بررسی مقایسه‌ای فراوانی و شدت نوزموزیس بر اساس نمونه‌های تکی و ترکیبی زنبورهای زنده در زنبورستان‌های شهرستان‌های استان آذربایجان‌شرقی
الموضوعات :عباس ایمانی باران 1 , غلامرضا حمیدیان 2
1 - دانشیار گروه پاتوبیولوژی، دانشکدۀ دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
2 - دانشیار گروه علوم پایه، دانشکدۀ دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: فراوانی, شدت, نوزموزیس, نمونه‌برداری تکی, نمونه‌برداری ترکیبی,
ملخص المقالة :
به دلیل نبود یک روش استاندارد بین‌المللی برای تعیین فراوانی، شیوع و شدت نوزموزیس، هنوز از روش های نمونه برداری تکی یا ترکیبی استفاده می کنند. هدف از انجام مطالعۀ حاضر، بررسی مقایسه ای فراوانی و شدت نوزموزیس بر اساس روش های فوق در زنبورستان‌های استان آذربایجان شرقی بود. بدین منظور، به طور تصادفی 5 زنبورستان واقع در 5 شهرستان استان آذربایجان شرقی انتخاب شدند. تعداد 3 کندو از هر زنبورستان و 10 زنبور از هر کندو (به طور مساوی از داخل و خارج کندو) برای هر روش نمونه‌برداری جمع آوری شدند. برای تعیین فراوانی، وجود اسپور در نمونه ها ارزیابی شد. برای تعیین شدت، در نمونه های تکی تعداد اسپور در یک زنبور و در نمونه های ترکیبی میانگین تعداد اسپور به ازای هر زنبور محاسبه شد. در هر 2 روش، فراوانی 100 درصد برای تمام نمونه ها به دست آمد. برای مقایسه شدت آلودگی در شهرستان ها در هر 2 روش نمونه برداریاز آزمون آنالیز واریانس یک‌طرفه و پس آزمون توکی استفاده شد. برای مقایسه نتایج حاصله در 2 روش، به طورکلی و هم به طور جداگانه در هر شهرستان، از آزمون t مستقل استفاده گردید. در هر 2 روش بیش ترین شدت نوزموزیس مربوط به نمونه های تبریز بود (05/0p<)، ولی در روش نمونه برداری تکی، شدت آلودگی در نمونه های اسکو به طور معنی داری پایین بود (001/0p<). هم چنین در مقایسه 2 روش نمونه‌برداری، از نظر آماری تفاوتی بین روش نمونه برداری در کل و حتی در یک شهرستان وجود نداشت (05/0p>). در نمونه های تکی، در مجموع، شدت بیماری در زنبورهای خارج از کندو بیش تر بود. بر اساس میانگین حاصله، شدت نوزموزیس در نمونه های ترکیبی، به مراتب بیشتر از نمونه های تکی بود.
المصادر:
Anzabi, Y. and Shaghaghi, S. (2015). In vitro evaluation of antibacterial properties of propolis alcoholic extract on bovine mastitis isolates. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 9(34): 117-129. [In Persian]
Bailey, L. (1954). The control of nosema disease. Bee World, 35(6): 111-113.
Bailey, L. (1955). The epidemiology and control of nosema disease of the honey bee. Annals of Applied Biology, 43(1-2): 379-389.
Bailey, L. (1959). The natural mechanism of suppression of Nosema apis in enzootically infected colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus. Journal of Insect Pathology, 1(4): 347-350.
Botías, C., Martín-Hernández, R., Barrios, L., Meana, A. and Higes, M. (2013). Nosema spp. infection and its negative effects on honey bees (Apis mellifera iberiensis) at the colony level. Veterinary Research, 44(25):1-14.
Cantwell, G.E. (1970). Standard methods for counting Nosema spores. American Bee Journal, 110: 222-223.
Chauzat, M.P., Higes, M., Martín-Hernández, R., Meana, A., Cougoule, N. and Faucon, J.P. (2007). Presence of Nosema ceranae in French honey bee colonies. Journal of Apicultural Research, 46(2): 127-128.
Chen, Y., Evans, J.D., Zhou, L. and Boncristiani, H. (2009). Asymmetrical coexistence of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 101(3): 204-209.
Choobkar, N., Sari, A., Bolandnazar, A.R., Heshmati, H., Mohammadi, F., Shahbazian, N., et al. (2014). The effect of different concentrations of bee propolis on skin wound healing and immune response and survival of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 7(28): 300-312. [In Persian]
Cilia, G., Sagona, S., Giusti, M., dos Santos, P.E.J., Nanetti, A. and Felicioli, A. (2019). Nosema ceranae infection in honeybee samples from Tuscanian Archipelago (Central Italy) investigated by two qPCR methods. Saudi Journal of Biology Sciences, 26(7): 1553-1556.
