Almond is one of the most important horticultural crops of the Iran, which has been of interest to Iranian growers for a long time due to its unique characteristics. To select the best cultivars or genotypes of almonds from almond germplasm, an investigation based on frost tolerance (50 genotype and varieties in conditions of the laboratory was conducted using cuttings containing flower buds) in the Horticultural Sciences Researches Institute under laboratory conditions. The tolerance of 50 genotypes to frost in laboratory conditions was investigated in a factorial manner in a completely random design with the first factor of cold at 2 levels (normal temperature or without frost stress and -3°C) and the second factor of genotype at 50 levels with 3 replications. In this research, after screening 50 varieties and genotypes of almonds in relation to tolerance to freezing stress, two varieties and genotypes (Shokofeh and A43D99) were tolerant and two varieties (Peerless and Rabie) were sensitive and 2 varieties and genotypes (Nanpareil and A47MS3 ) intermediates were selected for further investigation, especially in relation to traits related to frost tolerance.It should be noted that the selected genotypes in this research are the result of breeding programs, and with further study and research work, some of these genotypes can be introduced as genotypes resistant to frost stress and used in breeding and cultivation programs. تفاصيل المقالة

مطاالعات تکوینی و زیست شناسی گل جایگاه ویژه ای در علم گیاه شناسی دارد. در این پژوهش زمان شروع گل انگیزی و مراحل تکامل جوانه گل در ارقام بادام زود، میان و دیرگل بررسی شد. بدین منظور قبل از آغاز گل انگیزی و القاء تا پایان تمایز یابی از جوانه 86مریستم رویشی تا زمان شکفتن گل های تشکیل شده در سال بعد(اواسط خرداد های درصد پریموردیای مادگی انجام شد. 50 روز یک بار نمونه برداری تا تشکیل10 ساله به فاصله هر 10موجود از درختان نمونه (Formalin FAA ها در ماده تثبیت کننده - قرار داده شد تا برای مراحل بعدی تهیه Acetic- acid- Alchol) برش های میکروسکوپی آماده ذخیره شدند. برای مطالعه دقیق ساختمان مریستم، بافت ها و اندام های رویشی و زایشی جوانه ها با استفاده از روش سلول- بافت شناسی از جوانه به وسیله میکروتوم برش FAA های تثبیت شده در ماده های به میکروتوم تهیه شد. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که عمل گل انگیزی(تخت شدن مریستم گنبدی شکل در رقم 6ضخامت H انجام گرفت. این در حالی است که این عمل در رقم زودگل انتخابی 1386 شهریور 9 (فرانیس) در12دیرگل شاهرود A مرداد و رقم میان گل انتخابیَ 17 در مرداد اتفاق افتاد. برانگیختن پریموردیای کاسبرگ ها در رقم زود گل 27 - در 93 A ، رقم میان گل انتخابی َHانتخابی 22 شهریور و 2 شهریور، 9(فرانیس) به ترتیب در 12 - و رقم دیر گل شاهرود 93 A ، میان گل انتخابی H صورت گرفت.القای پریموردیای گلبرگ ها درارقام زود گل انتخابی 1386شهریور - و دیر گل 93 صورت گرفت. القای پریموردیای پرچم 1386 شهریور 26 و 24 ،22(فرانیس) به ترتیب در 12شاهرود ها در ارقام زود A ، میان گل انتخابی Hگل انتخابی 1386 مهر 28 مهر و 18 ، مهر 9 (فرانیس) به ترتیب در12 - و دیرگل شاهرود 93 A ، میان گل انتخابی H انجام گرفت. تمایزیابی پریموردیای مادگی در ارقام زودگل انتخابی - و دیر گل شاهرود 93 مشاهده گردید. در حالت کلی،در این مطالعه آن یافت شد که 1386 آبان9 مهر و 29 ، مهر18 (فرانیس) به ترتیب در12 فرآیند مراحل شکل گیری گل در ارقام زود گل . میان گل و دیرگل به ویژه زمان القای گل بین آنها مشابه نیست . تفاصيل المقالة

