. 2021. Weed control efficacy and crop weed selectivity of a new bioherbicide Weed Lock. Agronomy. 11: 1488.
Ibáñez MD, Blázquez MA. 2019. Phytotoxic Effects of Commercial Eucalyptus citriodora, Lavandula angustifolia, and Pinus sylvestris Essential Oils on Weeds, Crops, and Invasive Species. Molecules. 24: 2847.
Irshad M, Aziz S, Hussain H. 2012. GC-MS Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Essential oils of Angelica glauca, Plectranthus rugosus, and Valeriana wallichii. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 15: 15–21.
Jugulam M. 2017. Biology, Physiology and Molecular Biology of Weeds; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Jurado A, Fernandes M, Videira R, Peixoto F, Vicente J. 2011. Herbicides: The face and the reverse of the coin. An in vitro approach to the toxicity of herbicides in non target organisms. In Herbicides and Environment; Kortekamp, A.E., Ed.; InTech: Rijeka, Croatia. pp. 3–44.
Juroszek P, Von Tiedemann A. 2011. Potential strategies and future requirements for plant disease management under a changing climate. Plant Pathology. 60: 100–112.
Kaur S, Rana S, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. 2011. Citronellol disrupts membrane integrity by inducing free radical generation. Zeitschrift Naturforschung C. 66: 260–6.
Khare P, Srivastava S, Nigam N, Singh AK, Singh S. 2019. Impact of essential oils of E. citriodora, O. basilicum and M. arvensis on three different weeds and soil microbial activities. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 14: 100343.
Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA. 2017. Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. Science of The Total Environment. 575: 525–535.
Koitabashi R, Suzuki T, Kawazu T, Sakai A, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T. 1997. 1, 8-Cineole inhibits root growth and DNA synthesis in the root apical meristem of Brassica campestris L. Journal of Plant Research. 110: 1–6.
Kordali S, Cakir A, Akcin TA, Mete E, Akcin A, Aydin T, Kilic H. 2009. Antifungal and herbicidal properties of essential oils and nhexane extracts of Achillea gypsicola HubMor and Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae). Industrial Crops and Products. 29: 562–570.
Kordali S, Cakir A, Ozer H, Cakmakci R, Kesdek M, Mete, E. 2008. Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Bioresource Technology. 99: 8788–8795.
Kordali S, Kabaagac G, Sen İ, Yilmaz F, Najda A. 2022. Phytotoxic effects of three Origanum species extracts and essential oil on seed germinations and seedling growths of four weed species. Agronomy. 12: 2581.
Koul O, Walia S, Dhaliwal GS. 2008. Essential oils as green pesticides: Potential and constraints. Biopesticides International. 4: 63–84.
Laosinwattana C, Wichittrakarn P, Teerarak M. 2018. Chemical composition and herbicidal action of essential oil from Tagetes erecta L. leaves. Industrial Crops and Products. 126: 129–134.
Li A, Wu H, Feng Y, Deng S, Hou A, Che F, Liu Y, Geng Q, Ni H, Wei Y. 2020. A strategy of rapidly screening out herbicidal chemicals from Eucalyptus essential oils. Pest Management Science. 76: 917–927.
Lu H, Yu Q, Han H, Owen MJ, Powles SB. 2019. Metribuzin resistance in a wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) population via both psbA gene mutation and enhanced metabolism. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 67: 1353–1359.
Maes C, Bouquillon S, Fauconnier ML. 2019. Encapsulation of essential oils for the development of biosourced pesticides with controlled release: A review. Molecules. 24: 2539.
Martínez MA, Ares I, Rodríguez JL, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A. 2018. Neurotransmitter changes in rat brain regions following glyphosate exposure. Environmental Research. 161: 212–219.
Martino LD, Formisano C, Mancini E, Feo VD, Piozzi F, Rigano D. 2010. Chemical composition and phytotoxic effects of essential oils from four Teucrium species. Natural Product Communications. 5: 1934578X1000501230.
Mithila J, Hall JC, Johnson W, Kelley KB, Riechers DE. 2011. Evolution of resistance to auxinic herbicides: Historical perspectives, mechanisms of resistance, and implications for broadleaf weed management in agronomic crops. Weed Science. 59: 445–457.
Motmainna M, Juraim ASB, Uddin JMK, Asib NB, Islam AM, Hasan M. 2021. Assessment of allelopathic compounds to develop new natural herbicides: A review. Allelopathy Journal. 52: 21–40.
