اثر مقادیر مختلف اوره بر برخی ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیک و فیتوشیمیایی گیاه دارویی کنگر فرنگی
محورهای موضوعی : بوم شناسی گیاهان زراعیمرضیه اله دادی 1 , لاله مشرف بروجنی 2
1 - دانش آموخته دکتری اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
2 - بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران
کلید واژه: فلاونوئید کل, فنل کل, کود نیتروژنی, مدیریت کود, مهارکنندگی رادیکال آزاد,
چکیده مقاله :
استفاده مناسب از کودهای نیتروژنی و بهینه نمودن مدیریت مصرف آن در گیاهان از اهمیت به سزایی برخوردار می باشد. در این راستا به منظور بررسی اثر مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژنی بر برخی صفات مورفولوژیک و فیتوشیمیایی گیاه دارویی کنگر فرنگی، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در شرایط مزرعه ای در اصفهان انجام شد. تیمارها کاربرد مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژنی صفر، 100، 150 و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن خالص از منبع اوره بودند. در این آزمایش صفات مورفولوژیکی شامل ارتفاع ساقه، تعداد برگ و کاپیتول در بوته و صفات کیفی از جمله مقدار فنل کل، فلاونوئید کل و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی اندازه گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش مصرف کود اوره از صفر تا 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار ارتفاع ساقه، تعداد برگ و کاپیتول در بوته افزایش یافت ولی میزان فنل کل، فلاونوئید کل و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی کاهش یافت. اگر چه نیتروژن یک عنصر ضروری برای رشد و توسعه این گیاه است اما به دلیل اینکه مصرف سطوح بالای کود شیمیایی نیتروژنی تاثیر منفی بر صفات کیفی این گیاه دارد و همچنین با توجه به آثار سوء زیست محیطی ناشی از مصرف بی رویه کودهای شیمیایی، جهت حصول عملکرد کمی و کیفی مطلوب پیشنهاد می شود از کود اوره به میزان 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار استفاده شود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Proper application of N fertilizer and its optimization in plants is definitely important. To study the effect of different level of nitrogen fertilizer on some morphological and phytochemical traits of artichoke, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in field conditions during two consecutive years in Isfahan, Iran. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha net nitrogen from urea source. Morphological traits including stem height, number of leaves per plant and number of capitols per plant and phytochemical traits such as total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity were measured. Increasing of urea fertilizer rate from 0 to 200 kg/ha increased stem height, number of leaves and capitols per plant, but decreased total phenol and flavonoid and antioxidant activity. Although nitrogen is an essential element for growth and development of artichoke plant, the consumption of high levels of nitrogen fertilizer has negative effect on qualitative traits. Also, considering chemical fertilizers hazard in environment, it is recommended to use 100 kg/ ha N to achieve optimal yield in artichoke.
منابع و مأخذ:
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Abbaszadeh B, Farahani HA, Valadabadi SA, Darvishi HH (2009) Nitrogenous fertilizer influence on quantity and quality values of balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 1(1): 31-33.
Aburajai A, Darwish RM, Al-Kalil S, Mahafzah A, Al-Abbadi A (2001) Screening of antibiotic resistant inhibitors from local plant materials against two different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 76(1): 39-44.
AghaAlikhani M, Iranpour A, Naghdi Badi H (2013) Changes in agronomical and phytochemical yield of purple coneflower (Echinaceae purpurea (L.) Moench) under urea and three bio fertilizers application. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2(46): 121-136.
Aksu Ö, Altinterim B (2013) Hepatoprotective effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus). Bilim ve Genclik Dergisi 1(2): 44-49.
Alencar MVOB, Oliveira GLS, Oliveira FRAM, Gomes Junior AL, Souza AA, Melo Cavalcante AAC, Freitas RM (2014) Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of Cynara scolymus L. (Asteraceae) in vitro and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 8(5): 136-147.
Alijani M, Amini Dehaghi M, Ahmadi J, Modares Sanavi SAM (2009) Effects of different levels of phosphorous and nitrogen fertilizers on yield of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) under semi-arid climatic conditions. Agronomy Sciences 2(3): 39-48.
Alizadeh A, Khoshkhui M, Javidnia K, Firuzi O, Tafazoli E, Khalighi, A (2010) Effects of fertilizer on yield, essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4(1):33-40.
Argyropoulou K, Salahas G, Hela D, Papasavvas A (2015) Impact of nitrogen deficiency on biomass production, morphological and biochemical characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants, cultivated aeroponically. Agriculture and Food 3:32-42.
Azizi A, Yan F, Honermeier B (2009) Herbage yield, essential oil content and composition of three oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) populations as affected by soil moisture regimes and nitrogen supply. Industrial Crops and Products 29: 554-561.
Chang C, Yang M, Wen H, Chern J (2002) Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10: 178-182.
Dadkhah A, Amini Dahaghi M, Kafi M (2012) Effects of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers on yield quantity and quality of Matricaria recutita L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10(2): 321-326. [in Persian with English abstract]
Durazzo A, Foddai MS, Temperini A, Azzini E, Venneria E, Lucarini M, Finotti E, Maiani G, Crinò P, Saccardo F, Maiani G (2013) Antioxidant properties of seeds from lines of artichoke, cultivated cardoon and wild cardoon. Antioxidants 2:52–61.
Eblagh N, Fateh E, Farzane M, Osfuri M (2014) Effect of cattle manure application, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and different phosphrous levels on yield and essence components of Trachyspermum ammi L. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 23(4.1): 1-15.
