The Persian direct reduction method (PERED) is a suitable method for producing sponge iron on an industrial scale. The challenge of all sponge iron production plants is to supply sponge iron with suitable metallization to steel factories. Accordingly, determining and adjusting the various parameters affecting metallization in each plant is necessary to produce the appropriate amount and quality of sponge iron. In this study, first, the effects of output rate, process flow, water- steam flow rate, bustle temperature, bustle CH4 level, CO2 reform, average pellet size (PIDa), pellet strength (CCS), process gas water temperature, and furnace bed average temperature on spongy iron metallization were investigated. Then, an attempt was made to model the sponge iron grade produced by the PERED method using the Gene Expression Programming (GEP) software. To carry out modeling, data on the affecting variables of metallization were collected for 58 days. The best R2 values for the training and testing sets were 0.974 and 0.27 with a low error rate for both (0.047 and 0.376 in RMSE and 0.001 and 0.141 in MSE, respectively. The results of the sensitivity test indicated that CO2 reform gas, bustle CH4 level, and average pellet size had the most significant effect on metallization. تفاصيل المقالة

The effect of hydrofluoric acid (HF) treatment on the corrosion performance of the Mg–Zn–Al–0.5Ca alloy was studied by immersing a specimen in HF solutions for varying lengths of time at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to study the evolution of microstructures. In vitro corrosion resistance was assessed using potentiodynamic polarization and a room-temperature immersion test in Kokubo solution. The fluoride-treated Mg–Zn–Al–0.5Ca alloy formed by 24h immersion in HF exhibited a more homogeneous, compact, and thicker (2.1 μm) coating layer compared to the other HF treated specimens in 6, 12 and 18 hours. The corrosion resistance performance of the Mg–Zn–Al–0.5Ca alloy formed by 24h immersion in HF was the best, with a corrosion rate of 2.87 mm/y according to the electrochemical experiment. The mean weight loss of the untreated samples was more considerably higher (up to 2 times) than that of the fluoride-treated alloys, according to in vitro degradation assessments. According to the findings because of its low degradation kinetics and apatite formation ability, the fluoride-treated Mg–Zn–Al–0.5Ca alloy is a promising candidate for biodegradable implants. تفاصيل المقالة

پیشرفت تکنولوژی و نیاز روز افزون به فولاد هایی با استحکام بالا، قابلیت جوشکاری مناسب و هزینه های پایین منجر به استفاده از فولاد های میکرو آلیاژ شده است. فولاد های میکرو آلیاژ فولاد هایی هستندکه در صد عناصر میکرو آلیاژ در آن ها بسیار کم و در حد چند دهم درصد است. در این تحقیق به بررسی تاثیر سرعت سرد کردن، دمای پیشگرم و تغییر ترکیب شیمیایی بر روی ریزساختار و خواص مکانیکی فولاد میکرو آلیاژ وانادیوم دار متوسط کربن پرداخته شده است. دو فولاد میکرو آلیاژ وانادیوم دار متوسط کربن حاوی 05/0 و 15/0 درصد وانادیوم بعد از ریخته گری در دمای1100 درجه سانتی گراد با کرنش ثابت 20 درصد فورج شدند. برای عملیات پیشگرم دو دمای 950 و 1050 درجه سانتی گراد انتخاب شد و در نهایت نمونه ها با سرعت های مختلف در هوا و باد سرد شدند. ریز ساختار نمونه ها شامل فریت و پرلیت می باشد. نتایج نــشــان داد با افزایش سرعت سرد کردن، درصد پرلیت افزایش یافته است که علت آن انجام استحاله در دمای پایین تر و کم شدن نفوذ بوده است. همچنین با افزایش سرعت سرد کردن، استحکام و سختی افزایش ولی درصد ازدیاد طول و انرژی ضربه کاهش یافته است. با افزایش دمای پیشگرم درصد پرلیت افزایش و اندازه کلنی های پرلیت نیز بیشتر شده است. علاوه بر آن با افزایش دمای پیشگرم، استحکام و سختی کاهش یافته که علت آن غلبه فاکتور اندازه دانه بر درصد فاز پرلیت بوده است. نتایج همچنین نشان داد با افزایش عنصر میکرو آلیاژ وانادیوم، استحکام و سختی افزایش و درصد ازدیاد طول و انرژی ضربه کاهش یافته است. تفاصيل المقالة