Copley, T.R., Giovenazzo, P. and Jabaji, S.H. (2012). Detection of Nosema apis and ceranae in honeybee bottom scraps and frass in naturally infected hives. Apidologie, 43: 753-760.
Doull, K.M. (1965). The effects of time of day and method of sampling on the determination of nosema disease in beehives. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 7(1): 1-4.
Doull, K.M. and Eckert, J.E. (1962). A survey of the incidence of Nosema disease in California. Journal of Economic Entomology, 55(3): 313-317.
Doull, K.M. and Cellier, K.M. (1961) A survey of the incidence of Nosema disease (Nosema apis Zander) in honey bees in South Australia. Journal of Insect Pathology 3(3): 280-288.
Emsen, B., Guzman-Novoa, E., Hamiduzzaman, M.M., Eccles, L., Lacey, B., Ruiz-Pérez, R.A., et al (2016). Higher prevalence and levels of Nosema ceranae than Nosema apis infections in Canadian honey bee colonies. Parasitology Research, 115(1): 175-181.
Fries, I. (2010). Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103: 73-79.
Fries, I., Chauzat, M.P., Chen, Y.P., Doublet, V., Genersch, E., Gisder, S., et al. (2013). Standard methods for Nosema research. Journal of Apicultural Research, 52(1):1-28.
Fries, I., Ekbohm, G. and Villumstad, E. (1984). Nosema apis, sampling techniques and honey yield. Journal of Apicultural Research, 23(2): 102-105.
Gisder, S., Hedtke, K., Mockel, N., Frielitz, M.C., Linde, A. and Genersch, E. (2010). Five-Year cohort study of Nosema spp. in Germany: Does climate shape virulence and assertiveness of Nosema ceranae? Applied Environmental Microbiology, 76(9): 3032-3038.
Gochnauer, T.A. and Fumidil, B. (1957). Nosema control in wintering colonies. Glean. Bee Culture, 85: 528-529.
Hamiduzzaman, M.M., Guzmán-Novoa, E. and Goodwin, P.H. (2010). A multiplex PCR assay to diagnose and quantify Nosema infections in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Invertebrate Patholology, 105(2): 151-155.
Higes, M., García-Palenci, P., Martín-Hernández, R. and Meana, A. (2007). Experimental infection of Apis mellifera honey bees with the microsporidia Nosema ceranae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 94(3): 211-217.
Higes, M., Martín-Hernández, R., Botías, C., Bailón, E.G., González-Porto, A.V., Barrios, L., et al. (2008). How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. Environmental Microbiology, 10(1): 2659-2669.
Higes, M., Martín-Hernández, R. and Meana, A. (2010). Nosema ceranae in Europe: an emergent type C nosemosis. Apidologie, 41(3): 375-392.
Langridge, D.F. (1961). Nosema disease of the honeybee and some investigations into its control in Victoria, Australia. Bee World, 42(2): 36-40.
L'Arrivee, J.C.M. (1963). Comparison of composite versus individual bee sampling for Nosema apis Journal of Insect Pathology, 5(4): 349-355.
Meana, A., Martín-Hernández, R. and Higes, M. (2010). The reliability of spore counts to diagnose Nosema ceranae infections in honey bees. Journal of Apicultural Research, 49(2): 212-214.
Mulholland, G.E., Traver, B.E., Johnson, N.G. and Fell, R.D. (2012). Individual variability of Nosema ceranae infections in Apis mellifera colonies. Insects, 3(4): 1143-1155.
Ostroverkhova, N.V., Konusova, O.L., Kucher, A.N., Kireeva, T.N. and Rosseykina, S.A. (2020). Prevalence of the microsporidian Nosema spp. in honey bee populations (Apis mellifera) in some ecological regions of north Asia. Veterinary Sciences, 7(3): 111.
Özkırım, A., Schiesser, A. and Keskin, N. (2019). Dynamics of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae co-infection seasonally in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Journal of Apicultral Sciences, 63(1): 41-48.
Papini, R., Mancianti, F., Canovai, R., Cosci, F., Rocchigiani, G., Benelli, G., et al. (2017). Prevalence of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae in honeybee (Apis mellifera) apiaries in central Italy. Saudi Journal of Biolology Sciences, 24(5): 979-982.
Paxton, R.J., Klee, J. and Korpela, S. (2007). Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis. Apidologie, 38(6): 558-565.
Pickard, R.S. and El-Shemy, A.A.M. (1989). Seasonal variation in the infection of honeybee colonies with Nosema apis Journal of Apicultural Research, 28(2): 93-100.
