ارزیابی کیفیت آب استخرهای پرورش ماهی در شمال ایران (مطالعه موردی: شهر رشت)
محورهای موضوعی : علوم تکثیر و آبزی پروریسهیلا رضائی تبار 1 , عباس اسماعیلی ساری 2 , نادر بهرامی فر 3 , زهره رمضانپور 4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری آلودگی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریائی، نور، مازندران، ایران
2 - استاد گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریائی، نور، مازندران، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریائی، نور، مازندران، ایران
4 - استادیار مؤسسه بین‌المللی تحقیقات ماهیان خاویاری خزر، گیلان، ایران
کلید واژه: فیتوپلانکتون, استخر پرورش ماهی, پارامتر فیزیکی, شیمیائی و زیستی, فاکتور وضعیت ماهی,
چکیده مقاله :
در تحقیق حاضر بمنظور ارزیابی کیفی استخرهای پرورش ماهی و تعیین مؤثرترین پارامترها بر میزان تولید و سلامت ماهیان، سه استخر پرورش ماهیان گرمابی در استان گیلان مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نمونه برداری از آب و ماهیان استخرها، در نیمه ی خرداد، مرداد و مهر ماه سال 1393 صورت گرفت. برخی پارامترها در زمان و محل نمونه برداری (دما، pH، اکسیژن محلول، هدایت الکتریکی، کدورت، نیترات و فسفات) و برخی دیگر در آزمایشگاه (کلروفیل a، آهن، روی، طول کل، وزن کل، فاکتور وضعیت ماهی (K) و شناسائی فیتوپلانکتون ها) بر اساس روش های استاندارد، اندازه گیری و بررسی شدند. روش تحلیل مؤلفه های اصلی (PCA) و One-Way Anova بمنظور آنالیز آماری داده ها بکار گرفته شد. نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد در دوره ی بررسی استخرهای مورد مطالعه، جمعیت غالب فیتوپلانکتونی بترتیب مربوط به رده ی باسیلاریوفیسه (25 %)، کلروفیسه (23 %) و سیانوفیسه (22 %) بود. در میان سیانوباکترها نیز جنس کروکوکوس (35 %) و مریسموپدیا (25 %) بیشترین سهم را به خود اختصاص داده بودند. همچنین نتایج حاصل از PCA نشان داد که سه مؤلفه ی اول می تواند بیش از 80 % واریانس ها را تبیین کنند. از جمله مهم ترین پارامترهای تأثیرگذار در مؤلفه ی اول می توان به EC، Chl-a، pH و عمق نفوذ نور اشاره کرد. در مقایسه ی ماهیانه ی پارامترهای فیزیکی، شیمیائی و زیستی مورد بررسی، اختلاف معنی دار در میزان دما، اکسیژن محلول، نیترات، کلرروفیل a، وزن و طول کل ماهیان در استخرهای مورد مطالعه مشاهده گردید. بر اساس حد مطلوب تعیین شده برای پارامترهای فیزیکی، شمیائی و زیستی مربوط به کیفیت آب در استخرهای پرورش ماهی، نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که استخرهای مورد مطالعه از نظر پارامترهای بررسی شده بجز میزان آهن در وضعیت مطلوبی هستند. همچنین نتایج حاصل از بیومتری ماهیان استخرها و فاکتور وضعیت آنها تائید می کند که استخرها از شرایط کیفی مناسبی برای تولید بهینه و سالم برخوردار هستند.
In this study, in order to assess qualitatively the status fish ponds, three fish ponds in northern Iran were investigated. Water and fish samples were collected in the mid-June, August and October, 2014. Some parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, transparency (SD), nitrate and phosphate) were measured on the sites while the others (Chlorophyll-a, Fe, Zn, total weight, total length, K and phytoplankton identification) were estimated at the laboratory using standard methods and procedures. The principal component analysis (PCA) and One-Way ANOVA were conducted to statistical analysis. The result showed that, during the study period, in the three fish ponds, the phytoplankton population was dominated by Bacillariophyceae (25%) followed by Chlorophyceae (23%) and Cyanophyceae (22%). Among Cyanophyceae, Chroococcus (35%) and Merismopedia (25%) were dominant. The results obtained from PCA indicated, the first three axes explain more than of 80 % of the total variance. The first axes (PC1) include EC, Chl-a, pH and SD. Also, significant differences were observed in temperature, DO, No3, Chl-a concentration, total weight and total length over the period of three months (p < 0.05). The observations in this study suggest that based on the determined desirable limits for water quality in fish ponds, and based on obtained results from the fish biometry and K, generally, studied ponds are suitable for fish farming and can supply optimum and healthy production.
