This experiment was conducted to study the effect of cocopeat: perlite medium with three ratios (v/v) (1:1, 3:1 and 1:3) on some vegetative, flowering and biochemical parameters of two gladiolus cultivars (Strong and White) under soilless conditions in 2016. Data indicated that most vegetative parameters expressed as plant height, leaf number and leaf area, flowering parameter such as spike emergence, spike diameter, spike length and number of florets per spike and biochemical parameters like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, soluble sugars and macronutrient uptake N, P and K (%) in leaf were significantly affected in cultivars, media and their interaction. As the results showed, there was a significant interaction between cultivars and media in plant height and dry weight of florets where the higher plant was obtained in white cultivar and cocopeat: perlite with ratio 1:3, while higher dry weight of florets in strong cultivar and cocopeat: perlite with ratio 1:3. All of the parameters studied showed significant increase in the treatment containing coco peat: perlite with ratio 1:3 in both cultivars. تفاصيل المقالة

Bedding plants form an important part of the urban public space and private gardens. Drought stress management is considered as an important factor in nowadays landscape. Low water use landscaping is becoming common issue in arid regions, little information is available about regulated deficit irrigation tolerance and responses of many ornamental plants, especially annuals and herbaceous perennials. Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae), known as calendula or marigold, is an annual species widely used around the world as a medicinal plant. The main aim of this study was to evaluate drought stress response at two levels (100 and 50% FC) on 13 pots of marigold cultivars (Candyman Orange, Fiesta Gitana, Citrus Cocktail, Neon, Candyman Yellow, Fruit Twist, Sherbet Fizz, Oopsy Daisy, Pot Marigold, Greenheart Orange, Calendula Porcupine, Pink Surprise and Touch of the Red) with 4 replicates under greenhouse conditions. The morphological and biochemical traits were measured and analyzed at the end of the experiment. Water stress (50% FC) reduced most of the evaluated traits and increased proline content (p <0.01). Flower characteristics such as flower and diameter were also observed declined as the aim indexes preserved. Finally two premium selected cultivars Neon and Candyman were selected as the most resistant. It seems that water supply is the main factor affecting growth and flowering is annual bedding plants and the quality and quantity declines in drought noticeably. Evaluation of these traits along with resistance response will help to use them for more sustainable with low input landscapes in mind. تفاصيل المقالة

Drought is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the cultivation of ornamental plants in the green space. The effects of spermidine and salicylic acid on hollyhock (Alcea rosea L.)under drought stress were investigated. At first, the plants were sprayed with 3 doses of spermidine and 3 doses of salicylic acid (control, 100, 200 and 400 μM) for three consecutive days, then were subjected to drought stress (40, 60, 80 % FC) for 2 weeks. The results showed that drought stress increase up to 40 % FC increased electrolyte leakage, proline and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity compared to control plants. Also, the application of 100 μM spermidine and salicylic acid in different concentrations of spraying solutions significantly reduced electrolyte leakage and catalase enzyme activity and increased the relative water content (RWC), proline, protein, number of flower, leaf area and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity, but higher concentrations (400 μM) was ineffective or had inhibitive effects. Treated plants with 100 μM spermidine and salicylic acid showed higher tolerance to drought stress (up to 40 % FC) with regard to lower electrolyte leakage (by 5 %) and higher relative water content (by 11 and 9 %), proline content (by 31 and 21 %), SPAD (by 18 and 5 %) and dry weight (by 3 %) compared with non-treated plants under 40 % FC. Hollyhock growth severely suffered by water deficit, but application of spermidine and salicylic acid promoted RWC, proline and protein content under water deficit conditions. Foliar application of spermidine and salicylic acid could be considered as an economical practice for increasing hollyhock performance under water deficit conditions. تفاصيل المقالة