El-Abagy HM (1993) Physiological studies on growth, yield and quality of artichoke. PhD thesis, Zagazig University, Benha Branch Moshtohor, Zagazig, Egypt.
Fratianni F, Pepe R, Nazzaro F (2014) Polyphenol composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and quorum quenching activity of the “Carciofo di Montoro” (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) global artichoke of the campania region, southern Italy. Food and Nutrition Sciences 5: 2053-2062.
Georgieva E, Karamalakova Y, Nikolova G, Grigorov B, Pavlov D, Zheleva A (2011) Radical scavenging capacity of seed and leaves ethanol extracts of Cynara scolymus L. a comparative study. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 26: 151-155.
Griffe P, Metha S, Shankar D (2003) Organic production of medicinal, aromatic and dye-yielding plants (MADPs): Forward, preface and introduction, FAO.
Habibi H, Mazaheri D, Majnoon Hosseini N, Chaeechi MR (2006) Effect of altitude on essential oil and components in wild thyme (Thymus kotschyanus Boiss.) Taleghan region. Applied Crop Research 73: 2-10. [in Persian with English abstract]
Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZE, Rahmat A, Abdul Rahman Z (2011) involvement of nitrogen on flavonoids, glutathione, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activities of Malaysian medicinal plant Labisia pumila Blume (Kacip Fatimah). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13(1):393-408.
Ionescu D, Predan G, Rizea GD, Mihele D, Dune A, Ivopol G, Ioniţă C (2013) Antimicrobial activity of some hydroalcoholic extracts of artichoke (Cynara scolymus), burdock (Arctium lappa) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov 6: 113-120.
Izadi Z, Ahmadvand G, Asna Ashri M, Piri J (2010) Effect of nitrogen and plant density on some growth characteristic, yield and essence in peppermint. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8(5): 824-836. [in Persian with English abstract]
Kariminejad M, Pazoki A (2015) Effect of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on yield, yield components and essential oil content of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) in Shahr-e-Ray Region. Biological Forum – An International Journal 7(1): 1698-1703.
Koksal E, Bursal E, Dikici E, Tozoglu F, Gulcin I (2011) Antioxidant activity of Melissa officinalis leaves. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5: 217-222.
Li J, Zhu Z, Gerend´as J (2008) Effects of nitrogen and sulfur on total phenolics and antioxidant activity in two genotypes of leaf mustard. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31(9):1642-1655.
Liu D, Liu W, Zhu D, Geng M, Zhou W, Yang T (2010) Nitrogen effects on total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and antioxidant activity of the medicinal plant Chrysanthemum morifolium. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 173: 268-274.
Loi B, Fantini N, Colombo G, Gessa GL, Riva A, Carai MA (2013) Reducing effect of a combination of Phaseolus vulgaris and Cynara scolymus extracts on food intake and glycemia in rats. Phytotherapy Research 27(2): 258-263.
Lombardo S, Pandino G, Mauromicale G, Knodler M, Carle R, Schieber A (2010) Influence of genotype, harvest time and plant part on polyphenolic composition of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori). Food Chemistry 119: 1175–1181.
Longnecker N, Robson A (1994) Leaf emergence of spring wheat receiving varying nitrogen supply at different stages of development. Annals of Botany 74: 1–7.
Magielse J, Verlaet A, Breynaert A, Keenoy BM, Apers S, Pieters L, Hermans N (2014) Investigation of the in vivo ant oxidative activity of Cynara scolymus (artichoke) leaf extract in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 58(1): 211-215.
Mansol Mollashahi Khumaki A, Varasteh moradi A (2015) Effect of different extraction methods on effective compounds and antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extract in Golestan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 11(3): 74-85. [in Persian with English abstract]
Margna U (1977) Control at the level of substrate supply: An alternative in the regulation of phenylpropanoid accumulation in plant cells. Phytochemistry 16:419-426.
Mc Donald S, Prenzler PD, Autolovich M, Robards K (2001) Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food Chemistry 73:73-84.
Mehrabani M, Mahdavi Meymand Z, Khandanizadeh B, Hassan Abadi N (2014) Effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and harvest time on the quantity and quality of essential oil and total phenol content in Satureja hortensis L. in Kerman province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 8(4): 1-11. [in Persian with English abstract]
Mehrafarin A, Naghdi Badi H, Poorhadi M, Hadavi E, Qavami N, Kadkhoda Z (2011) Phytochemical and agronomical response of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) to bio-fertilizers and urea fertilizer application. Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(40): 107-118. [in Persian with English abstract]
Mocelin R, Marcon M, Santo GD, Zanatta L, Sachett A, Schönell AP, Bevilaqua F, Giachini M, Chitolina R, Wildner SM, Duarte, MMMF, Conterato MMG, Piato AL, Gomes DB, Roman Junior WA (2016) Hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic effects of Cynara scolymus in cholesterol-fed rats. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 26: 233–239.
Moghaddam M, Ehdaie B, Waines JDG (1997) Genetic variation and interrelationships of agronomic characters in landraces of bread wheat from southeastern Iran. Euphytica 95: 361-369.
Mohamed Abdel Magied M, Hussien S, Mohamed Zaki S, Mohamed EL, Said R (2016). Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaves and heads extracts as hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic in rats. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4(1): 60-68.
Mushtaq M, Wani SM (2013) Polyphenols and human health - A review. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4: B338-B360.
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