Nieves JA, Acevedo L.J, Valencia-Islas NA, Rojas JL, Dávila R. 2011. Fitotoxicidad de extractos metanólicos de los líquenes Everniastrum sorocheilum, Usnea roccellinay Cladonia confusa. Glalie. 4: 96.
Ninkuu V, Zhang L, Yan J, Fu Z, Yang T, Zeng H. 2021. Biochemistry of terpenes and recent advances in plant protection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22: 5710.
Nishida N, Tamotsu S, Nagata N, Saito C, Sakai A. 2005. Allelopathic effects of volatile monoterpenoids produced by Salvia leucophylla: inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in the root apical meristem of Brassica campestris seedlings. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 31: 1187–203.
Ootani MA, dos Reis MR, Cangussu ASR, Capone A, Fidelis RR, Oliveira W. 2017. Phytotoxic effects of essential oils in controlling weed species Digitaria horizontalis and Cenchrus echinatus. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 12:59–65.
Pateiro M, Barba FJ, Domínguez R, Sant’Ana AS, Khaneghah AM, Gavahian M. 2018. Essential oils as natural additives to prevent oxidation reactions in meat and meat products: a review. Food Research International. 113: 156–66.
Poonpaiboonpipat T, Pangnakorn U, Suvunnamek U, Teerarak M, Charoenying P, Laosinwattana C. 2013. Phytotoxic effects of essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus and its physiological mechanisms on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Industrial Crops and Products. 41: 403–7.
Ramezani S, Saharkhiz MJ, Ramezani F, Fotokian MH. 2008. Use of essential oils as bioherbicides. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 11: 319–327.
Raveau R, Fontaine J, Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui A. 2020. Essential oils as potential alternative biocontrol products against plant pathogens and weeds: A review. Foods. 9: 365.
Regnault-Roger C, Vincent C, Arnason JT. 2012. Essential oils in insect control: Low risk products in a high stakes world. Annual Review of Entomology. 57: 405–424.
Rice E. 1984. Allelopathy, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA.
Richardson J, Grosskopf C, Hamey PY, Machera K, Martin S, Jacobi LE, Tiramani M. 2014. Guidance on the assessment of exposure of operators, workers, residents and bystanders in risk assessment for plant protection products. EFSA Journal. 12: 3874.
Rios JL. 2016. Essential oils: What they are and how the terms are used and defined. In Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp. 3–10.
Sabarwal A, Kumar K, Singh RP. 2018. Hazardous effects of chemical pesticides on human health Cancer and other associated disorders. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 63: 103–114.
Salamci E, Kordali S, Kotan R, Cakir A, Kaya Y. 2007. Chemical compositions, antimicrobial and herbicidal effects of essential oils isolated from Turkish Tanacetum aucheranum and Tanacetum chiliophyllum var. chiliophyllum. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 35: 569–581.
Scavo A, Mauromicale G. 2020. Integrated weed management in herbaceous field crops. Agronomy. 10: 466.
Shaffer G. 2020. Organic Herbicides. Available online: https://extension.sdstate.edu/organic-herbicides (accessed on 12 November.
Shaner DL. 2014. Lessons learned from the history of herbicide resistance. Weed Science. 62: 427–431.
Sharifi-Rad J, Sureda A, Tenore GC, Daglia M, Sharifi-Rad M, Valussi M, Tundis R, Sharifi-Rad M, Loizzo MR, Ademiluyi AO. 2017. Biological activities of essential oils: From plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules. 22: 70.
Shrestha A. 2009. Potential of a black walnut (Juglans nigra) extract product (NatureCur) as a pre and post-emergence bioherbicide. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture.. 33: 810–822.
Singh H.P, Batish DR, Setia N, Kohli RK. 2005. Herbicidal activity of volatile oils from Eucalyptus citriodora against Parthenium hysterophorus. Annals of Applied Biology. 146: 89–94.
Singh HP, Batish DR, Setia N, Kohli RK. 2005. Herbicidal activity of volatile oils from Eucalyptus citriodora against Parthenium hysterophorus. Annals of Applied Biology. 146: 89–94.
Singh S, Tiwari S. 2020. Responses of plants to herbicides: recent advances and future prospectives. Plant Life Under Changing Environ. 237–50.