Alabaster, J. S., & Lloyd, R. S., (2013). Water quality criteria for freshwater fish.
2.APHA (1999). Standard methods for the examination of waste water, 20th Edn. American Public Health Association.
3.Bellinger, E. G., & Sigee, D. C., (2015). Freshwater algae: identification and use as bioindicators. John Wiley & Sons.
4. Bhatnagar, A., & Devi, P., (2013). Water quality guidelines for the management of pond fish culture. International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 3(6), 1980–2009.
5. Bhatnagar, A., & Garg, S. K., (2000). Causative factors of fish mortality in still water fish ponds under subtropical conditions. Aquaculture. 1(2), 91–96.
6. Bhatnagar, A., Jana, S. N., Garg, S. K., Patra, B. C., Singh, G., & Barman, U. K., (2004). Water quality management in aquaculture. Course Manual of Summerschool on Development of Sustainable Aquaculture Technology in Fresh and Saline Waters, CCS Haryana Agricultural, Hisar (India), 203–210.
7. Bolger, T., & Connolly, P. L., (1989). The selection of suitable indices for the measurement and analysis of fish condition. Journal of Fish Biology, 34(2), 171–182.
8. Boyd, C. E., (1990). Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn university. Birmingham Publishing.
9. Boyd, C. E. (2008). Iron Important To Pond Water , Bottom Quality. Global Aquaculture Advocate, (June), 59–60.
10. Brönmark, C., & Hansson, L. A. (2005). The biology of lakes and ponds. Oxford University Press.
11. Brönmark C E.(1990). Water quality in ponds for aquaculture.; Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn university.
12. Cook, C. M., Vardaka, E., & Lanaras, T. (2004). Toxic Cyanobacteria in Greek Freshwaters, 1987—2000: Occurrence, Toxicity, and Impacts in the Mediterranean Region. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica, 32(2), 107-124.
13. Davies, O. A., & Ansa, E. (2010). Comparative assessment of water quality parameters of fresh water tidal earthen ponds and stagnant concrete tanks for fish production in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Nature, 1(1), 34–37.
14. Deblois, C. P., Aranda-Rodriguez, R., Giani, A., & Bird, D. F. (2008). Microcystin accumulation in liver and muscle of tilapia in two large Brazilian hydroelectric reservoirs. Toxicon, 51(3), 435–448.
15. Delince, G. (1993). The ecology of fish pond ecosystem. Springer-Siece.
16. Ehiagbonare, J. E., & Ogunrinde, Y. O. (2010). Physico-chemical analysis of fish pond water in Okada and its environs, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(36), 5922–5928.
17. El-Nemaki, F. A., Ali, N. A., Zeinhom, M. M., & Radwan, O. A. (2008). Impacts of Different Water Resources on the Ecological Parameters and the Quality of Tilapia Production at El-Abbassa Fish Farms in Egypt. In 8th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture 491, 491–512.
18. FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme - Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, (1844). (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2016, from http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Hypophthalmichthys_molitrix/en
19. Fulton, T. W., 1904: The rate of growth of fishes. Twenty-second Annual Report, Part III. Fisheries Board of Scotland, Edinburgh, 141–241.
20. Horváth L, Tamas G, and Seagrave CH. Carp and pond fish culture. (1992); Halsted Press an Imprint of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 158 pp.
21. Kaushik, R., & Balasubramanian, R. (2013). Methods and Approaches Used for Detection of Cyanotoxins in Environmental Samples: A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 43(13), 1349–1383.
22. Keremah, R. I., Davies, O. A., & Abezi, I. D. (2014). Physico-Chemical Analysis of Fish Pond Water in Freshwater Areas of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Greener Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(2), 33–38.
23. Lizama M, De los A P, Ambrosio A M. (2002). Condition factor in nine species of fish of the Characidae family in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 62(1):113–124
24. Loez, C. R., Topalián, M. L., & Salibián, A. (1995). Effects of zinc on the structure and growth dynamics of a natural freshwater phytoplankton assemblage reared in the laboratory. Environmental Pollution, 88(3), 275–281.
