Monumental tombs are among the most important monuments of contemporary Iran; they have become the symbol of different cities over time and attracted the attention of the audiences with various tastes. This study tries to explain the architectural components that affect the durability of these buildings and answers these questions: What are the architectural components of the emergence of form in monumental tombs in contemporary Iran that have had the greatest impact on the durability of audience’s mind and does the construction of memorial of tombs based on ancient architectural components have a good result in the present eras? In this study, type of research is qualitative and the research tool is interview. These interviews were conducted based on the questions about eight monumental tombs of Society for the National Heritage of Iran; and cause in achieving a good result through qualitative content analysis. Many architectural components affecting the durability of these buildings are identified based on the gained results; they include ten different components: the impact of urban location, visual impact of form, use of familiar elements, visual impact of materials, use of perception concepts and conceptual elements, the impact of personality traits related to the monuments and audiences’ tastes, and the need for an independent context and functional spaces. This study also evaluates the impact rate of these categories in the current period. Because of attaining through qualitative method, these results can be used by designers of these buildings to obtain a favorable quality. تفاصيل المقالة

The purpose of this research is to investigate the ability to redefine the components and indicators of popular architecture facades in contemporary architecture. The research method is content analysis and descriptive-analytic and survey with semiotic and Delphi technique. At first, popular architecture is analyzed using the descriptive and analytical method. Next, 14 components of the popular architecture façades assessment are identified and prioritized in three rounds through survey and Delphi technique. In the third stage, case studies are selected by experts on the basis of the components of the popular architecture facades assessment that are identified in the previous step. In the fourth stage, selected samples are investigated in terms of semiotics and 28 signs are extracted as indicators. In the last step, the ability to redefine these signs as indicators of popular architecture facades in contemporary architecture is examined with Delphi technique in two rounds. Indicators and components that are not redefinable or are weakly redefined are excluded. Finally, redefinable components and indicators in contemporary architecture facades are prioritized. The results of the research show that some of the components cannot be redefined in the contemporary architecture facades due to their imitative and eclectic indexes. Some components can be redefined through one index, and others have the ability to be redefined through both indicators. From experts' point of view, the components of understandable for the general public, variety, new techniques, and old patterns are the most important redefinable component in contemporary architecture facades. Eventually it turned out that popular architecture has common points with experts, and according to the views of experts and people, there can be some kind of architecture with complex aesthetics that spreads both to the elite and to the general public. تفاصيل المقالة

With the development of urbanization and population growth in the use of land for construction of residential and industrial areas and other infrastructure and turning to remove more vegetation,construction materials and non-systematic misuse of cities,urban areas have forced some changes that pollution and poor air quality,dehydration,high temperatures are some of its results.The temperature difference between the central and dense big cities and its suburbs is named Urban Heat (Thermal) Islands that enter the city to a self-destructive cycle.In this way the hot and polluted air increase the city temperature in the central and dense big city,due to closure of wind passing ways and absorption heat by the most of materials in city surfaces and decreasing humidity,so we use more utilities and electricity for temporary relief.However,the generated heat return to the cycle by the facilities,causing to be warmer and upper city temperature and enhance heat islands.This has devastating and fatal effects on human health.It causing many diseases and encounter with loss of water resourses,drought and more polluted air.Then must find ways to reduce this phenomenon at the same time,such as:Planting trees(especially the shady type of them),vegetation(with increasing humidity and cooling environment),the use of reflective surfaces(rooftops and sidewalks,walls of buildings that organize most of city areas)which includes cool paving such as light-colored materials and create shadows on the floor, also porous and pervious paving,ligh-colored roofs,green roofs,use of green walls in the building,reduce facility outcome heat by using natural ventilation,reducing the height of buildings for local winds passage.In this research,one of the strategies have been fully reviewed namely the green walls and its role in reducing urban heat islands.And present the best model by examining a few built examples in Tehran.Correlation Research methodology is descriptive-analytic.Some results of this research are as follows:Green wall on the facade of the building acts as insulation and prevents thermal fluctuations by creating an air layer.Some of the radiated rays is reflected by the leaves of plants and the others are absorbed by plant and it cause surface evaporation and moisturing to the environment.By using of green wall in canyon(due to high altitude of buildings or topography)can prevent of absorption and storage of too much sun radiation energy during the day and also of anthropogenic heat. تفاصيل المقالة

تحولات هنری اوایل قرن بیستم در تاریخ هنر را عموماً اکسپرسیونیسم نامیده‌اند که دوران آغاز و افول این جنبش بین سال‌های 1910و 1925 می باشد. اکسپرسیونیسم نه تنها یکی از مهم‌ترین و تأثیرگذارترین جریان‌ها در جوامع امروزی به شمار می‌رود؛ بلکه یک جنبش جهانی است که زمینه‌های مختلفی چون ادبیات، فلسفه، علوم اجتماعی و سیاسی، معماری، موسیقی، نقاشی، سینما را دربرمی‌گیرد. از آنجا که نقاشی و معماری به عنوان دو مقوله همسان بطور مستمر در طول تاریخ همگام با هم و تأثیرپذیر از یکدیگر حضور داشته‌اند، طبیعتاً تأثیرپذیری این دو هنر از جنبش اکسپرسیونیسم می تواند هدف این پژوهش باشد. در این پژوهش، با بهره‌گیری از روش گردآوری اطلاعات از نوع کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی و با استفاده از روش تفسیری – تاریخی به بررسی جنبش اکسپرسیونسم در دوره پهلوی پرداخته می‌شود که به پرسشی هم چون، تأثیر جریان هنری اکسپرسیونیسم بر معماری و نقاشی دوره پهلوی چگونه است؟ پاسخ داد؛ که خود منجر به پیدایش مؤلفه‌های مشترک نقاشی و معماری اکسپرسیونیستی آن دوره می‌شود و از ایجاد اشتراک آن دو، چارچوب تحولات فکری در آن دوران را برای خواننده تشریح می‌نماید؛ که این موضوع خود می‌تواند در پیوند نقاشی‌های نوگرا و معماری معاصر دوره پهلوی تأثیرگذار باشد. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که آنچه در ایران به نقاشی اکسپرسیونیستی شناخته می‌شود، به نظر برداشتی سطحی نسبت به ذات نقاشی اکسپرسیونیستی نیست؛ در نمونه‌های ایرانی جایی که در آنجا فضاهای معماری خلق می‌شدند تا به کمک هنر نقاشی تأثیرات اجتماعی و فرهنگی بگذارند،‌ در نسل اول و نسل دوم نقاشان نوگرای ایرانی تقلید دیده میشود همچنین فضاسازی معماری در نقاشی‌های ایرانی که نقاشان اکسپرسیونیستی از نظر فضاسازی معماری، خواسته یا ناخواسته، شامل دو تقسیم‌بندی می‌شوند. گروه اول شامل نقاشان وابسته به فرم در تمام اجزای نقاشی و دومی نقاشانی که تقلیدکننده از دیگر نقاشان بوده‌اند. تفاصيل المقالة