تغییر در خصوصیات کمی و کیفی سرخارگل (Echinacea Purpurea L.) تحت براسینولید و سورفکتانت در پاسخ به تنش خشکی
الموضوعات :
1 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح‌نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مهاباد، مهاباد، ایران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: اسانس, پرولین, سرخارگل, قندهای محلول, محلول‌پاشی.,
ملخص المقالة :
خشکسالی، یکی از عوامل محدود کننده عمده اکولوژیکی، تأثیر بسزایی بر رشد و فرآیند متابولیک ثانویه گیاهان دارویی دارد. تنش آبی باعث کاهش اندازه، تراکم، کاهش سطح برگ گیاه و کاهش زیست توده می‌شود و نه تنها گیاه را از نظر ساختاری تغییر می‌دهد، بلکه منجر به نوسانات ترکیبات شیمیایی ثانویه آنها می‌شود. مطالعه حاضر به بررسی تأثیر استفاده از براسینولیدها و سورفکتانت بر تحمل تنش خشکی بر گیاه دارویی سرخارگل در دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی مهاباد طی 1397-1396 اجرا شد. عوامل مورد مطالعه شامل خشکی در سه سطح آبیاری 70، 120 و 170 میلی متری تبخیر از تشتک کلاس A به عنوان فاکتور اصلی، مصرف سورفکتانت در دو سطح (0 و 5/0 لیتر در هکتار) و 24-اپی براسینولید در سه سطح (0 (شاهد)، 01/0 و 1/0 میکرومول) به‌عنوان فاکتور فرعی بودند. بر اساس نتایج مطالعه حاضر، تنش خشکی نقش تعیین‌کننده‌ای در کاهش ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی گیاه دارویی سرخارگل داشت، همچنین اثرات اصلی براسینولید، محلول سورفکتانت و تنش خشکی با توجه بر محتوای قندهای محلول، پرولین، گلیسین بتائین اسیدهای آمینه، لیزین و متیونین معنی‌دار بودند. با توجه به محدودیت منابع آبی، آبیاری پس از 120 میلی متر، استفاده از براسینولید و سورفکتانت می‌تواند نقش مثبتی در رفع خسارات تنش خشکی داشته باشد. علاوه بر این، براسینولید و سورفکتانت منجر به افزایش تحمل به تنش خشکی در گیاه دارویی سرخارگل شد که منجر به مقاومت نسبی به خشکی و پایداری عملکرد ماده خشک گیاه و اسانس آن شد.
المصادر:
Agami, R.A. (2013). Alleviating the adverse effects of NaCl stress in maize seedlings by pretreating seeds with salicylic acid and 24-epibrassinolide. South African Journal Botany. 88: 171–177. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.07.019.
Ahmadi Mousavi, E.A.S., Manouchehri Kalantari, K. and Torkzadeh, M. (2006). Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on lipid peroxidation, proline, sugar and photosynthesis pigments content of canola (Brassica napus L.) under water stress. Irannian Journal Bioloy. 18: 295-306.
Ahmadi, K. and Omidi, H. (2018). The effect of drought stress on physiological traits, peroxidase activity and grain yield of five populations of Lallemantia royleana Benth. Irannian Journal Med Aromatic Plants Research. 34: 412–429. DOI: 10.22092/ijmapr.2018.115298.2128.
Ahmed, I.M., Cao, F., Han, Y., Nadira, U.A., Zhang, G. and Wu, F. (2013). Differential changes in grain ultrastructure, amylase, protein and amino acid profiles between Tibetan wild and cultivated barleys under drought and salinity alone and combined stress. Food Chemistry. 141: 2743–2750. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.101.
Al-Huqail, A., El-Dakak, R.M., Sanad, M.N., Badr, R.H., Ibrahim, M.M., Soliman, D. and Khan, F. (2020). Effects of climate temperature and water stress on plant growth and accumulation of antioxidant compounds in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leafy vegetable. Scientifca 2020. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3808909.
Alian, A., Altman, A. and Heuer, B. (2000). Genotypic difference in salinity and water stress tolerance of fresh market tomato cultivars. Plant Science. 152: 59–65.