25. Santhosh, B., & Singh, N. P. (2007). Guidelines for water quality management for fish culture in Tripura. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Tripura Center, Publication, 29.
26.Slaninova, A., Machova, J., Svobodova, Z., & others. (2014). Fish kill caused by aluminium and iron contamination in a natural pond used for fish rearing: a case report. Veterinarni Medicina, 59(11), 573–581.
27. Soediono, B. (1989). Summary for Policymakers. In Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Ed.), Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis (53) 1–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. Suthers, I., & Rissik, D. (2009). Plankton: A guide to their ecology and monitoring for water quality. CSIRO PUBLISHING.
29. Teubner, D., Paulus, M., Veith, M., & Klein, R. (2015). Biometric parameters of the bream (Abramis brama) as indicators for long-term changes in fish health and environmental quality—data from the German ESB. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(3), 1620–1627.
30.Tucker, C. C., & Robinson, E. H. (1990). Channel catfish farming handbook. Springer Science & Business Media.
31. US EPA, O. (n.d.). National Recommended Water Quality Criteria - Aquatic Life Criteria Table. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/wqc/national-recommended-water-quality-criteria-aquatic-life-criteria-table
32. Usman, D. (2015). Physicochemical analysis and fish pond conservation in Kano State , Nigeria. Archives of Applied Sience Research, 7(6), 28–34.
33. Van Vuuren, S. J., Taylor, J., Van Ginkel, C., & Gerber, A. (2006). Easy identification of the most common Freshwater Alagae: A guide for the identification of microscopic algae in South African freshwaters.
34.Vanacker, M., Wezel, A., Payet, V., & Robin, J. (2015). Determining tipping points in aquatic ecosystems: The case of biodiversity and chlorophyll α relations in fish pond systems. Ecological Indicators, 52(6), 184–193.
35.Wehr, J. D. (2002). Freshwater algae of North America: ecology and classification. Academic Press.
36. Welcomme, R. L. (1983). River basins. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, FIR/T 202, 60 pp.
37. Zurawell, R. W., Chen, H., Burke, J. M., & Prepas, E. E. (2005). Hepatotoxic Cyanobacteria: A Review of the Biological Importance of Microcystins in Freshwater Environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 8(1), 1- 37
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Alabaster, J. S., & Lloyd, R. S., (2013). Water quality criteria for freshwater fish.
2.APHA (1999). Standard methods for the examination of waste water, 20th Edn. American Public Health Association.
3.Bellinger, E. G., & Sigee, D. C., (2015). Freshwater algae: identification and use as bioindicators. John Wiley & Sons.
4. Bhatnagar, A., & Devi, P., (2013). Water quality guidelines for the management of pond fish culture. International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 3(6), 1980–2009.
5. Bhatnagar, A., & Garg, S. K., (2000). Causative factors of fish mortality in still water fish ponds under subtropical conditions. Aquaculture. 1(2), 91–96.
6. Bhatnagar, A., Jana, S. N., Garg, S. K., Patra, B. C., Singh, G., & Barman, U. K., (2004). Water quality management in aquaculture. Course Manual of Summerschool on Development of Sustainable Aquaculture Technology in Fresh and Saline Waters, CCS Haryana Agricultural, Hisar (India), 203–210.
7. Bolger, T., & Connolly, P. L., (1989). The selection of suitable indices for the measurement and analysis of fish condition. Journal of Fish Biology, 34(2), 171–182.
8. Boyd, C. E., (1990). Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn university. Birmingham Publishing.
9. Boyd, C. E. (2008). Iron Important To Pond Water , Bottom Quality. Global Aquaculture Advocate, (June), 59–60.
10. Brönmark, C., & Hansson, L. A. (2005). The biology of lakes and ponds. Oxford University Press.
11. Brönmark C E.(1990). Water quality in ponds for aquaculture.; Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn university.
12. Cook, C. M., Vardaka, E., & Lanaras, T. (2004). Toxic Cyanobacteria in Greek Freshwaters, 1987—2000: Occurrence, Toxicity, and Impacts in the Mediterranean Region. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica, 32(2), 107-124.
13. Davies, O. A., & Ansa, E. (2010). Comparative assessment of water quality parameters of fresh water tidal earthen ponds and stagnant concrete tanks for fish production in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Nature, 1(1), 34–37.