این آزمایش به منظور ارزیابی پاسخ ارقام انتخابی بادام پیوند شده بر روی پایه‌های مختلف و تحت تنش خشکی بر شاخص پایداری غشاء سلولی (MSI) ، کلروفیل فلورسانس (CF) و شاخص کلروفیل (CCI) بصورت گلدانی در پژوهشکده میوه‌های معتدله و سردسیری کرج در سال 1395 بصورت فاکتوریل 5×3×4 و در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور رقم در 5 سطح (سوپرنووا، تگزاس، مارکونا، شکوفه و K13-40)، پایه در 3 سطح (هیبریدهای هلو× بادام GF-677، GN-22 و بذری) و تنش خشکی در 4 سطح (دور آبیاری3 (شاهد)، 5، 10 و 15 روز) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل رقم، پایه و تنش خشکی بر پارامترهای کلروفیل فلورسانس‌ (حداکثر (Fm)، متغیر (Fv) و متغیر به حداکثر (Fv/Fm)) و همچنین اثرات متقابل پایه و تنش خشکی و نیز رقم و تنش خشکی بر همه صفات مورد ارزیابی در سطح احتمال 1% معنی دار بود. تنش خشکی با افزایشFo و کاهش Fm، در ارقام مورد ارزیابی Fv را کاهش داد و حداکثر کارایی کوانتومی فتوسیستم II یعنی Fv/Fm را در ارقام حساس بر روی پایه‌های بذری و GN-22 از 82/0 به 67/0 کاهش داد. به عنوان یک نتیجه کلی همه ارقام بر روی پایه GF-677 مقاومت بیشتری به تنش خشکی نشان دادند و ارقام شکوفه و سوپرنوآ مخصوصاً بر روی پایه GF-677 برترین ترکیب در برابر تنش خشکی در این آزمایش بودند. تفاصيل المقالة

Diversity is an essential issue for fruit crop breeding programs and improving selection efficiency. This study was targeted to investigate the genetic diversity and heritability of fruit parameters and oil content in almond progenies and their parents. The results exhibited notable genetic variation among the studied progenies and their parents. The highest phenotypic and genotypic variance coefficients were 13.05 and 11.18 for fruit length in in different genotypes, respectively. Also the highest broad sense heritability belonged to nut weight of genotype (0 and 89%). The lowest phenotypic and genotypic variance coefficients was 0.19 and 0.15, respectively, which was observed in kernel weight and the lowest broad sense heritability belonged to fruit thickness (68%). For oil content, which is important for qualitative improvement in breeding programs, there was a significant difference between examined progenies and their parents. Finally, in this study, it was found that some of the progenies were high in oil, for example, the hybrid A11-18 had 63.97% of oil that could be used in almond development programs. تفاصيل المقالة

The primary steps in breeding programs are identifying and selecting superior fruit trees genotypes. This study was conducted to achieve the most productive, self-compatible, and cold tolerated almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.)D.A.webb] genotypes, by determining genetic variability of 103 progenies resulted by crossing ‘Tuono’ and ‘Shokoufe’ during two years, 2016-2017 at Meshkin Abad Horticulture Research Station in Karaj (50.9°E, 35. ° 7521 N, 1245 m height, with moderate and cold climates, shallow, calcareous soils, with a pH = 7) according to almond description (Gulcan, 1985) for selecting superior hybrids. The genetic relationship between selected hybrids was carried out by using genetic correlation. Minimum, maximum, and comparing mean results represented hybrids’ variability. Correlations indicated significant positive and negative variability. 20 components of effective traits justified 77.4% of the total variance. Hybrid separation was carried out by clustering analysis using 20 components. In 10th Euclidean distance, hybrids were separated into 17 groups. Fruit, nut, kernel, productivity, and vigor characteristics were the main factors in grouping clusters, respectively. In the first factor, traits including fruit size (0.70), fruit weight (0.880), fruit length (0.741), fruit width (0.769), fruit thickness (0.722), nut weight (0.872), nut length (0.729), nut width (0.795), nut thickness (0.673), kernel weight (0.849), kernel length (0.635) and kernel width (0.837). In the second factor, there were traits including productivity (0.797), number of nuts per tree (0.925), fruit weight per tree (0.932), and nut weight per tree (0.905). In the third factor, traits such as trunk diameter (0.60), the radius of expansion in two directions north-south (0.755) and east-west (0.804), leaf density (0.60), and growth habit (0.60). These third components could justify about 14%, 7%, and 5% of the total variance. The most variable traits were growth habit, high quality, bearing habit, flowering and leafing time, fruit size; date of harvesting, nut shape and the lowest variable trait was kernel taste. تفاصيل المقالة