Alizadeh, A. (2008). Soil - water - plant relation ship (Book in pearsian).Published by Ferdowsi university Mashhad. 470.Pp.
Baajguz, A. and Hayat, S. (2009). Effects of brassinosteroids on the plant responses to environmental stresses. Plant Physiology Biochemistry. 47: 1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.10.002.
Babaee, K., Amini Dehaghi, M., Modares Sanavi, S.A.M. and Jabbari, R. (2010). Water deficit effect on morphology, prolin content and thymol percentage of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Iran J Med Aromat Plants Resarch. 26: 239–251. DOI: 10.22092/ijmapr.2010.6939.
Bajguz, A. (2000). Effect of brassinosteroids on nucleic acids and protein content in cultured cells of Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiology Biochemistry. 38: 209–215. DOI: 10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00733-6
Basu, P.S., Ali, M. and Chaturvedi, S.K. (2007). Osmotic adjustment increases water uptake, remobilization of assimilates and maintains photosynthesis in chickpea under drought. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 45: 261-267.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil. 39: 205–207. DOI: 10.1007/BF00018060.
Bayer, C. (2007). Proper proline management needed for effective results. Journal Med Chemistry. 18, 10–25.
Chaichi, M.R., Nurre, P., Slaven, J. and Rostamza, M. (2015). Surfactant application on yield and irrigation water use efficiency in corn under limited irrigation. Crop Science. 55: 386–393. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2013.10.0706.
Farhoudi, R. and Modhej, A. (2018). Effect of drought stress on seed yield, essential oil yield and ability of reactive oxygen species scavenging in Nigella sativa L. ecotypes. Iran Journal Med Aromat Plants Resarch. 34: 510–526. DOI: 10.22092/ijmapr.2018.116805.2224.
Ferrel, R.E., Fellers, D.A. and Shepherd, A.D. (1969). Determination of free lysine and methio-nine in amino acid-fortified wheat. Cereal Chemistry. 46: 614–620.
Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G., Pedro, L.G. and Scheffer, J.J.C. (2008). Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Fragr Journal. 23: 213–226. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1875.
Ghaffari Nejad, S.A., Nourgholipour, F. and Gheybi, M.N. (2020). Biostimulants and their roles in plant physiology, nutrient absorption, and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Manag Journal. 8(1): 47–67. DOI: 10.22092/lmj.2020.122310.
Ghilavizadeh, A., Hadidi Masooleh, E., Zakerin, H.R. and Valadabadi, S. A. (2021). Effect of drought stress and different concentrations of salicylic acid on yield, yield components and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Journal of Agroecology. 13(1): 89-101. DOI: 10.22067/jag.v12i3.77417
Gomes, F.P., Oliva, M.A., Mielke, M.S., Almeida, A.A.F. and Aquino, L.A. (2010). Osmotic adjustment, proline accumulation and cell membrane stability in leaves of Cocos nucifera submitted to drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae. 126: 379–384. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2010.07.036.
Grattan, S.R., and Grieve, C.M. (1992). Mineral element acquisition and growth response of plants grown in saline environments. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 38: 275–300. DOI: 10.1016/0167-8809(92)90151-Z.
Gupta, A., Rico-Medina, A. and Cano-Delgado, A.I. (2020). The physiology of plant responses to drought. Science. 368: 266–269. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7614
Haghighi, M., Saadat, Sh. and Abbey, L. (2020). Effect of exogenous amino acids application on growth and nutritional value of cabbage under drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae. 272: 109561. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109561.
Heidari, N. (2015). Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, its parameters and relative water content of anise (Pimpinella anisum L. Journal Plant Resarch Iran Journal Biology. 27: 829–839.
Heidarpour, O., Esmaeeli pour, B., Soltani, A. and Khorramdel, S. (2020). Effect of vermicompost on morphophysiological, biochemical and yield characteristics of summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Agroecology. 12(3): 507-522. DOI: 10.22067/jag.v12i3.79634.