Sumalan RM, Alexa E, Popescu I, Negrea M, Radulov I, Obistioiu D, Cocan I. 2019. Exploring Ecological Alternatives for Crop Protection Using Coriandrum sativum Essential Oil. Molecules. 24: 2040.
Swamy MK, Akhtar MS, Sinniah UR. 2016. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils against human pathogens and their mode of action: an updated review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016: 21.
Tanoh EA, Boué GB, Nea F, Genva M, Wognin EL, LeDoux A, Martin H, Tonzibo ZF, Frederich M, Fauconnier ML. 2020. Seasonal effect on the chemical composition, insecticidal properties and other biological activities of Zanthoxylum leprieurii guill. & perr. essential oils. Foods. 9: 550.
Thomas B, Murphy DJ, Murray BG. 2016. Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
Tigre RC. 2014. Investigação dos Mecanismos de Ação Alelopática de Cladonia Verticillaris Sobre Lactuca Sativa e Solanum lycopersicum. Ph.D. Theses, Department of Geographical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil,
Tsao R, Romanchuk F, Peterson CJ, Coats JR. 2002. Plant growth regulatory effect and insecticidal activity of the extracts of the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima L.). BMC Ecology. 2: 1.
Tworkoski T. 2002. Herbicide effects of essential oils. Weed Science. 50: 425–431.
Van Bruggen A, He M, Shin K, Mai V, Jeong K, Finckh M, Morris J. 2018. Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate. Science of the Total Environment. 616–617, 255–268.
Verdeguer M, Blázquez MA, Boira H. 2009. Phytotoxic effects of Lantana camara, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eriocephalus africanus essential oils in weeds of Mediterranean summer crops. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 37: 362–369.
Verdeguer M, García-Rellán D, Boira H, Pérez E, Gandolfo S, Blázquez,MA. 2011. Herbicidal activity of Peumus boldus and Drimys winterii essential oils from Chile. Molecules. 16: 403–411.
Verdeguer M, Sánchez-Moreiras AM, Araniti F. 2020. Phytotoxic effects and mechanism of action of essential oils and terpenoids. Plants. 9: 1571.
Vishwakarma G, Mittal S. 2014. Bioherbicidal potential of essential oil from leaves of Eucalyptus tereticornis against Echinochloa crus-galli L. Journal of Biopesticides. 7: 47.
Vokou D, Douvli P, Blionis GJ, Halley JM. 2003. Effects of monoterpenoids, acting alone or in pairs, on seed germination and subsequent seedling growth. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29: 2281–301.
Werrie PY, Durenne B, Delaplace P, Fauconnier ML. 2020. Phytotoxicity of essential oils: Opportunities and constraints for the development of biopesticides. A review. Foods. 9: 1291.
Zhang J, An M, Wu H, Li Liu D, Stanton R. 2012. Chemical composition of essential oils of four Eucalyptus species and their phytotoxicity on silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) in Australia. Plant Growth Regulation. 68: 231–237.
Zhang L, Rana I, Shaffer RM, Taioli E, Sheppard L. 2019. Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A meta-analysis and supporting evidence. Reviews in Mutation Research. 781: 186–206.
Abd El-Gawad AM, El-Amier YA, Bonanomi G. 2018. Allelopathic activity and chemical composition of Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. essential oil from Egypt. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 15: e1700438.
Abd El-Gawad AM, El-Amier YA, Bonanomi G. 2018. Essential oil composition, antioxidant and allelopathic activities of Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 15: e1800392.
Abd El-Gawad AM, Elshamy A, El Gendy AEN, Al-Rowaily SL, Assaeed AM. 2019. Preponderance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and diterpenes in the volatile oil constituents of Lactuca serriola L. revealed antioxidant and allelopathic activity. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 16: e1900278.
Abd El-Gawad AM, Elshamy AI, El Gendy AEN, Gaara A, Assaeed AM. 2019. Volatiles profiling, allelopathic activity, and antioxidant potentiality of Xanthium strumarium leaves essential oil from Egypt: Evidence from chemometrics analysis. Molecules. 24: 584.
Abrahim D, Francischini AC, Pergo EM, Kelmer-Bracht AM, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. 2003. Effects of α-pinene on the mitochondrial respiration of maize seedlings. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 41: 985–91.
Ahn JK, Chung I.M. 2000. Allelopathic potential of rice hulls on germination and seedling growth of barnyardgrass. Agronomy Journal. 92: 1162–1167.
