Online Teacher Quality and TPACK Framework of Knowledge: EFL Pre-service Teachers' Views
DOR: 20.1001.1.23223898.2021.9.37.8.6
الموضوعات :
Mina Basirat 1 , Mahboubeh Taghizadeh 2
1 - Department of Foreign Languages, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Foreign Languages, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Teacher professional development, online teacher quality, online teaching skills, TPACK, EFL pre-service teachers,
ملخص المقالة :
This study aimed at examining prospective EFL teachers' views about quality of online English language teaching and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) and the related skills. To this end, the viewpoints of 100 graduate students of TEFL (M = 23, F = 77) at Iran University of Science and Technology were investigated via administering two questionnaires, namely online teacher quality and frames of knowledge and skills, along with two-open ended questions to gain more insight into online teacher quality and their knowledge frames. Internet-based survey method was employed to administer the questionnaires and collect the required data. The quantitative and qualitative data obtained were analyzed through descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, respectively. With regard to online teacher quality, the results revealed that pre-service teachers agreed that an online teacher should be an organized mediator, communicator, and problem solver as well as being highly passionate, energetic, and competent in teaching. The results also indicated that having content and pedagogical knowledge, clearly organizing and structuring content, time management skills, using appropriate resources, and providing feedback and multiple opportunities for communication were the most significant knowledge types required of an online language teacher. Considering online teaching skills, effective online communication skills, effective content delivery, technological skills, and effective evaluation and assessment were the most frequent skills suggested for online language teachers. The findings of this study could give more insights into designing knowledge-based and skills-based professional development programs for prospective teachers to enhance the quality of their online teaching.
Abate-Vaughn, J., & Paugh, P. (2009). The paraprofessional to teacher pipeline: Supports throughout graduation. Journal of Developmental Education, 33(1), 14–27.
Alharbi, A. A. M. (2020). The degree of teaching knowledge for Saudi EFL Teachers: An investigation for Madinah EFL teachers' perceptions regarding TPACK framework. English Language Teaching, 13(10), 99–110. https://doi .org/10.5539 /elt.v1 3n 10p 99
Angeli, C., & Valanides, N. (2009). Epistemological and methodological issues for the conceptualization, development, and assessment of ICT–TPCK: Advances in technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK). Computers & Education, 52(1), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.07.006
Archambault, L. (2011). The practitioner's perspective on teacher education: Preparing for the k-12 online classroom. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 19, 73–91.
Bayar, A. (2014). The components of effective professional development activities in terms of teachers' perspective. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 6(2), 319–327. https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2014.02.006
Benson, S. N. K., & Ward, C. L. (2013). Teaching with technology: Using tpack to understand teaching expertise in online higher education. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 48(2), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.2190/ec.48.2.c
Benton-Borghi, B. H. (2013). A universally designed for learning (UDL) infused technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) practitioners model essential for teacher Preparation in the 21st century. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 48(2), 245–265. https://doi.org/ 10.2190/ec.48.2.g
Borman, G. D., & Kimball, S. M. (2005). Teacher quality and educational equality: Do teachers with higher standards‐based evaluation ratings close student achievement gaps? The Elementary School Journal, 106(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1086/496904
Boschman, F., McKenney, S., & Voogt, J. (2015). Exploring teachers’ use of TPACK in design talk: The collaborative design of technology-rich early literacy activities. Computers & Education, 82, 250–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.11.010
Canals, L., & Al-Rawashdeh, A. (2018). Teacher training and teachers’ attitudes towards educational technology in the deployment of online English language courses in Jordan. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(7), 639–664. https://d oi.org/10 .1080/ 09588221.2018.1531033
Chai, C. S., Koh, J. H. L., Ho, H. N. J., & Tsai, C.-C. (2012). Examining pre-service teachers’ perceived knowledge of TPACK and cyberwellness through structural equation modeling. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 28(6), 1000–1019. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.807
Chai, C. S., Koh, J. H. L., Tsai, C.-C., & Tan, L. L. W. (2011). Modeling primary school pre-service teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) for meaningful learning with information and communication technology (ICT). Computers & Education, 57(1), 1184–1193. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.01.007
Collinson, V., & Cook, T. F. (2001). “I don’t have enough time” Teachers’ interpretations of time as a key to learning and school change. Journal of Educational Administration, 39(3), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230110392884
Doering, A., Veletsianos, G., Scharber, C., & Miller, C. (2009). Using the technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge framework to design online learning environments and professional development. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 41(3), 319–346. https://doi.org/10.2190/ec.41.3.d
Ekrem, S., & Recep, C. (2014). Examining pre-service EFL teachers’ TPACK competencies in Turkey. The Journal of Educators Online, 11(2), 1–22. https://doi.or g/10.9743 /jeo.201 4.2.2
Ersanli, C. Y. (2016). Improving Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) of pre-service English language teachers. International Education Studies, 9(5), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n5p18
Ferdig, R. E., Cavanaugh, C., DiPietro, M., Black, E. W, & Dawson, K. (2009). Virtual schooling standards and best practices for teacher education. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 17(4), 479–503.
Fishman, B., & Davis, E. (2006). Teacher learning research and the learning sciences. In R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (pp. 535–550). Cambridge University Press.
Hanushek, E. A. (2007). The single salary schedule and other issues of teacher pay. Peabody Journal of Education, 82(4), 574–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/01619560701602975
Herring, M. C. (2016). Handbook of technological pedagogical content knowledge (Tpack) for educators. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Hew, K. F., & Brush, T. (2006). Integrating technology into K-12 teaching and learning: Current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research. Educational Technology Research and Development, 55(3), 223–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5
Hislop, G., & Atwood, M. (2019). ALN teaching as routine faculty workload. Online Learning, 4(3), 216–226. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v4i3.1895
Hughes, J. E., & Scharber, C. (2008). Leveraging the development of English-technology pedagogical content knowledge within the deictic nature of literacy. In AACTE's Committee on Innovation and Technology (Eds.), Handbook of technological pedagogical content knowledge for educators (pp. 87–106). Routledge.