Hoekstra, F.A., Golovina, E. A. and Buitink, J. (2001). Mechanisms of plant desiccation tolerance. Trends Plant Science. 6, 431–438. DOI: 10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02052-0.
Hu, Y. and Schmidhalter, U. (2005). Drought and salinity: a comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants. Journal Plant Nutr Soil Science. 168: 541–549.
Hwang, M.N. and Ederer, G.M. (1975). Rapid hippurate hydrolysis method for presumptive identification of group B streptococci. Journal Clin Microbiology. 1: 114 LP – 115.
Iannucci, A., Russo, M., Arena, L., Di Fonzo, N. and Martiniello, P. (2002). Water deficit effects on osmotic adjustment and solute accumulation in leaves of annual clovers. European Journal of Agronomy. 16: 111–122. DOI: 10.1016/S1161-0301(01)00121-6.
Irigoyen, J.J., Einerich, D.W. and Sánchez‐Díaz, M. (1992). Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativd) plants. Physiology Plant. 84: 55–60.
Kage, H., Kochler, M. and Stützel, H. (2004). Root growth and dry matter partitioning of cauliflower under drought stress conditions: measurement and simulation. European Journal of Agronomy. 20: 379–394. DOI: 10.1016/S1161-0301(03)00061-3.
Khazaie, H.R., Nadjafi, F. and Bannayan, M. (2008). Effect of irrigation frequency and planting density on herbage biomass and oil production of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Industrial Crops and Products. 27: 315–321. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.11.007.
Khorasaninejad, S., Ahmadabadi, A.A. and Hemmati, Kh. (2018). The effect of humic acid on leaf morphophysiological and phytochemical properties of Echinacea purpurea L. under water deficit stress. Scieence Horticulturae. 239: 314-323. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.03.015.
Knudsen, D., Peterson, G.A. and Pratt, P.F. (1983). Lithium, sodium, and potassium. Methods Soil Anal Part 2 Chem Microbiol Prop. 9: 225–246. DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c13.
Lošák, T., Hlušek, J., Filipčík, R., Pospíšilová, L., Maňásek, J., Prokeš, K., Buňka, F., Kráčmar, S., Mårtensson, A. M. and Orosz, F. (2010). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on metabolisms of essential and non-essential amino acids in field-grown grain maize (Zea mays L.). Plant, Soil Environment. 56: 574-579. DOI: 10.17221/288/2010-PSE.
Lum, M.S., Hanafi, M.M., Rafii, Y.M. and Akmar, A.S.N. (2014). Effect of drought stress on growth, proline and antioxidant enzyme activities of upland rice. Journal Animal Plant Science. 24, 1487–1493.
Maia, J.M., De Macedo, C.E.C., Voigt, E.L., Freitas, J.B.S. and Silveira J.A.G. (2010). Antioxidative enzymatic protection in leaves of two contrasting cowpea cultivars under salinity. Biology Plant. 54:159–163. DOI: 10.1007/s10535-010-0026-y.
Maleki, M., Sobhanian, H., Yazdanpanah, E., Maleki, A. (2022). The effect of salicylic acid on the yield of vegetative organs and active ingredients of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under drought stress. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 17(66):89-107. DOI: 10.30495/iper.2022.1952614.1773.
Murphy, J. and Riley, J.P. (1962). A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta. 27: 31–36. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5.
Omidbaigi, R. (2005). Production and processing of medicinal plants. Beh-Nashr: Mashhad 210–225.
Özdemir, F., Bor M, Demiral, T. and Türkan, İ. (2004). Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on seed germination, seedling growth, lipid peroxidation, proline content and antioxidative system of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salinity stress. Plant Growth Regulation. 42: 203–211. DOI: B:GROW.0000026509.25995.13.
Rampino, P., Pataleo, S., Gerardi, C., Mita, G. and Perrotta, C. (2006). Drought stress response in wheat: physiological and molecular analysis of resistant and sensitive genotypes. Plant Cell Environment. 29: 2143–2152. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01588.x.
