اثر روغن فرار میخک (Syzygium aromaticum) و ویتامین C بر بازده رشد، مورفولوژی پرزهای روده و پاسخ ایمنی به واکسن زنده نیوکاسل به‌دنبال مصرف کادمیوم در آب آشامیدنی بلدرچین ژاپنی
الموضوعات :
شهاب بهادران
1
,
میلاد بابااحمدی میلانی
2
,
حسین حسن پور
3
,
عزیزالله فلاح مهرجردی
4
1 - دانشیار گروه علوم درمانگاهی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.
2 - دانش‌آموخته دکترای تخصصی بهداشت و بیماری‌های طیور، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.
3 - استاد گروه علوم پایه، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.
4 - دانشیار گروه بهداشت و کنترل کیفی مواد غذایی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.
تاريخ الإرسال : 16 الأحد , صفر, 1439
تاريخ التأكيد : 08 الإثنين , رمضان, 1440
تاريخ الإصدار : 20 الثلاثاء , ذو القعدة, 1440
الکلمات المفتاحية:
ویتامین C,
کادمیوم,
بلدرچین,
مورفولوژی روده,
میخک,
ملخص المقالة :
آلودگی محیط زیست و مواجهه شغلی با فلزات سمی مانند جیوه، کادمیوم و سرب موجب ایجاد بیماری های مزمن و بدخیمبا عوارض قابل ملاحظه ای در اکثر بافت های بدن می شود. افزایش تولید رادیکال های آزاد و کاهش توان آنتی‌اکسیدانی به عنوان اصلی ترین عامل بروز ضایعات ناشی از مسمومیت با کادمیوم مطرح است. هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر روغن فرار میخک و ویتامین C بر بازده رشد، مورفولوژی پرزهای روده و پاسخ ایمنی به واکسن زنده نیوکاسل در بلدرچین های مواجهه داده شده با کادمیوم بود. تعداد 240 قطعه جوجه بلدرچین ژاپنی یک‌روزه به 8 گروه 30 قطعه‌ای با 3 تکرار 10 قطعه ای تقسیم‌بندی گردید. گروه های 1 و 8 جیره پایه، گروه های 2 و 7 جیره پایه به علاوه ppm 500 ویتامین C در جیره، گروه‌های 3 و 5 جیره پایه به علاوه 150 میلی‌گرم روغن فرار میخک به ازای هر کیلوگرم جیره، گروه های4 و 6 جیره پایه به علاوه450 میلی‌گرم روغن فرار میخک به ازای هر کیلوگرم جیره دریافت کردند. به آب آشامیدنی گروه های 1، 2، 3 و 4 در کل دوره آزمایش (35-7 روزگی) ppm 40 کلریدکادمیوم اضافه شد. در سن 21 روزگی از هر گروه، تعداد 9 نمونه خون گرفته شده و در سن 35 روزگی هم، از سه قسمت روده (دئودنوم، ژژونوم و ایلئوم) تعداد 9 قطعه جوجه از هر گروه، نمونه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که جوجه های گروه های 6 و 7 وزن بدنی، اندازه پرز و سطح جذب بیشتری نسبت به گروه کنترل داشتند (05/0p <). همچنین جوجه های گروه های 2، 4 و 8 نسبت به گروه 1، دارای اندازه و سطح جذب پرز بیشتری در قسمت‌های مختلف روده بودند (05/0p <). به‌طور کلی نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که افزودن ویتامین C و روغن فرار میخک به جیره غذایی بلدرچین ژاپنی، بر شاخص‌های رشد و سطح جذب پرزهای روده تاثیر مثبت داشته و سبب کاهش اثرات منفی کادمیوم بر وزن بدن و سطح جذب پرزهای روده در پرندگان مذکور می شود.
المصادر:
Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. and Aly, S.E. (2005). Antioxidant property of Nigella sativa (black cumin) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) in rats during aflatoxicosis. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 25(3): 218-223.
Abduljaleel, S.A. and Shuhaimi-Othman, M. (2013). Toxicity of cadmium and lead in Gallus gallus domesticus assessment of body weight and metal content in tissues after metal dietary supplements. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(22): 1551-1556.
Agostini, P.S. and Sola-Oriol, D. (2012). Role of infeed clove supplementation on growth performance, intestinal microbiology, and morphology in broiler chicken. Livestock Science, 147(1-3): 113-118.
Al-Masad, M. (2012). Effect of vitamin C and zinc on broilers performance of immunocompetence under heat stress. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences, 6(2): 76-84.
Anderson, W.G., McKinley, R.S. and Colavecchia, M. (1997). The use of clove oil as an anesthetic for rainbow trout and its effect on swimming performance. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 17(2): 301-307.
Bahadoran, S., Hassanpour, H. and Mirpurian, S. (2014). Effect of garlic on growth performance, intestinal villus morphology and serum antibody titers against Newcastle and Avian Influenza vaccine in broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Clinical Science, 8(1): 27-36. ]In Persian[
Bahrami, M., shariatmadari, F. and Karimi Torshizi, M.A. (2011). Effect of dietary extract of Thyme and Peppermint and vitamin E supplementation on immune responses of laying hen in heat stress and content of peroxidation egg during storage. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(2): 326-337. ]In Persian[
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S. and Averbeck, D. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils - A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2): 446-475.