To investigate the effects of cultivars on dry nut weight, kernel weight, oil content, and the main fatty acids of some cultivars and genotypes of almond, this study was conducted in 2019 in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The findings revealed that the influence of genotype on all measured traits is significant. The results of oil content showed that D124 had the highest values in terms of oil content. Also, examination of kernel weight shows that there are significant differences between cultivars. So that the highest amount of kernel weight is related to genotype D at 2.19 grams, while the lowest amount of kernel weight is related to A5-17genotype at 0.52 grams. The investigation of nut weight analysis showed that genotype D had the highest value (6.40grams). All the traits considered in this research can be said that the D124 genotype and cultivars of Sahand, Shahroud 6, Saba, and Ruby respectively had oil content of 62.24, 62.12, 61.62, 60.41 and. 60.29 percent. In total, regarding to the all traits considered in this study, genotype D124 in the amount of 62.24% and then cultivars, Sahand, Shahroud 6, Saba, Ruby with oil values of 62.12%, 61.62%, 60.41% and 60.29, respectively. Also, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in D124, Sahand, Shahroud 6, Saba, and Ruby were (5.44, 73.30 and 21.14%), (4.85, 76.33, and 18.48%), (5.64, 80.11 and 14.31%), (5.30, 73.89 and 20.80%) and (5.21, 77.44, and 16.32%) respectively. These are identified as the best cultivars and genotypes in terms of food quality in the climatic conditions of Karaj, which can be used for nutritional or technical applications to provide conditions for almond production and cultivation development. تفاصيل المقالة

The influence of storing almond kernel genotypes derived from reciprocal crosses of ‘Mamaei’ and ‘Marcona’ cultivars (referred to as ‘G1’, ‘G2’, ‘G3’, ‘G4’, ‘G5’ and ‘G6’) on diverse quality parameters, encompassing moisture, ash, protein, oil, carbohydrates, fiber, and total vitamin E was investigated. The kernels were stored for 0, 6, and 12 months at room temperature. The results showed that the highest fresh kernel weight was observed in the ‘Marcona’ parent and two progenies, ‘G5’ and ‘G3’, at harvest time. The highest amounts of soluble carbohydrates were found in the ‘G4’ genotype, while the highest amounts of insoluble carbohydrates were observed in the ‘Mamaei’ parent and ‘G5’ genotype. The highest protein content was found in the ‘Mamaei’ parent and ‘G4’ genotype, while the maximum oil content was observed in the ‘G5’ genotype. The ‘G6’ genotype had the highest amount of total vitamin E. All studied traits showed a decreasing trend during the storage period, with the lowest amounts observed in all selected offspring after one year of storage. The results highlighted variations in traits such as fresh kernel weight, soluble and insoluble carbohydrates, protein, oil, and total vitamin E among different genotypes. Moreover, all traits exhibited a decline in values during storage, emphasizing the importance of selecting high-quality genotypes like ‘G5’ for almond breeding programs. تفاصيل المقالة

In almonds (Prunus dulcis), selecting salt-tolerant rootstocks and genotypes is an appropriate breeding strategy. In the present research, we grafted two commercial almond cultivars (‘Sahand’ and ‘TS3’) on the ‘GF677’ rootstock. Then, we monitored the impact of salinity (0.5, 6.5, and 8.5 dS m-1) on the morphological, physiological, and molecular characteristics of the Sahand and TS3 cultivars. The photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll (a, b and total) content, and carotenoid content decreased with increasing salinity levels in both cultivars, with the least decrease observed in TS3. Under a salinity level of 8.5 dS/m, Sahand exhibited the lowest growth (8.9 cm), leaf area (5412.5 mm2), Chla, Chlb, Chltotal and carotenoid contents (0.58, 0.15, 0.74 and 0.31 mg g-1FW, respectively). Additionally, Sahand had a Fm/Fv (0.75), N content (1.33%) and Ca, B, Mg, S, Fe and Zn values of 1654.55, 1.64, 395.28, 168.6, 10.35 and 3.05 mg L-1, respectively. Furthermore, Sahand exhibited the highest MDA level (25.17 nmol g-1FW), TFC (2.95 mg GA g−1FW), Na content (649.84 mg L-1) and Cl content (3.52%). the lowest TFC (1.75 mg GA g−1FW) and the highest NHX1 expression, photosynthesis rate (5.65 μmol m-2 s-1), gs (0.1 mol m-1 s-1) transpiration rate (6.08 mmol m-1 s-1), Ca, S and B content (1903.63, 196.9 and 2.09 mg L-1, respectively) were belonged to TS3 under 0.5 dS/m salinity. Higher levels of Mg and Fe in the TS3 cultivar resulted in the stablization of photosynthetic pigments. Compared to Sahand, TS3 had a higher nitrogen content, and its greater NHX1 expression was a molecular confirmation of its salt tolerance. تفاصيل المقالة