Rezaei Chiyaneh, E., Zehtab Salmasi, S., Golezani Ghassemi, K. and Delazar, A. (2013). Effect of irrigation treatments on yield and yield components of three fennel (Foenicolum vulgare L.) landraces. Journal Agriculture Science Sustain Prod. 22: 57–71.
Roje, S. (2006). S-Adenosyl-L-methionine: beyond the universal methyl group donor. Phyto. 67: 1686–1698. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.04.019.
Sardans, J. and Peñuelas, J. (2008). Drought changes nutrient sources, content and stoichiometry in the bryophyte Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. growing in a Mediterranean forest. Journal of Bryology. 30: 59–65. DOI: 10.1179/174328208X281987.
Selah Varzi, Y., Tehrani, A. and Gazanchian, A. (2008). Physiomorphological changes under drought stress and rewatering in endemic and exotic turfgrasses. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9: 193–204.
Shiponi, S. and Bernstein, N. (2021). Response of medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) genotypes to P supply under long photoperiod: Functional phenotyping and the ionome. Industrial Crops and Products. 161: 113154. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113154.
Showler, A.T. and Castro, B.A. (2010). Influence of drought stress on Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) oviposition preference in sugarcane. Crop Protection. 29: 415–421. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2009.07.014.
Song, J.T., Lu, H. and Greenberg, J.T. (2004). Divergent roles in Arabidopsis thaliana development and defense of two homologous genes, aberrant growth and death2 and agd2-like defense response protein1, encoding novel aminotransferases. Plant Cell. 16, 353–366. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.019372.
Soroori, S., Danaee, E., Hemmati, K. and Ladan Moghadam, A. (2022). Effect of spermidine foliar application on some morphophysiological traits and secondary metabolites of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under drought stress. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology 17(66): 108-125. DOI: 10.30495/iper.2022.690251.
Swamy, K.N. and Rao, S.S.R. (2009). Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on growth, photosynthesis, and essential oil content of Pelargonium graveolens (L.) Herit. Russian Journal Plant Physiology. 56:616–620. DOI: 10.1134/S1021443709050057
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2006). Plant Physiology Sinauer Associates. Inc., Publ. 764p.
Wei, Z., and Li, J. (2016). Brassinosteroids regulate root growth, development, and symbiosis. Mol Plant. 9: 86–100.
Xu, Ch. and Leskovar, D.I. (2015). Effects of A. nodosum seaweed extracts on spinach growth, physiologyand nutrition value under drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae. 183, 39–47.
Yaang, X. (2008). Effects of a nonionic surfactant on plant growth and physiology. PhD Thesis, Faculty of University, Auburn of Alabama.
Yang, W., Rich, P.J., Axtell, J.D., Wood, K.V., Bonham, C.C., Ejeta, G., Mickelbart, M.V. and Rhodes, D. (2003). Genotypic variation for glycinebetaine in sorghum. Crop Science. 43: 162–169. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2003.1620.
Zhaang, S., Cai, Z. and Wang, X. (2009). The primary signaling outputs of brassinosteroids are regulated by abscisic acid signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106: 4543–4548. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900349106.
Zhang, M., Zhai, Z., Tian, X., Duan, L. and Li, Z. (2008). Brassinolide alleviated the adverse effect of water deficits on photosynthesis and the antioxidant of soybean (Glycine max L.). Plant Growth Regulation. 56: 257–264. DOI: 10.1007/s10725-008-9305-4.
Agami, R.A. (2013). Alleviating the adverse effects of NaCl stress in maize seedlings by pretreating seeds with salicylic acid and 24-epibrassinolide. South African Journal Botany. 88: 171–177. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.07.019.
Ahmadi Mousavi, E.A.S., Manouchehri Kalantari, K. and Torkzadeh, M. (2006). Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on lipid peroxidation, proline, sugar and photosynthesis pigments content of canola (Brassica napus L.) under water stress. Irannian Journal Bioloy. 18: 295-306.
Ahmadi, K. and Omidi, H. (2018). The effect of drought stress on physiological traits, peroxidase activity and grain yield of five populations of Lallemantia royleana Benth. Irannian Journal Med Aromatic Plants Research. 34: 412–429. DOI: 10.22092/ijmapr.2018.115298.2128.