Ali B, Al-Wabel NA, Shams S, Ahamad A, Khan SA, Anwar F. 2015. Essential oils used in aromatherapy: a systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 5: 601–11.
Alipour M, Saharkhiz MJ, Niakousari M, Damyeh MS. 2019. Phytotoxicity of encapsulated essential oil of rosemary on germination and morphophysiological features of amaranth and radish seedlings. Scientia Horticulturae. 243: 131–9.
Amri I, Gargouri S, Hamrouni L, Hanana M, Fezzani T, Jamoussi, B. 2012. Chemical composition, phytotoxic and antifungal activities of Pinus pinea essential oil. Journal of Pest Science. 85: 199–207.
Amri I, Hamrouni L, Hanana M, Jamoussi B. 2013. Reviews on phytotoxic effects of essential oils and their individual components: news approach for weeds management. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 4: 96–114.
Amri I, Hanana M, Jamoussi B, Hamrouni L. 2017. Essential oils of Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. laricio Maire: Chemical composition and study of their herbicidal potential. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 10: S3877–S3882.
Angelini LG, Carpanese G, Cioni PL, Morelli I, Macchia M, Flamini G. 2003. Essential oils from Mediterranean Lamiaceae as weed germination inhibitors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51: 6158–6164.
Araniti F, Landi M, Lupini A, Sunseri F, Guidi L, Abenavoli M. 2018. Origanum vulgare essential oils inhibit glutamate and aspartate metabolism altering the photorespiratory pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Journal of Plant Physiology. 231: 297–309.
Arminante F, De Falco E, De Feo V, De Martino L, Mancini E, Quaranta E. 2006. Allelopathic activity of essential oils from Mediterranean Labiatae. In Proceedings of the I International Symposium on the Labiatae: Advances in Production, Biotechnology and Utilisation 723, Sanremo, Italy, 22–25 February pp. 347–356.
Arunachalam K, Balogun SO, Pavan E, de Almeida GVB, de Oliveira RG, Wagner T, Cechinel Filho V, de Oliveira Martins D.T. 2017. Chemical characterization, toxicology and mechanism of gastric antiulcer action of essential oil from Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms in the in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 94: 292–306.
Assaeed A, Elshamy A, El Gendy AEN, Dar B, Al-Rowaily S, Abd El-Gawad A. 2020. Sesquiterpenes rich essential oil from above ground parts of Pulicaria somalensis exhibited antioxidant activity and allelopathic effect on weeds. Agronomy 10: 399.
Bainard LD, Isman MB, Upadhyaya MK. 2006. Phytotoxicity of clove oil and its primary constituent eugenol and the role of leaf epicuticular wax in the susceptibility to these essential oils. Weed Science. 54: 833–837.
Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. 2008. Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 46: 446–475.
Baser KHC, Buchbauer G. 2020. Handbook of Essential Oils, 3rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, ISBN 9781351246460.
Batish DR, Singh HP, Setia N, Kohli RK, Kaur S, Yadav SS. 2007. Alternative control of littleseed canary grass using eucalypt oil. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 27: 171–177.
Battaglin WA, Meyer M, Kuivila KM, Dietze J. 2014. Glyphosate and its degradation product AMPA occur frequently and widely in U.S. soils, surface water, groundwater, and precipitation. The Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA). 50: 275–290.
Ben Ghnaya A, Amri I., Hanana M, Gargouri S, Jamoussi B, Romane A, Hamrouni L. 2016. Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl.) Masters essential oil from Tunisia: Chemical characterization and herbicidal and antifungal activities assessment. Industrial Crops and Products. 83: 113–117.
Ben Ghnaya A, Hanana M, Amri I, Balti H, Gargouri S, Jamoussi B, Hamrouni L. 2013. Chemical composition of Eucalyptus erythrocorys essential oils and evaluation of their herbicidal and antifungal activities. Journal of Pest Science. 86: 571–577.
Ben Kaab S, Rebey IB, Hanafi M, Berhal C, Fauconnier ML, De Clerck C, Ksouri R, Jijakli H. 2019. Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil as an effective antifungal and herbicidal agent. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 17: e1006.
Blázquez MA, Carbó E. 2015. Control of Portulaca oleracea by boldo and lemon essential oils in different soils. Industrial Crops and Products. 76: 515–521.
Blázquez MA. 2014. Role of natural essential oils in sustainable agriculture and food preservation. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports. 3: 1843–1860.