14. Deblois, C. P., Aranda-Rodriguez, R., Giani, A., & Bird, D. F. (2008). Microcystin accumulation in liver and muscle of tilapia in two large Brazilian hydroelectric reservoirs. Toxicon, 51(3), 435–448.
15. Delince, G. (1993). The ecology of fish pond ecosystem. Springer-Siece.
16. Ehiagbonare, J. E., & Ogunrinde, Y. O. (2010). Physico-chemical analysis of fish pond water in Okada and its environs, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(36), 5922–5928.
17. El-Nemaki, F. A., Ali, N. A., Zeinhom, M. M., & Radwan, O. A. (2008). Impacts of Different Water Resources on the Ecological Parameters and the Quality of Tilapia Production at El-Abbassa Fish Farms in Egypt. In 8th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture 491, 491–512.
18. FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme - Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, (1844). (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2016, from http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Hypophthalmichthys_molitrix/en
19. Fulton, T. W., 1904: The rate of growth of fishes. Twenty-second Annual Report, Part III. Fisheries Board of Scotland, Edinburgh, 141–241.
20. Horváth L, Tamas G, and Seagrave CH. Carp and pond fish culture. (1992); Halsted Press an Imprint of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 158 pp.
21. Kaushik, R., & Balasubramanian, R. (2013). Methods and Approaches Used for Detection of Cyanotoxins in Environmental Samples: A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 43(13), 1349–1383.
22. Keremah, R. I., Davies, O. A., & Abezi, I. D. (2014). Physico-Chemical Analysis of Fish Pond Water in Freshwater Areas of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Greener Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(2), 33–38.
23. Lizama M, De los A P, Ambrosio A M. (2002). Condition factor in nine species of fish of the Characidae family in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 62(1):113–124
24. Loez, C. R., Topalián, M. L., & Salibián, A. (1995). Effects of zinc on the structure and growth dynamics of a natural freshwater phytoplankton assemblage reared in the laboratory. Environmental Pollution, 88(3), 275–281.
25. Santhosh, B., & Singh, N. P. (2007). Guidelines for water quality management for fish culture in Tripura. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Tripura Center, Publication, 29.
26.Slaninova, A., Machova, J., Svobodova, Z., & others. (2014). Fish kill caused by aluminium and iron contamination in a natural pond used for fish rearing: a case report. Veterinarni Medicina, 59(11), 573–581.
27. Soediono, B. (1989). Summary for Policymakers. In Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Ed.), Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis (53) 1–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. Suthers, I., & Rissik, D. (2009). Plankton: A guide to their ecology and monitoring for water quality. CSIRO PUBLISHING.
29. Teubner, D., Paulus, M., Veith, M., & Klein, R. (2015). Biometric parameters of the bream (Abramis brama) as indicators for long-term changes in fish health and environmental quality—data from the German ESB. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(3), 1620–1627.
30.Tucker, C. C., & Robinson, E. H. (1990). Channel catfish farming handbook. Springer Science & Business Media.
31. US EPA, O. (n.d.). National Recommended Water Quality Criteria - Aquatic Life Criteria Table. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/wqc/national-recommended-water-quality-criteria-aquatic-life-criteria-table
32. Usman, D. (2015). Physicochemical analysis and fish pond conservation in Kano State , Nigeria. Archives of Applied Sience Research, 7(6), 28–34.
33. Van Vuuren, S. J., Taylor, J., Van Ginkel, C., & Gerber, A. (2006). Easy identification of the most common Freshwater Alagae: A guide for the identification of microscopic algae in South African freshwaters.
34.Vanacker, M., Wezel, A., Payet, V., & Robin, J. (2015). Determining tipping points in aquatic ecosystems: The case of biodiversity and chlorophyll α relations in fish pond systems. Ecological Indicators, 52(6), 184–193.
35.Wehr, J. D. (2002). Freshwater algae of North America: ecology and classification. Academic Press.
36. Welcomme, R. L. (1983). River basins. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, FIR/T 202, 60 pp.
37. Zurawell, R. W., Chen, H., Burke, J. M., & Prepas, E. E. (2005). Hepatotoxic Cyanobacteria: A Review of the Biological Importance of Microcystins in Freshwater Environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 8(1), 1- 37