Ahmed, I.M., Cao, F., Han, Y., Nadira, U.A., Zhang, G. and Wu, F. (2013). Differential changes in grain ultrastructure, amylase, protein and amino acid profiles between Tibetan wild and cultivated barleys under drought and salinity alone and combined stress. Food Chemistry. 141: 2743–2750. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.101.
Al-Huqail, A., El-Dakak, R.M., Sanad, M.N., Badr, R.H., Ibrahim, M.M., Soliman, D. and Khan, F. (2020). Effects of climate temperature and water stress on plant growth and accumulation of antioxidant compounds in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leafy vegetable. Scientifca 2020. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3808909.
Alian, A., Altman, A. and Heuer, B. (2000). Genotypic difference in salinity and water stress tolerance of fresh market tomato cultivars. Plant Science. 152: 59–65.
Alizadeh, A. (2008). Soil - water - plant relation ship (Book in pearsian).Published by Ferdowsi university Mashhad. 470.Pp.
Baajguz, A. and Hayat, S. (2009). Effects of brassinosteroids on the plant responses to environmental stresses. Plant Physiology Biochemistry. 47: 1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.10.002.
Babaee, K., Amini Dehaghi, M., Modares Sanavi, S.A.M. and Jabbari, R. (2010). Water deficit effect on morphology, prolin content and thymol percentage of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Iran J Med Aromat Plants Resarch. 26: 239–251. DOI: 10.22092/ijmapr.2010.6939.
Bajguz, A. (2000). Effect of brassinosteroids on nucleic acids and protein content in cultured cells of Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiology Biochemistry. 38: 209–215. DOI: 10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00733-6
Basu, P.S., Ali, M. and Chaturvedi, S.K. (2007). Osmotic adjustment increases water uptake, remobilization of assimilates and maintains photosynthesis in chickpea under drought. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 45: 261-267.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil. 39: 205–207. DOI: 10.1007/BF00018060.
Bayer, C. (2007). Proper proline management needed for effective results. Journal Med Chemistry. 18, 10–25.
Chaichi, M.R., Nurre, P., Slaven, J. and Rostamza, M. (2015). Surfactant application on yield and irrigation water use efficiency in corn under limited irrigation. Crop Science. 55: 386–393. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2013.10.0706.
Farhoudi, R. and Modhej, A. (2018). Effect of drought stress on seed yield, essential oil yield and ability of reactive oxygen species scavenging in Nigella sativa L. ecotypes. Iran Journal Med Aromat Plants Resarch. 34: 510–526. DOI: 10.22092/ijmapr.2018.116805.2224.
Ferrel, R.E., Fellers, D.A. and Shepherd, A.D. (1969). Determination of free lysine and methio-nine in amino acid-fortified wheat. Cereal Chemistry. 46: 614–620.
Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G., Pedro, L.G. and Scheffer, J.J.C. (2008). Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Fragr Journal. 23: 213–226. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1875.
Ghaffari Nejad, S.A., Nourgholipour, F. and Gheybi, M.N. (2020). Biostimulants and their roles in plant physiology, nutrient absorption, and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Manag Journal. 8(1): 47–67. DOI: 10.22092/lmj.2020.122310.
Ghilavizadeh, A., Hadidi Masooleh, E., Zakerin, H.R. and Valadabadi, S. A. (2021). Effect of drought stress and different concentrations of salicylic acid on yield, yield components and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Journal of Agroecology. 13(1): 89-101. DOI: 10.22067/jag.v12i3.77417
Gomes, F.P., Oliva, M.A., Mielke, M.S., Almeida, A.A.F. and Aquino, L.A. (2010). Osmotic adjustment, proline accumulation and cell membrane stability in leaves of Cocos nucifera submitted to drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae. 126: 379–384. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2010.07.036.
Grattan, S.R., and Grieve, C.M. (1992). Mineral element acquisition and growth response of plants grown in saline environments. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 38: 275–300. DOI: 10.1016/0167-8809(92)90151-Z.