Bozok F, Ulukanli Z. 2016. Volatiles from the aerial parts of east Mediterranean clary sage: Phytotoxic activity. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants.19: 1192–1198.
Chaimovitsh D, Shachter A, Abu-Abied M, Rubin B, Sadot E, Dudai N. 2017. Herbicidal activity of monoterpenes is associated with disruption of microtubule functionality and membrane integrity. Weed Science. 65:19– 30.
Ciriminna R, Fidalgo A, Ilharco LM, Pagliaro M. 2019. Herbicides based on pelargonic acid: Herbicides of the bioeconomy. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 13: 1476–1482.
Colosio C, Rubino FM, Moretto A. 2017. Pesticides. In International Encyclopedia of Public Health; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, pp. 454–462.
Damtie D, Braunberger C, Conrad J, Mekonnen Y, Beifuss U. 2019. Composition and hepatoprotective activity of essential oils from Ethiopian thyme species (Thymus serrulatus and Thymus schimperi). Journal of Essential Oil Research. 31: 120–128.
De Clerck C, Maso SD, Parisi O, Dresen F, Zhiri A, Jijakli MH. 2020. Screening of antifungal and antibacterial activity of 90 commercial essential oils against 10 pathogens of agronomical importance. Foods. 9: 1418.
De María N, Becerril JM, Garcia-Plazaola JI, Hernández A, De Felipe MR, Fernández-Pascual M. 2006. New insights on glyphosate mode of action in nodular metabolism: Role of shikimate accumulation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54: 2621–2628.
De Martino L, Mancini E, De Almeida LFR, De Feo V. 2010. The antigerminative activity of twenty-seven monoterpenes. Molecules. 15: 6630–6637.
Deng W, Liu K, Cao S, Sun J, Zhong B, Chun J. 2020. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties of grapefruit essential oil prepared by molecular distillation. Molecules. 25: 217.
Donsì F, Ferrari G. 2016. Essential oil nanoemulsions as antimicrobial agents in food. Journal of Biotechnology. 233: 106–120.
Dudai N, Poljakoff-Mayber A, Mayer AM, Putievsky E, Lerner HR. 1999. Essential oils as allelochemicals and their potential use as bioherbicides. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 25: 1079–1089.
Duke SO, Pan Z, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Boyette C.D. 2022. The potential future roles of natural compounds and microbial bioherbicides in weed management in crops. Advances in Weed Science. 40: e020210054
Duke SO. 2020. Glyphosate: Uses other than in glyphosate-resistant crops, mode of action, degradation in plants, and effects on non-target plants and agricultural microbes. In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany.
Elshamy A, Abd El-Gawad AM, El-Amier YA, El Gendy A, Al-Rowaily S. 2019. Interspecific variation, antioxidant and allelopathic activity of the essential oil from three Launaea species growing naturally in heterogeneous habitats in Egypt. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 34: 316–328.
Elshamy AI, Ammar NM, Hassan HA, Al-Rowaily SL, Raga TR, El Gendy A, Abd El-Gawad AM. 2020. Essential oil and its nanoemulsion of Araucaria heterophylla resin: Chemical characterization, anti inflammatory, and antipyretic activities. Industrial Crops and Products. 148: 112272.
Fagodia SK, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. 2017. Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of Citrus aurantiifolia essential oil and its major constituents: Limonene and citral. Industrial Crops and Products. 108: 708–715.
Fita A, Rodríguez-Burruezo A, Boscaiu M, Prohens J, Vicente O. 2015. Breeding and domesticating crops adapted to drought and salinity: A new paradigm for increasing food production. Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 978.
Frabboni L, Tarantino A, Petruzzi F, Disciglio G. 2019. Bio Herbicidal Effects of Oregano and Rosemary Essential Oils on Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Crop in Organic Farming System. Agronomy. 9: 475.
Francis F, Jacquemyn H, Delvigne F, Lievens B. 2020. From Diverse Origins to Specific targets: Role of microorganisms in indirect pest biological control. Insects. 11: 533.
Fukuda M, Tsujino Y, Fujimori T, Wakabayashi K, Böger P. 2004. Phytotoxic activity of middle chain fatty acids I: Effects on cell constituents. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 80: 143–150.
Giannini V, Harris JR, Todde P, McElroy JS. 2022. Concurrent weed growth suppression with essential oils and species-specific response to fractionated coconut oil. Industrial Crops and Products. 182: 114850.