One of the main problems of fruit cultivation, especially peaches and almonds, is the lack of the application of the existing clone rootstocks such as the promising hybrid of peaches and almonds and its unavailability due to its propagation in Iran. So the seedling rootstocks are inevitably used. However these rootstocks cause many problems for the growers due to the lack of uniformity. In order to solve this problem, the effect of different concentrations of indole butyric acid on the rooting of hardwood cuttings ‘TF92’ (promising hybrid of peach and almond) was tested in a private sector greenhouse in Karaj equipped with a heating pad during 2019. In this paper, the effect of 4 different levels of indole butyric acid hormone (IBA) 0, 1500, 2500 and 3500 parts per million in solution on hardwood cuttings was studied in a completely randomized design in three replications. The results showed that there was a significant difference between various concentrations of indole butyric acid in terms of the effect on the characteristics of the mode of investigation such as the percentage of rooting, the number of roots formed, the dry weight of the roots, the length of the roots and the length of the resulting branches in the cuttings. Thus the highest rooting percentage (78.45) was found in the indole butyric acid (IBA) hormone treatment with a concentration of 2500 mg L-1 compared to other treatments. Therefore, this method can be recommended as a suitable treatment for the rooting of wood cuttings of this promising emerging rootstock. Also, the highest percentage of rooted plantlets was obtained on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 1 mg L-1 IBA. According to this study, the concentrations of 1 mg L-1 IBA results in the maximum rooting, and it has been suggested as a suitable hormone for in vitro rooting of ‘TF92’. تفاصيل المقالة

In this study, the response of selected almond cultivars on different rootstocks under drought stress base on Morpho-physiological traits using a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was investigated. The experimental was carried out at the Temperate Fruit Research Center of Horticultural Sciences Research Institute (HSRI) in 2016. The factors included cultivars in five levels (Supernova, Texas, Marcona, Shokoufeh and K13-40), rootstocks in three levels: GF-677, GN-22) (Peach × almond hybrids) and seedlings of bitter almond No.32 (Somewhat resistant to drought stress) and drought stress in four levels: irrigation intervals of 3 (control), 5, 10 and 15 days. The factors such as leaf abscission, leaf area (LA), cell membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) and chlorophyll content index (CCI), minimal fluorescence (F0), maximal fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv) and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were measured. The results showed that the interaction between the cultivar and the rootstock for F0 and for CCI was significant at 1% level. Interactions of cultivar and drought stress were significant for Fm and Fv at the 5% level and for CCI, F0, Fv/Fm at the 1% level. Interactions of rootstock × drought were significant for CCI, F0, Fv/Fm at the 1% level. Drought decreased Fv with increasing F0 and decreasing Fm, in the evaluated cultivars and reduced the Fv/Fm in sensitive cultivars on seedling rootstock and GN-22 from 0.82 to 0.66 but in resistance cultivar Shokoufeh on GF-677 was from 0.818 to 0.789. As a general result, all of the cultivars on the GF-677 rootstock showed greater resistance to drought stress, and Shokoufeh and Marcona cultivars, especially on the GF-677 rootstock, tolerated drought stress better, and these combinations of rootstock - scion were superior to present experiment. تفاصيل المقالة

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different plant growth regulators, NAA (0 mg/l, 50 mg/l and 100 mg/l) and GA3 (0 mg/l, 50 mg/l and 100 mg/l), with various boron concentrations (0 mg/l, 50 mg/l and 100 mg/l) on pollen germination of ‘Şaba’, ‘Rabie’ and ‘Padre’ almond cultivars in 10% sucrose and 1% agar medium at 24°C in dark conditions. The results showed that different treatments had significant effects on the percent of germination. The highest pollen germination (average 90.37%) for three almond cultivars was recorded in 100 mg/l boric acid, 10% sucrose and 1% agar medium. The lowest germination percentage (average 3.59%) was found in 50 mg/l NAA, sucrose 10 % and agar 1 % medium for all cultivars. Pollen germination rates significantly decreased with increasing growth regulators in almond cultivars. The pollen germination was greatly inhibited in media with GA3 and NAA or compound from these materials without boric acid. For example, mean pollen germination rates was %15.51 in 100 mg/l GA3+ 10% sucrose + 1% agar, while this value was 82.89% from the 100 mg/l GA3+100 mg/l Br+ 10% sucrose + 1% agar. تفاصيل المقالة