Gupta, A., Rico-Medina, A. and Cano-Delgado, A.I. (2020). The physiology of plant responses to drought. Science. 368: 266–269. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7614
Haghighi, M., Saadat, Sh. and Abbey, L. (2020). Effect of exogenous amino acids application on growth and nutritional value of cabbage under drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae. 272: 109561. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109561.
Heidari, N. (2015). Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, its parameters and relative water content of anise (Pimpinella anisum L. Journal Plant Resarch Iran Journal Biology. 27: 829–839.
Heidarpour, O., Esmaeeli pour, B., Soltani, A. and Khorramdel, S. (2020). Effect of vermicompost on morphophysiological, biochemical and yield characteristics of summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Agroecology. 12(3): 507-522. DOI: 10.22067/jag.v12i3.79634.
Hoekstra, F.A., Golovina, E. A. and Buitink, J. (2001). Mechanisms of plant desiccation tolerance. Trends Plant Science. 6, 431–438. DOI: 10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02052-0.
Hu, Y. and Schmidhalter, U. (2005). Drought and salinity: a comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants. Journal Plant Nutr Soil Science. 168: 541–549.
Hwang, M.N. and Ederer, G.M. (1975). Rapid hippurate hydrolysis method for presumptive identification of group B streptococci. Journal Clin Microbiology. 1: 114 LP – 115.
Iannucci, A., Russo, M., Arena, L., Di Fonzo, N. and Martiniello, P. (2002). Water deficit effects on osmotic adjustment and solute accumulation in leaves of annual clovers. European Journal of Agronomy. 16: 111–122. DOI: 10.1016/S1161-0301(01)00121-6.
Irigoyen, J.J., Einerich, D.W. and Sánchez‐Díaz, M. (1992). Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativd) plants. Physiology Plant. 84: 55–60.
Kage, H., Kochler, M. and Stützel, H. (2004). Root growth and dry matter partitioning of cauliflower under drought stress conditions: measurement and simulation. European Journal of Agronomy. 20: 379–394. DOI: 10.1016/S1161-0301(03)00061-3.
Khazaie, H.R., Nadjafi, F. and Bannayan, M. (2008). Effect of irrigation frequency and planting density on herbage biomass and oil production of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Industrial Crops and Products. 27: 315–321. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.11.007.
Khorasaninejad, S., Ahmadabadi, A.A. and Hemmati, Kh. (2018). The effect of humic acid on leaf morphophysiological and phytochemical properties of Echinacea purpurea L. under water deficit stress. Scieence Horticulturae. 239: 314-323. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.03.015.
Knudsen, D., Peterson, G.A. and Pratt, P.F. (1983). Lithium, sodium, and potassium. Methods Soil Anal Part 2 Chem Microbiol Prop. 9: 225–246. DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c13.
Lošák, T., Hlušek, J., Filipčík, R., Pospíšilová, L., Maňásek, J., Prokeš, K., Buňka, F., Kráčmar, S., Mårtensson, A. M. and Orosz, F. (2010). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on metabolisms of essential and non-essential amino acids in field-grown grain maize (Zea mays L.). Plant, Soil Environment. 56: 574-579. DOI: 10.17221/288/2010-PSE.
Lum, M.S., Hanafi, M.M., Rafii, Y.M. and Akmar, A.S.N. (2014). Effect of drought stress on growth, proline and antioxidant enzyme activities of upland rice. Journal Animal Plant Science. 24, 1487–1493.
Maia, J.M., De Macedo, C.E.C., Voigt, E.L., Freitas, J.B.S. and Silveira J.A.G. (2010). Antioxidative enzymatic protection in leaves of two contrasting cowpea cultivars under salinity. Biology Plant. 54:159–163. DOI: 10.1007/s10535-010-0026-y.
Maleki, M., Sobhanian, H., Yazdanpanah, E., Maleki, A. (2022). The effect of salicylic acid on the yield of vegetative organs and active ingredients of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under drought stress. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 17(66):89-107. DOI: 10.30495/iper.2022.1952614.1773.
Murphy, J. and Riley, J.P. (1962). A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta. 27: 31–36. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5.