González-Mas MC, Rambla JL, López-Gresa MP, Blázquez MA, Granell A. 2019. Volatile compounds in Citrus essential oils: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10: 12.
Grul’ová D, Caputo L, Elshafie HS, Baranová B, De Martino L, Sedlák V, Gogal’ová Z, Porácˇová J, Camele I, De Feo V. 2020. Thymol Chemotype Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil as a Potential Selective Bio Based Herbicide on Monocot Plant Species. Molecules. 25: 595.
Gruľová D, Baranová B, Sedlák V, De Martino L, Zheljazkov VD, Konečná M, Poráčová J, Caputo L, De Feo V. 2022. Juniperus horizontalis Moench: Chemical composition, herbicidal and insecticidal activities of its essential oil and of its main component, sabinene. Molecules. 27: 8408.
Gupta I, Singh R, Muthusamy S, Sharma M, Grewal K, Singh HP, Batish DR. 2023. Plant Essential Oils as Biopesticides: Applications, Mechanisms, Innovations, and Constraints. Plants.12: 2916.
Hanana M, Mansour MB, Algabr M, Amri I, Gargouri S, Romane A. 2017. Potential use of essential oils from four Tunisian species of Lamiaceae: biological alternative for fungal and weed control. Records of Natural Products. 11:258–69.
Hasan M, Mokhtar AS, Rosli AM, Hamdan H, Motmainna M, Ahmad-Hamdani MS. 2021. Weed control efficacy and crop weed selectivity of a new bioherbicide Weed Lock. Agronomy. 11: 1488.
Ibáñez MD, Blázquez MA. 2019. Phytotoxic Effects of Commercial Eucalyptus citriodora, Lavandula angustifolia, and Pinus sylvestris Essential Oils on Weeds, Crops, and Invasive Species. Molecules. 24: 2847.
Irshad M, Aziz S, Hussain H. 2012. GC-MS Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Essential oils of Angelica glauca, Plectranthus rugosus, and Valeriana wallichii. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 15: 15–21.
Jugulam M. 2017. Biology, Physiology and Molecular Biology of Weeds; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Jurado A, Fernandes M, Videira R, Peixoto F, Vicente J. 2011. Herbicides: The face and the reverse of the coin. An in vitro approach to the toxicity of herbicides in non target organisms. In Herbicides and Environment; Kortekamp, A.E., Ed.; InTech: Rijeka, Croatia. pp. 3–44.
Juroszek P, Von Tiedemann A. 2011. Potential strategies and future requirements for plant disease management under a changing climate. Plant Pathology. 60: 100–112.
Kaur S, Rana S, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. 2011. Citronellol disrupts membrane integrity by inducing free radical generation. Zeitschrift Naturforschung C. 66: 260–6.
Khare P, Srivastava S, Nigam N, Singh AK, Singh S. 2019. Impact of essential oils of E. citriodora, O. basilicum and M. arvensis on three different weeds and soil microbial activities. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 14: 100343.
Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA. 2017. Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. Science of The Total Environment. 575: 525–535.
Koitabashi R, Suzuki T, Kawazu T, Sakai A, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T. 1997. 1, 8-Cineole inhibits root growth and DNA synthesis in the root apical meristem of Brassica campestris L. Journal of Plant Research. 110: 1–6.
Kordali S, Cakir A, Akcin TA, Mete E, Akcin A, Aydin T, Kilic H. 2009. Antifungal and herbicidal properties of essential oils and nhexane extracts of Achillea gypsicola HubMor and Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae). Industrial Crops and Products. 29: 562–570.
Kordali S, Cakir A, Ozer H, Cakmakci R, Kesdek M, Mete, E. 2008. Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Bioresource Technology. 99: 8788–8795.
Kordali S, Kabaagac G, Sen İ, Yilmaz F, Najda A. 2022. Phytotoxic effects of three Origanum species extracts and essential oil on seed germinations and seedling growths of four weed species. Agronomy. 12: 2581.
Koul O, Walia S, Dhaliwal GS. 2008. Essential oils as green pesticides: Potential and constraints. Biopesticides International. 4: 63–84.
Laosinwattana C, Wichittrakarn P, Teerarak M. 2018. Chemical composition and herbicidal action of essential oil from Tagetes erecta L. leaves. Industrial Crops and Products. 126: 129–134.
Li A, Wu H, Feng Y, Deng S, Hou A, Che F, Liu Y, Geng Q, Ni H, Wei Y. 2020. A strategy of rapidly screening out herbicidal chemicals from Eucalyptus essential oils. Pest Management Science. 76: 917–927.