Porrini, L.P., Porrini, M.P., Garrido, M.P., Müller, F., Arrascaeta, L., Iriarte, P.J.F., et al. (2020). Infectivity and virulence of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) isolates obtained from various Apis mellifera Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 168(4): 286-294.
Sharma, D., Katna, S., Sharma, R., Rana, B.S., Sharma, H.K., Bhardwaj, V., et al. (2019). First detection of Nosema ceranae infecting Apis mellifera in India. Journal of Apicultral Sciences, 63(1):165-170.
Smart, M.D. and Sheppard, W.S. (2012). Nosema ceranae in age cohorts of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 109(1): 148-151.
Teixeira, E.W., dos Santos, L.G., Sattler, A., Message, D., Alves, M., Martins, M.F., et al. (2013). Nosema ceranae has been present in Brazil for more than three decades infecting Africanized honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 114(3): 250-254.
Traver, B.E. and Fell, R.D. (2011). Prevalence and infection intensity of Nosema in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in Virginia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 107(1): 43-49.
Traver, B.E., Williams, M.R. and Fell, R.D. (2012). Comparison of within hive sampling and seasonal activity of Nosema ceranae in honey bee colonies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 109(2): 187-193.
Wang, Q., Dai, P., Guzmán-Novoa, E., Wu, Y., Hou, C. and Diao, Q. (2019). Nosema ceranae, the most common microsporidium infecting Apis mellifera in the main beekeeping regions of China since at least 2005. Journal of Apicultural Research, 58(4): 562-566.
_||_
Anzabi, Y. and Shaghaghi, S. (2015). In vitro evaluation of antibacterial properties of propolis alcoholic extract on bovine mastitis isolates. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 9(34): 117-129. [In Persian]
Bailey, L. (1954). The control of nosema disease. Bee World, 35(6): 111-113.
Bailey, L. (1955). The epidemiology and control of nosema disease of the honey bee. Annals of Applied Biology, 43(1-2): 379-389.
Bailey, L. (1959). The natural mechanism of suppression of Nosema apis in enzootically infected colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus. Journal of Insect Pathology, 1(4): 347-350.
Botías, C., Martín-Hernández, R., Barrios, L., Meana, A. and Higes, M. (2013). Nosema spp. infection and its negative effects on honey bees (Apis mellifera iberiensis) at the colony level. Veterinary Research, 44(25):1-14.
Cantwell, G.E. (1970). Standard methods for counting Nosema spores. American Bee Journal, 110: 222-223.
Chauzat, M.P., Higes, M., Martín-Hernández, R., Meana, A., Cougoule, N. and Faucon, J.P. (2007). Presence of Nosema ceranae in French honey bee colonies. Journal of Apicultural Research, 46(2): 127-128.
Chen, Y., Evans, J.D., Zhou, L. and Boncristiani, H. (2009). Asymmetrical coexistence of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 101(3): 204-209.
Choobkar, N., Sari, A., Bolandnazar, A.R., Heshmati, H., Mohammadi, F., Shahbazian, N., et al. (2014). The effect of different concentrations of bee propolis on skin wound healing and immune response and survival of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 7(28): 300-312. [In Persian]
Cilia, G., Sagona, S., Giusti, M., dos Santos, P.E.J., Nanetti, A. and Felicioli, A. (2019). Nosema ceranae infection in honeybee samples from Tuscanian Archipelago (Central Italy) investigated by two qPCR methods. Saudi Journal of Biology Sciences, 26(7): 1553-1556.
Copley, T.R., Giovenazzo, P. and Jabaji, S.H. (2012). Detection of Nosema apis and ceranae in honeybee bottom scraps and frass in naturally infected hives. Apidologie, 43: 753-760.
Doull, K.M. (1965). The effects of time of day and method of sampling on the determination of nosema disease in beehives. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 7(1): 1-4.
Doull, K.M. and Eckert, J.E. (1962). A survey of the incidence of Nosema disease in California. Journal of Economic Entomology, 55(3): 313-317.
Doull, K.M. and Cellier, K.M. (1961) A survey of the incidence of Nosema disease (Nosema apis Zander) in honey bees in South Australia. Journal of Insect Pathology 3(3): 280-288.
Emsen, B., Guzman-Novoa, E., Hamiduzzaman, M.M., Eccles, L., Lacey, B., Ruiz-Pérez, R.A., et al (2016). Higher prevalence and levels of Nosema ceranae than Nosema apis infections in Canadian honey bee colonies. Parasitology Research, 115(1): 175-181.
Fries, I. (2010). Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103: 73-79.
Fries, I., Chauzat, M.P., Chen, Y.P., Doublet, V., Genersch, E., Gisder, S., et al. (2013). Standard methods for Nosema research. Journal of Apicultural Research, 52(1):1-28.