Omidbaigi, R. (2005). Production and processing of medicinal plants. Beh-Nashr: Mashhad 210–225.
Özdemir, F., Bor M, Demiral, T. and Türkan, İ. (2004). Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on seed germination, seedling growth, lipid peroxidation, proline content and antioxidative system of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salinity stress. Plant Growth Regulation. 42: 203–211. DOI: B:GROW.0000026509.25995.13.
Rampino, P., Pataleo, S., Gerardi, C., Mita, G. and Perrotta, C. (2006). Drought stress response in wheat: physiological and molecular analysis of resistant and sensitive genotypes. Plant Cell Environment. 29: 2143–2152. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01588.x.
Rezaei Chiyaneh, E., Zehtab Salmasi, S., Golezani Ghassemi, K. and Delazar, A. (2013). Effect of irrigation treatments on yield and yield components of three fennel (Foenicolum vulgare L.) landraces. Journal Agriculture Science Sustain Prod. 22: 57–71.
Roje, S. (2006). S-Adenosyl-L-methionine: beyond the universal methyl group donor. Phyto. 67: 1686–1698. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.04.019.
Sardans, J. and Peñuelas, J. (2008). Drought changes nutrient sources, content and stoichiometry in the bryophyte Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. growing in a Mediterranean forest. Journal of Bryology. 30: 59–65. DOI: 10.1179/174328208X281987.
Selah Varzi, Y., Tehrani, A. and Gazanchian, A. (2008). Physiomorphological changes under drought stress and rewatering in endemic and exotic turfgrasses. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9: 193–204.
Shiponi, S. and Bernstein, N. (2021). Response of medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) genotypes to P supply under long photoperiod: Functional phenotyping and the ionome. Industrial Crops and Products. 161: 113154. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113154.
Showler, A.T. and Castro, B.A. (2010). Influence of drought stress on Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) oviposition preference in sugarcane. Crop Protection. 29: 415–421. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2009.07.014.
Song, J.T., Lu, H. and Greenberg, J.T. (2004). Divergent roles in Arabidopsis thaliana development and defense of two homologous genes, aberrant growth and death2 and agd2-like defense response protein1, encoding novel aminotransferases. Plant Cell. 16, 353–366. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.019372.
Soroori, S., Danaee, E., Hemmati, K. and Ladan Moghadam, A. (2022). Effect of spermidine foliar application on some morphophysiological traits and secondary metabolites of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under drought stress. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology 17(66): 108-125. DOI: 10.30495/iper.2022.690251.
Swamy, K.N. and Rao, S.S.R. (2009). Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on growth, photosynthesis, and essential oil content of Pelargonium graveolens (L.) Herit. Russian Journal Plant Physiology. 56:616–620. DOI: 10.1134/S1021443709050057
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2006). Plant Physiology Sinauer Associates. Inc., Publ. 764p.
Wei, Z., and Li, J. (2016). Brassinosteroids regulate root growth, development, and symbiosis. Mol Plant. 9: 86–100.
Xu, Ch. and Leskovar, D.I. (2015). Effects of A. nodosum seaweed extracts on spinach growth, physiologyand nutrition value under drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae. 183, 39–47.
Yaang, X. (2008). Effects of a nonionic surfactant on plant growth and physiology. PhD Thesis, Faculty of University, Auburn of Alabama.
Yang, W., Rich, P.J., Axtell, J.D., Wood, K.V., Bonham, C.C., Ejeta, G., Mickelbart, M.V. and Rhodes, D. (2003). Genotypic variation for glycinebetaine in sorghum. Crop Science. 43: 162–169. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2003.1620.
Zhaang, S., Cai, Z. and Wang, X. (2009). The primary signaling outputs of brassinosteroids are regulated by abscisic acid signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106: 4543–4548. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900349106.
Zhang, M., Zhai, Z., Tian, X., Duan, L. and Li, Z. (2008). Brassinolide alleviated the adverse effect of water deficits on photosynthesis and the antioxidant of soybean (Glycine max L.). Plant Growth Regulation. 56: 257–264. DOI: 10.1007/s10725-008-9305-4.