Lu H, Yu Q, Han H, Owen MJ, Powles SB. 2019. Metribuzin resistance in a wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) population via both psbA gene mutation and enhanced metabolism. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 67: 1353–1359.
Maes C, Bouquillon S, Fauconnier ML. 2019. Encapsulation of essential oils for the development of biosourced pesticides with controlled release: A review. Molecules. 24: 2539.
Martínez MA, Ares I, Rodríguez JL, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A. 2018. Neurotransmitter changes in rat brain regions following glyphosate exposure. Environmental Research. 161: 212–219.
Martino LD, Formisano C, Mancini E, Feo VD, Piozzi F, Rigano D. 2010. Chemical composition and phytotoxic effects of essential oils from four Teucrium species. Natural Product Communications. 5: 1934578X1000501230.
Mithila J, Hall JC, Johnson W, Kelley KB, Riechers DE. 2011. Evolution of resistance to auxinic herbicides: Historical perspectives, mechanisms of resistance, and implications for broadleaf weed management in agronomic crops. Weed Science. 59: 445–457.
Motmainna M, Juraim ASB, Uddin JMK, Asib NB, Islam AM, Hasan M. 2021. Assessment of allelopathic compounds to develop new natural herbicides: A review. Allelopathy Journal. 52: 21–40.
Nieves JA, Acevedo L.J, Valencia-Islas NA, Rojas JL, Dávila R. 2011. Fitotoxicidad de extractos metanólicos de los líquenes Everniastrum sorocheilum, Usnea roccellinay Cladonia confusa. Glalie. 4: 96.
Ninkuu V, Zhang L, Yan J, Fu Z, Yang T, Zeng H. 2021. Biochemistry of terpenes and recent advances in plant protection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22: 5710.
Nishida N, Tamotsu S, Nagata N, Saito C, Sakai A. 2005. Allelopathic effects of volatile monoterpenoids produced by Salvia leucophylla: inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in the root apical meristem of Brassica campestris seedlings. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 31: 1187–203.
Ootani MA, dos Reis MR, Cangussu ASR, Capone A, Fidelis RR, Oliveira W. 2017. Phytotoxic effects of essential oils in controlling weed species Digitaria horizontalis and Cenchrus echinatus. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 12:59–65.
Pateiro M, Barba FJ, Domínguez R, Sant’Ana AS, Khaneghah AM, Gavahian M. 2018. Essential oils as natural additives to prevent oxidation reactions in meat and meat products: a review. Food Research International. 113: 156–66.
Poonpaiboonpipat T, Pangnakorn U, Suvunnamek U, Teerarak M, Charoenying P, Laosinwattana C. 2013. Phytotoxic effects of essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus and its physiological mechanisms on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Industrial Crops and Products. 41: 403–7.
Ramezani S, Saharkhiz MJ, Ramezani F, Fotokian MH. 2008. Use of essential oils as bioherbicides. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 11: 319–327.
Raveau R, Fontaine J, Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui A. 2020. Essential oils as potential alternative biocontrol products against plant pathogens and weeds: A review. Foods. 9: 365.
Regnault-Roger C, Vincent C, Arnason JT. 2012. Essential oils in insect control: Low risk products in a high stakes world. Annual Review of Entomology. 57: 405–424.
Rice E. 1984. Allelopathy, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA.
Richardson J, Grosskopf C, Hamey PY, Machera K, Martin S, Jacobi LE, Tiramani M. 2014. Guidance on the assessment of exposure of operators, workers, residents and bystanders in risk assessment for plant protection products. EFSA Journal. 12: 3874.
Rios JL. 2016. Essential oils: What they are and how the terms are used and defined. In Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp. 3–10.
Sabarwal A, Kumar K, Singh RP. 2018. Hazardous effects of chemical pesticides on human health Cancer and other associated disorders. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 63: 103–114.
Salamci E, Kordali S, Kotan R, Cakir A, Kaya Y. 2007. Chemical compositions, antimicrobial and herbicidal effects of essential oils isolated from Turkish Tanacetum aucheranum and Tanacetum chiliophyllum var. chiliophyllum. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 35: 569–581.
Scavo A, Mauromicale G. 2020. Integrated weed management in herbaceous field crops. Agronomy. 10: 466.