In order to evaluation of mitigation effect on salinity stress on the morphological and biochemical properties of ornamental marigold plant (Tagetes erecta L. Nana), an experimental was carried out in factorial arrangement base on randomized complete block design in three replications at Khorasan Razavi Agriculture Research and Education Center in 2018. The first factor was four salinities (0, 4, 8, 12 dS m-1) and the second factor was potassium silicate (PS) at three levels (0, 100 and 150 ppm). The results showed that the highest plant height was obtained at zero salinity with application 100 ppm PS. The highest shoot dry weight was recorded at salinity of 8 dS m-1 with 150 ppm PS. The highest amount of leaf potassium was observed at salinity of 12 dS m-1 with using of 100 ppm PS and the highest amount of root potassium was obtained at 4 dS m-1 salinity treatment with 100 ppm PS. The results was also showed that in marigold plant at high salinity (more than 8 dS m-1), potassium silicate composition could not have a favorable effect on plant growth. The use of PS in salinity of 12 dS m-1 was able to reduce the concentration of sodium in leaf tissues and increase the amount of potassium, although the amount of potassium increase was higher in low salinities. In general, the use of potassium silicate can be considered as a supplement in plant nutrition at low salinities. تفاصيل المقالة

آلسترومریا یکی از مهم ترین محصولات گلکاری دنیا است که صفاتی مانند تنوع بسیار زیاد در رنگ، ارقام مختلف و زیبایی باعث موفقیت گل آلسترومریا در تجارت جهانی می‌باشد. استفاده از محلول‌های مختلف نگهدارنده گل در مراحل مختلف عرضه گل‌های بریدنی به بازار موجب جلوگیری از تولید و فعالیت اتیلن، فراهم نمودن آب و تأمین انرژی مورد نیاز گیاه پس از جدا شدن از پایه مادری شده که باعث افزایش عمر گل و حفظ کیفیت گل‌های بریدنی می گردد. بنابراین آزمایش بصورت فاکتوریل سه عاملی بر مبنای طرح کاملا تصادفی با ۵ تکرار در هر تکرار یک شاخه گل در گروه علوم باغبانی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شد . درین پژوهش اثر ۱-متیل سیکلوپروپن و متیل جاسمونات بر عمر پس از برداشت گل های شاخه بریده آلسترومریا (کلگری) مطالعه شد. نتایج اثر اصلی کاربرد متیل جاسمونات نشان داد که بیشترین میزان جذب آب، وزن تر نسبی، عمر گلجای، کلروفیل a، b ، آنتوسیانین، کاتالاز، پراکسیداز و سوپراکسیددیسموتاز در غلظت ۰/۲ میکرولیتر در لیتر متیل‌جاسمونات مشاهده شد. نتایج اثر اصلی کاربرد ۱-متیل سیکلوپروپن نشان داد که بیشترین میزان جذب آب، وزن تر نسبی، عمر گلجای، کلروفیل a، b ، آنتوسیانین، کاتالاز، پراکسیداز و سوپراکسیددیسموتاز در غلظت ۱ میکرولیتر در لیتر ۱-متیل سیکلوپروپن مشاهده شد. نتایج اثر متقابل کاربرد متیل جاسمونات و ۱-متیل سیکلوپروپن نشان داد که جذب آب، وزن تر نسبی، عمر گلجایی، کلروفیل a وb، آنتوسیانین و آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی در تیمار 4 درصد ساکارز+۳۰۰ میلی گرم در لیتر ۸-هیدروکسی کوئینولین سولفات+۱میکرولیتر در لیتر ۱- متیل‌سیکلوپروپن +۰/۲ میکرولیتر در لیتر متیل جاسمونات بیشترین میزان بود. تفاصيل المقالة

Studying the phenology of valuable native plants which are on the verge of extinction, is very important and effective for better introduction and protection of them. Fritillaria raddeana is one of the native bulbous plants with ornamental and medicinal value in Iran. The aim of this study is to investigate the phenological stages of F. raddeana as a first step to protect it and later to introduce it. In a natural habitat, in northern Khorasan province, Iran, six zones were selected at a distance of 1000 m from each other, and five plants were selected and coded in each zone. To provide a standardized phenological description of the species, this study used the BBCH scale. In total, from sprouting to winter rest, six main principal stages were described for sprouting, leaf development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity, senescence, and beginning of dormancy stages and within them, 15 secondary growth stages were described. Data were collected once a week in the course of the vegetative season and with a 30-day interval during the dormant season for two consecutive years (2015-2017). Additionally, we measured some traits of plant growth. During the first year, sprouting and subsequent leaf development began in late March and the inflorescence emerged in the middle of April. The full bloom occurred in the first half of May and then seed formation (in the late of May). The summer dormancy was triggered in late spring. During the second year of study (2016-2017), the results showed the growing stages start with a delay of 5-8 days compared with the previous year. In addition, the means of studied growth plant traits such as leaf number, plant height, flower stem length, flower number, and flower diameter were significantly higher in the first year than in the second one. تفاصيل المقالة