Jang, S.-J. (2010). Integrating the interactive whiteboard and peer coaching to develop the TPACK of secondary science teachers. Computers & Education, 55(4), 1744–1751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.020
Jang, S.-J., & Tsai, M.-F. (2012). Exploring the TPACK of Taiwanese elementary mathematics and science teachers with respect to use of interactive whiteboards. Computers & Education, 59(2), 327–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.003
Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9, 60–70.
Koehler, M. J., Mishra, P., & Yahya, K. (2007). Tracing the development of teacher knowledge in a design seminar: Integrating content, pedagogy and technology. Computers & Education, 49(3), 740–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2005.11.012
Koh, J. H. L., Chai, C. S., & Tay, L. Y. (2014). TPACK-in-Action: Unpacking the contextual influences of teachers' construction of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). Computers & Education, 78, 20–29. https://doi. org/10.101 6/j.com pedu.2 014.04.022
Koh, J. H. L., & Divaharan, S. (2013). Towards a TPACK-fostering ICT instructional process for teachers: Lessons from the implementation of interactive whiteboard instruction. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 29(2), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.97
Kwangsawad, T. (2016). Examining EFL pre-service teachers’ TPACK through self-report, lesson plans, and actual practice. Journal of Education and Learning (Edulearn), 10(2), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v10i2.3575
Levinsen, K. T. (2006). Qualifying online teachers—Communicative skills and their impact on e-learning quality. Education and Information Technologies, 12(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-006-9025-1
Lin, T.-C., Tsai, C.-C., Chai, C. S., & Lee, M.-H. (2012). Identifying science teachers’ perceptions of technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK). Journal of Science Education and Technology, 22(3), 325–336. https://doi.org10.1007/s10956-012-9396-6
Liu, M. H., & Kleinsasser, R. C. (2015). Exploring EFL teachers’ CALL knowledge and competencies: In-service program perspectives. Language Learning & Technology, 19, 119–138.
Liu, S., Liu, H., Yu, Y., Li, Y., & Wen, T. (2014). TPACK: A new dimension to EFL teachers’ PCK. Journal of Education and Human Development, 3(2), 681–693.
Maddux, C., & Cummings, R. (2004). Fad, fashion, and the weak role of theory and research in information technology in education. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 12(4), 511–533.
Mahmoodi, M., Rashtchi, M., & Abbasian, G.-R. (2020). Efficacy of In-service Education and Training (INSET) courses in improving EFL teachers’ Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK). Journal of Modern Research in English Language Studies, 8(1), 31–54. https://doi.org/10.30479/jmrels.2019.11373.1416
Mei, B., Brown, G. T. L., & Teo, T. (2018). Toward an understanding of pre-service English as a Foreign Language teachers’ acceptance of computer-assisted language learning in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 56(1), 74–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117700144
Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x
Moore-Admas, B. L., Jones, W. M., & Cohen, J. (2016). Learning to teach online: A systematic review of the literature on K-12 teacher preparation for teaching online. Distance Education, 37(3), 333–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2016.1232158
Najjari, R., Abbasian, Gh., & Yazdanimoghaddam, M. (2021). Assessment and development of Iranian EFL teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-222355/v1
Oomen-Early, J., & Murphy, L. (2009). Self-actualization and e-learning: A qualitative investigation of university faculty's perceived barriers to effective online instruction. International Journal on E-Learning, 8(2), 223–240.
Palardy, G. J., & Rumberger, R. W. (2008). Teacher effectiveness in first grade: The importance of background qualifications, attitudes, and instructional practices for student learning. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 30(2), 111–140. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373708317680
Parker, A. (2003). Motivation and incentives for distance faculty. Online Journal of Distance Education Administration, 6(3), 1–18.
Patrick, P. K., & Yick, A. G. (2005). Standardizing the interview process and developing a faculty interview rubric: An effective method to recruit and retain online instructors. The Internet and Higher Education, 8(3), 199–212. https://doi .org/10.1016/ j.iheduc.20 05.06 .002
Raygan, A., & Moradkhani, S. (2020). Factors influencing technology integration in an EFL context: Investigating EFL teachers’ attitudes, TPACK level, and educational climate. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1–22. https://doi.org/10 .1080/0 9588 221.2020.1839106
Sarıçoban, A., Tosuncuoğlu, İ., & Kırmızı, Ö. (2019). A technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) assessment of pre-service EFL teachers learning to teach English as a foreign language. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(3), 1122–1138. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.631552
Sezer, B. (2015). Examining techno-pedagogical knowledge competencies of teachers in terms of some variables. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.648
Shulman, L. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x015002004
Terhart, E. (2011). Has John Hattie really found the holy grail of research on teaching? An extended review of visible learning. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 43(3), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2011.576774
Voogt, J., Fisser, P., Tondeur, J., & van Braak, J. (2016). Using theoretical perspectives in developing understanding of TPACK. In M.C. Heering, M. J. Koehler, & P. Mishra (Eds.), Handbook of technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPCK) for educators (pp. 33–52). Routledge.
Wu, Y., & Wang, A. (2015). Technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge in teaching English as a Foreign language: Representation of primary teachers of English in Taiwan. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24(3), 525–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-015-0240-7
Zhao, Y., Pugh, K., Sheldon, S., & Byers, J. L. (2002). Conditions for classroom technology innovations. Teachers College Record, 104(3), 482–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9620.00170