Shaffer G. 2020. Organic Herbicides. Available online: https://extension.sdstate.edu/organic-herbicides (accessed on 12 November.
Shaner DL. 2014. Lessons learned from the history of herbicide resistance. Weed Science. 62: 427–431.
Sharifi-Rad J, Sureda A, Tenore GC, Daglia M, Sharifi-Rad M, Valussi M, Tundis R, Sharifi-Rad M, Loizzo MR, Ademiluyi AO. 2017. Biological activities of essential oils: From plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules. 22: 70.
Shrestha A. 2009. Potential of a black walnut (Juglans nigra) extract product (NatureCur) as a pre and post-emergence bioherbicide. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture.. 33: 810–822.
Singh H.P, Batish DR, Setia N, Kohli RK. 2005. Herbicidal activity of volatile oils from Eucalyptus citriodora against Parthenium hysterophorus. Annals of Applied Biology. 146: 89–94.
Singh HP, Batish DR, Setia N, Kohli RK. 2005. Herbicidal activity of volatile oils from Eucalyptus citriodora against Parthenium hysterophorus. Annals of Applied Biology. 146: 89–94.
Singh S, Tiwari S. 2020. Responses of plants to herbicides: recent advances and future prospectives. Plant Life Under Changing Environ. 237–50.
Sumalan RM, Alexa E, Popescu I, Negrea M, Radulov I, Obistioiu D, Cocan I. 2019. Exploring Ecological Alternatives for Crop Protection Using Coriandrum sativum Essential Oil. Molecules. 24: 2040.
Swamy MK, Akhtar MS, Sinniah UR. 2016. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils against human pathogens and their mode of action: an updated review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016: 21.
Tanoh EA, Boué GB, Nea F, Genva M, Wognin EL, LeDoux A, Martin H, Tonzibo ZF, Frederich M, Fauconnier ML. 2020. Seasonal effect on the chemical composition, insecticidal properties and other biological activities of Zanthoxylum leprieurii guill. & perr. essential oils. Foods. 9: 550.
Thomas B, Murphy DJ, Murray BG. 2016. Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
Tigre RC. 2014. Investigação dos Mecanismos de Ação Alelopática de Cladonia Verticillaris Sobre Lactuca Sativa e Solanum lycopersicum. Ph.D. Theses, Department of Geographical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil,
Tsao R, Romanchuk F, Peterson CJ, Coats JR. 2002. Plant growth regulatory effect and insecticidal activity of the extracts of the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima L.). BMC Ecology. 2: 1.
Tworkoski T. 2002. Herbicide effects of essential oils. Weed Science. 50: 425–431.
Van Bruggen A, He M, Shin K, Mai V, Jeong K, Finckh M, Morris J. 2018. Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate. Science of the Total Environment. 616–617, 255–268.
Verdeguer M, Blázquez MA, Boira H. 2009. Phytotoxic effects of Lantana camara, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eriocephalus africanus essential oils in weeds of Mediterranean summer crops. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 37: 362–369.
Verdeguer M, García-Rellán D, Boira H, Pérez E, Gandolfo S, Blázquez,MA. 2011. Herbicidal activity of Peumus boldus and Drimys winterii essential oils from Chile. Molecules. 16: 403–411.
Verdeguer M, Sánchez-Moreiras AM, Araniti F. 2020. Phytotoxic effects and mechanism of action of essential oils and terpenoids. Plants. 9: 1571.
Vishwakarma G, Mittal S. 2014. Bioherbicidal potential of essential oil from leaves of Eucalyptus tereticornis against Echinochloa crus-galli L. Journal of Biopesticides. 7: 47.
Vokou D, Douvli P, Blionis GJ, Halley JM. 2003. Effects of monoterpenoids, acting alone or in pairs, on seed germination and subsequent seedling growth. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29: 2281–301.
Werrie PY, Durenne B, Delaplace P, Fauconnier ML. 2020. Phytotoxicity of essential oils: Opportunities and constraints for the development of biopesticides. A review. Foods. 9: 1291.
Zhang J, An M, Wu H, Li Liu D, Stanton R. 2012. Chemical composition of essential oils of four Eucalyptus species and their phytotoxicity on silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) in Australia. Plant Growth Regulation. 68: 231–237.
Zhang L, Rana I, Shaffer RM, Taioli E, Sheppard L. 2019. Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A meta-analysis and supporting evidence. Reviews in Mutation Research. 781: 186–206.