The basis of many plant studies is the identification of plant species because identifying plant populations in every region is the pivotal pillar of plants conservation. Furthermore, study of the stages of plant growth cycle is one of the ways to determine growth details of any given plant. The current research aimed to investigate the phenological stages of Iris ferdowsii in the main habitat of the plant based on the BBCH system for the first time (Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt and Chemical Industry). The phenological study of Iris ferdowsii was performed during three consecutive years from 2018 to 2021. After selecting the habitat of this plant species, 10 different points of plant growth with a certain distance from each other were selected to study the different phenological stages of Iris ferdowsii. According to this system, the phenological stages of Iris ferdowsii was divided into 7 main stages and 13 sub-stages including: emergence, growth and development of two leaves, full growth and development of leaves, spathes stage, flowering, flower wilting, seed capsule formation, splitting of the seed capsule, the beginning of summer dormancy, the end of summer dormancy, the fall growth, the beginning of winter quiescence, and the end of winter quiescence. Identifying the new and endangered plant species of Iris ferdowsii, as a wild plant and a new genetic source provides researchers with the proper planning to preserve this species, domesticate and use it properly in breeding programs. We can also study its potentials in various ornamental and medicinal fields. تفاصيل المقالة

گل رز یکی از مهمترین گیاهان زینتی می‌باشد که به دلیل دارا بودن گل‌های زیبا و رنگ‌های متنوع، امروزه دارای رتبه نخست در تولید و صادرات گل‌های بریدنی است. کمیت و کیفیت در ارقام این گل به شدت تابع شرایط محیطی و تغذیه‌ای بوده و کاربرد تنظیم کننده‌های رشد قبل و پس‌ازبرداشت یکی از روش‌های متداول در افزایش کیفیت و دوام این گل می‌باشد. لذا در این پژوهش، گل بریدنی رز رقم"بلک‌مجیک" قبل‌ازبرداشت با اسپرمیدین (0، 50، و 100 میلی‌گرم‌درلیتر) و پس‌ازبرداشت با سالیسیلیک اسید (0، 50، و 100 میلی‌گرم‌درلیتر) مورد تیمار قرار داده و کیفیت پس‌ازبرداشت آن از جنبه‌های بیوشیمیایی مختلف همچون میزان پلی‌آمین‌های داخلی (اسپرمیدین، اسپرمین و پوترسین)، فعالیت آنزیم‌های شکارکننده رادیکال آزاد (همچون سوپراکسیددسموتاز، کاتالاز، پلی فنل اکسیداز) و میزان تخریب اکسیداتیو لیپیدها (از طریق میزان بیومارکر تخریبی مالون‌دی‌آلدئید تولید شده) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد کاربرد اسپرمیدین و سالیسیلیک اسید موجب افزایش میزان پروتئین‌های محلول، بهبود فعالیت آنزیم‌های سوپراکسیددسموتاز، کاتالاز و پلی فنل اکسیداز در گلبرگ‌های گل بریدنی رز رقم"بلک‌مجیک" گردید. افزایش فعالیت آنزیم‌های دخیل در تنش اکسیداتیو نیز موجب کاهش تخریب لیپیدها و کاهش میزان بیومارکر تخریبی مالون‌دی‌آلدئید تولید شده گردید. از سوی دیگر میزان پلی‌آمین‌های درونی اسپرمیدین، اسپرمین و پوترسین نیز به طور معنی‌داری از کاربرد خارجی اسپرمیدین و سالیسیلیک‌اسید متأثر گردیدند. تفاصيل المقالة