Fries, I., Ekbohm, G. and Villumstad, E. (1984). Nosema apis, sampling techniques and honey yield. Journal of Apicultural Research, 23(2): 102-105.
Gisder, S., Hedtke, K., Mockel, N., Frielitz, M.C., Linde, A. and Genersch, E. (2010). Five-Year cohort study of Nosema spp. in Germany: Does climate shape virulence and assertiveness of Nosema ceranae? Applied Environmental Microbiology, 76(9): 3032-3038.
Gochnauer, T.A. and Fumidil, B. (1957). Nosema control in wintering colonies. Glean. Bee Culture, 85: 528-529.
Hamiduzzaman, M.M., Guzmán-Novoa, E. and Goodwin, P.H. (2010). A multiplex PCR assay to diagnose and quantify Nosema infections in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Invertebrate Patholology, 105(2): 151-155.
Higes, M., García-Palenci, P., Martín-Hernández, R. and Meana, A. (2007). Experimental infection of Apis mellifera honey bees with the microsporidia Nosema ceranae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 94(3): 211-217.
Higes, M., Martín-Hernández, R., Botías, C., Bailón, E.G., González-Porto, A.V., Barrios, L., et al. (2008). How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. Environmental Microbiology, 10(1): 2659-2669.
Higes, M., Martín-Hernández, R. and Meana, A. (2010). Nosema ceranae in Europe: an emergent type C nosemosis. Apidologie, 41(3): 375-392.
Langridge, D.F. (1961). Nosema disease of the honeybee and some investigations into its control in Victoria, Australia. Bee World, 42(2): 36-40.
L'Arrivee, J.C.M. (1963). Comparison of composite versus individual bee sampling for Nosema apis Journal of Insect Pathology, 5(4): 349-355.
Meana, A., Martín-Hernández, R. and Higes, M. (2010). The reliability of spore counts to diagnose Nosema ceranae infections in honey bees. Journal of Apicultural Research, 49(2): 212-214.
Mulholland, G.E., Traver, B.E., Johnson, N.G. and Fell, R.D. (2012). Individual variability of Nosema ceranae infections in Apis mellifera colonies. Insects, 3(4): 1143-1155.
Ostroverkhova, N.V., Konusova, O.L., Kucher, A.N., Kireeva, T.N. and Rosseykina, S.A. (2020). Prevalence of the microsporidian Nosema spp. in honey bee populations (Apis mellifera) in some ecological regions of north Asia. Veterinary Sciences, 7(3): 111.
Özkırım, A., Schiesser, A. and Keskin, N. (2019). Dynamics of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae co-infection seasonally in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Journal of Apicultral Sciences, 63(1): 41-48.
Papini, R., Mancianti, F., Canovai, R., Cosci, F., Rocchigiani, G., Benelli, G., et al. (2017). Prevalence of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae in honeybee (Apis mellifera) apiaries in central Italy. Saudi Journal of Biolology Sciences, 24(5): 979-982.
Paxton, R.J., Klee, J. and Korpela, S. (2007). Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis. Apidologie, 38(6): 558-565.
Pickard, R.S. and El-Shemy, A.A.M. (1989). Seasonal variation in the infection of honeybee colonies with Nosema apis Journal of Apicultural Research, 28(2): 93-100.
Porrini, L.P., Porrini, M.P., Garrido, M.P., Müller, F., Arrascaeta, L., Iriarte, P.J.F., et al. (2020). Infectivity and virulence of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) isolates obtained from various Apis mellifera Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 168(4): 286-294.
Sharma, D., Katna, S., Sharma, R., Rana, B.S., Sharma, H.K., Bhardwaj, V., et al. (2019). First detection of Nosema ceranae infecting Apis mellifera in India. Journal of Apicultral Sciences, 63(1):165-170.
Smart, M.D. and Sheppard, W.S. (2012). Nosema ceranae in age cohorts of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 109(1): 148-151.
Teixeira, E.W., dos Santos, L.G., Sattler, A., Message, D., Alves, M., Martins, M.F., et al. (2013). Nosema ceranae has been present in Brazil for more than three decades infecting Africanized honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 114(3): 250-254.
Traver, B.E. and Fell, R.D. (2011). Prevalence and infection intensity of Nosema in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in Virginia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 107(1): 43-49.
Traver, B.E., Williams, M.R. and Fell, R.D. (2012). Comparison of within hive sampling and seasonal activity of Nosema ceranae in honey bee colonies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 109(2): 187-193.
Wang, Q., Dai, P., Guzmán-Novoa, E., Wu, Y., Hou, C. and Diao, Q. (2019). Nosema ceranae, the most common microsporidium infecting Apis mellifera in the main beekeeping regions of China since at least 2005. Journal of Apicultural Research, 58(4): 562-566.
_||_