In this research, twenty-two selected almond hybrids with their parents ‘A1-99’ (drought-sensitive) and ‘Tuono’ (relatively tolerant against drought), were investigated for screening drought tolerance using some morphological and physiological traits. This research was carried out in a complete randomized design with three replications at the Temperate Fruit Research Center of Horticultural Sciences Research Institute (HSRI) in years of 2014 and 2015. The results showed that by applying severe drought stress (30% FC), some morphological and physiological characteristics such as chlorophyll index (ChI), relative water content (RWC) of leaf decreased, while electrolyte leakage (EL) and Quantum efficiency of the photosystem II (Fv/Fm) increased. According to results, there were significant differences among genotypes, for example range of Fv/Fm among the selected hybrids varied from 550 to 879. Frequency of drought tolerance showed that 77. 27% of hybrids were susceptible to relatively susceptible and 22.72% were tolerant to relatively tolerant. Finally, according to the results from this study, ‘DT19’ hybrid was recognized as the most sensitive and ‘DT1’ hybrid was known as the most tolerant hybrid that could be introduced as promising and tolerant to drought stress for utilizing in the breeding programs. تفاصيل المقالة

In this study flowering time and other important morphologic traits were evaluated during two years in F1 almond progenies of seventy two seedlings from cross between the intermediate flowering Italian cultivar ‘Tuono’ and the extra-late blooming Iranian cultivar ‘Shahrood-12’. A modified-bulk segregant analysis in combination with the application of the 140 RAPD primers, 87 nuclear SSR markers spanning the whole almond genome and 5 chloroplast SSR markers, were used to identify molecular markers linked to flowering time. Results showed a quantitative inheritance of this trait in the studied progenies. The seedlings showed a wide range of flowering dates between both progenitors although some of these descendants were earlier in flowering than the early progenitor ‘Tuono’. Results showed that among RAPD markers evaluated, BA-17600,1000, BC-05320, BC-06800, BC-141750, BC-17600, BC-20250, OPC-05850 and OPC-09700,1100 markers were linked to late blooming time. In addition, markers BA-04720, BB-10630,BC-092000, BD-12510andOPC-12350 were linked to early blooming time. Two microsatellite loci (CPPCT008 and EPPCU2584) were also found to be tightly linked to flowering time. After construction the genetic map of population, QTL analysis was performed for blooming time. QTL analysis showed that OPC-09700,1100 and BA-17600,1000, markers were respectively located in 2 and 4 cM distance from one of the late flowering time loci. Also the BA-04720marker was located in 3 cM distances from one of the loci controlling early flowering time. These results are applicable in almond breeding programs for markers assisted strategy. The application of these results to other Prunus species has been also discussed. تفاصيل المقالة

این تحقیق در ایستگاه تحقیقات باغبانی موسسه اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر کرج در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی به صورت فاکتوریل انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل بذور ارقام مختلف بادام (سوپرنووا، پرلیس، 99D-، مارکونا، ربیع و 16-k) و تنش اسمزی ناشی از پلی اتیلن گلایکول در پنج سطح 0، 2-، 4-، 6- و 8- بار بود. با اعمال تنش خشکی روی گیاهان ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد برگ، کلروفیل a، b و کلروفیل کل، میزان گلوکز و فروکتوز، محتوای رطوبت نسبی برگ، کاهش و میزان پرولین و نشت یونی افزایش یافت ولی میزان این کاهش و یا افزایش در بین ارقام بررسی شده با یکدیگر اختلاف معنی داری نشان دادند. همچنین، رقم پرلس و K66 بیشترین حساسیت را نسبت به تنش خشکی از خود نشان دادند و تعداد برگ و ارتفاع گیاه در تنش اسمزی 2- بار نیز به طور معنی داری نسبت به شاهد کاهش نشان داد. بیشترین مقاومت به تنش خشکی در ارقام D99 و مارکونا مشاهده شد و تنش اسمزی تا 6- بار را تحمل نمودند و تنها در تنش اسمزی 8- بار تعداد برگ و ارتفاع آن به طور معنی داری نسبت به گیاهان شاهد کاهش یافت. نتایج حاصل از بررسی صفات فیزیولوژیک و بیوشیمیایی با نتایج حاصل از اندازه گیری صفات رویشی همخوانی داشت. ارقام مارکونا و D99 که بیشترین میزان تولید پرولین و کمترین میزان نشت یونی را دارا بودند، به عنوان مقاوم ترین ارقام نسبت به تنش خشکی تشخیص داده شده و رقم K66 به عنوان حساس ترین رقم به تنش خشکی معرفی شد. تفاصيل المقالة