در پژوهش حاضر اثر تغییرات زمان توقف ابزار به عنوان پارامتری تاثیرگذار بر ریزساختار جوش‌های اصطکاکی اغتشاشی نقطه‌ای مورد مطالعه قرارگرفت. برای نیل به این هدف از ورق‌های آلیاژ Ti-6Al-4V با ضخامت mm5/1 استفاده شد. سرعت دوران ابزار به طور ثابت rpm 1250 و زمان‌های توقف، 7 و 12 ثانیه در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج بدست آمده نشان می‌دهد که جوش‌ها فاقد هرگونه عیب حجمی‌ می‌باشند. حضور دو منطقه‌ی SZ (منطقه اغتشاشی) و HAZ (منطقه متاثر از حرارت) در محل اتصال کاملا مشهود است. ریزساختار در منطقه‌یSZ بصورت لایه‌ای در میان ‌ی اولیه و در منطقه‌ی HAZ بصورت ساختار دوفازی می‌باشد. افزایش زمان توقف ابزار در محل اتصال، درشتی ریزساختار را بدنبال دارد. همچنین افزایش زمان توقف ابزار، باعث افزایش در استحکام برشی اتصال می‌شود. تفاصيل المقالة

Free convection flow in an enclosure filled with a congealing melt leads to the product with a nonuniform structure involving large grains. The convective flows are decreased by applying an appropriate magnetic field, obtaining uniform and small grain structures. In this work, using the finite volume method, we investigated the application of a magnetic field to the convective heat transfer and temperature fields in steady and laminar flows of melted gallium in an annulus between two horizontal cylinders. The inner and outer walls of the annulus are hot and cold, respectively. Moreover, the effect of the magnetic field on the flow and temperature distribution has been investigated. The influence of the variation of other parameters including the Rayleigh number and the angle of the magnetic field on the flow and temperature field also have been studied. It has been revealed that on changing the field angle to the horizon, the Nusselt number (Nu) is increased, which is of importance in a specific range of Hartmann numbers. Also with increasing the Rayleigh number, the change in Nu with the magnetic field intensity does not occur. تفاصيل المقالة

In this research, optimization of the pulsed gas tungsten arc welding including pulse current, background current, pulse frequency and on time were investigated in welding of non-similar materials of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L and nickel-base super alloy of Monel 400 by using ERNiCr3 filler metal. In order to obtain optimum conditions of welding the Taguchi method with the L9 array was used. The mechanical properties such as bending, tesile test and hardness test were performed on the samples and after that analysis of the variance was performed. By predicting optimal conditions, the proposed model was examined and the results of computational analysis shows a significant similarity with results of the experiment. Optimal parameters of pulsed tungsten arc welding were the pulse current of 140 mA, background current of 60 mA, pulse frequency of 3 Hz and the ON periods of pulse was 50%. The optimized sample with the Taguchi method and the welded sample shows the similarity of 98.7%. Pulse current percentage of 23.4 and pulse frequency of 28.2 were identified as the most influential parameters during the welding. Tensile test results showed that the failure occurs on the side of the base metal on Monel 400 one and hence the failure is the ductile one. These results show the strength of the weld metal confirmed the tensile and bending tests تفاصيل المقالة

Friction-stir welding process is a novel method of solid state welding, which produces heat due to friction between the pin, the shoulder and the workpiece. This heat causes a paste area. Shoulder pressure and pin spin cause edges integration and lead to welding. In this study, firstly, the feasibility of welding of steel sheet (EN10130) with a thickness of 1.5mm has been tested by 58 experiments. After making perfect welds, the ranges of 500-1000 RPM and 30-160 mm/min were selected as the suitable upper and lower levels, respectively, for rotational speed and linear speed. To achieve a maximum tensile strength, 29 tests were designed by using the Box-Benken method considering specified levels of the parameters. Then, the response surface methodology was used for optimization of the parameters. Results showed that the optimal outputs and experimental data were in good agreement, which indicate the adequacy of the design of experiments and optimization predict results. Micro-hardness tests, metallography and normal tensile test were carried out on three series of plates produced with the most appropriate tensile strength and elongation. Results showed that heat-affected zone weaked the sheet of advancing side compared to other welding zones. تفاصيل المقالة

In this study, the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion properties of Mg-Zn-RE-xCa alloy (x = 0, 2.5) was investigated. These alloys were produced using an argon atmosphere casting process and then subjected to vacuum conditions at 400 C for 6 hours under solid solution treatment and quenching in water. The microstructure and fuzzy analysis of heat treatment alloys using optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were investigated. Immersion, polarization, impedance, and pH changes test were performed to study alloy corrosion behavior. The results showed that in heat treated samples, the values of secondary phases IM1 (Ca3MgxZn15-x) (4.6 ≤ x ≤ 12) and Mg2Ca increased with increasing calcium content. However, the amount of these phases is reduced by dissolution and quenching in water. The corrosion density of alloy is reduced by adding 2.5% calcium from 488.4 to 315 μA / cm2, which decreases to 126.5 μA / cm2 after 6 hours of heat treatment, indicating improved corrosion resistance of the alloy after heat treatment. تفاصيل المقالة