Burkholder, K.M., Thompson, K.L., Einstein, M.E., Applegate, T.J. and Patterson, J.A. (2008). Influence of stressors on normal intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and susceptibility to salmonella enteritidis colonization in broilers. Poultry Science, 87(9): 1734-1741.
Cakir, S., Midilli, M., Erol, H., Simsek, N., Cinar, M., Altintas, A., et al. (2008). Use of combined probiotic-prebiotic, organic acid and avilamycin in diets of Japanese quails. International Journal of Animal Science, 11(1): 565-569.
Crespo, S., Nonnotte, G., Colin, D.A., Leray, C., Nonnotte, L. and Aubree, A. (1986). Morphological and functional alterations induced in trout intestine by dietary cadmium and lead. Journal of Fish Biology, 28(1): 69-80.
Dale, N. (1994). National research council nutrient requirements of poultry. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 3(1): 101-101.
Davies, N.T. (1980). Studies on the absorption of zinc by rat intestine. British Journal of Nutrition, 43(1): 189-203.
Dorman, H.J., Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G. and Deans, S.G. (2000). In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of essential oils and their components. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 15(1): 12-16.
Erdogan, Z., Erdogan, S., Celik, S. and Unlu, A. (2005). Effects of ascorbic acid on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and performance of broilers. Biological Trace Element Research, 104(1): 19-31.
Ertas, O.N., Guler, T., Çiftçi, M., DalkIlIç, B. and Simsek, U.G. (2005). The effect of an essential oil mix derived from oregano, clove and anise on broiler performance. International Journal of Poultry Science, 4(11): 879-884.
Fazel, M., Omidbeigi, M., Barzegariforouei, M. and Naghdi Badi, H. (2010). Effect of heat on anti-radical activity of essential oil of Thyme, Squids and Clove by method 2, 2 diphenyl-1-pycrilhydrasine (DPPH). Medicinal Plants, 6(22): 43-54. ]In Persian[
Gao, H.M., Zhou, H. and Hong, J.S. (2014). Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. In: Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, New York: Springer, pp: 81-104.
Gülçin, İ., Elmastaş, M. and Aboul-Enein, H.Y. (2012). Antioxidant activity of clove oil–A powerful antioxidant source. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 5(4): 489-499.
Ghazanfari, S., Mohammadi, Z. and Adibmoradi, M. (2014). Effects of clove essential oil on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune system in broiler chicken. Veterinary Journal, 70(2): 195-202. ]In Persian[
Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Stoilova, I., Stoyanova, A., Krastanov, A. and Schmidt, E. (2006). Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of clove leaf essential oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(17): 6303-6307.
Kamiński, P., Kurhalyuk, N. and Szady-Grad, M. (2007). Heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and changes in physiological process of free radicals in the blood of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) chicks in Polluted areas. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16(4): 555-562.
Kohen, R. and Nyska A. (2002). Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicologic Pathology, 30(6): 620-650.
Lee, K.W., Everts, H., Kappert, H.J., Frehner, M., Losa, R. and Beynen, A.C. (2003). Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 44(3): 450-457.
Matović, V., Buha, A., Bulat, Z., Đukić-Ćosić, D., Miljković, M., Ivanišević, J., et al. (2012). Route-dependent effects of cadmium/cadmium and magnesium acute treatment on parameters of oxidative stress in rat liver. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(3): 552-557.
McLean, J.A., Karadas, F., Surai, P.F., McDevitt, R.M. and Speake, B.K. (2005). Lipid-soluble and water-soluble antioxidant activities of the avian intestinal mucosa at different sites along the intestinal tract. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 141(3): 366-372.
Miller, H. E., Rigelhof, F., Marquart, L., Prakash, A. and Kanter, M. (2000). Antioxidant content of whole grain breakfastcereals, fruits and vegetables. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19(3): 1-8.
Miller, M.J., Angeles, F.M., Reuter, B.K., Bobrowski, P. and Sandoval, M. (2001). Dietary antioxidants protect gut epithelial cells from oxidant-induced apoptosis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1(1): 1-10.
Mohammadi, Z., Ghazanfari, Sh. and Adibmoradi, M. (2013). Effects of clove essential oil on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune system in broiler chicken. Veterinary Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 27(1): 67-76. ]In Persian[
Mukhtar, A.M. (2011). The effect of dietary clove oil on broiler performance. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 5(7): 49-51.
Nwokocha, C.R., Owu, D.U., Nwokocha, M.I., Ufearo, C.S. and Iwuala, M.O. (2012). Comparative study on the efficacy of Allium sativum (garlic) in reducing some heavy metal accumulation in liver of wistar rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(2): 222-226.
Pari, L. and Murugavel, P. (2005). Role of diallyl tetrasulfide in ameliorating the cadmium induced biochemical changes in rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 20(3): 493-500.
Sadr Daneshpour, A., Shariatmadari, F. and Karimi, M.A. (2009). The effect of ٍessential oil, prebiotic, probiotic and antibiotic on performance and immune response of broilers chickens. Veterinary Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 87(2): 10-14. ]In Persian[
Safdar, K., Muhammad, K. and Naz, R. (2016). Effect of Herbal Extracts on Serum Minerals, Lipid Profile and Anti-NDV-HI Antibody Levels of Vaccinated Broiler Chicks. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 48(6): 1715-1719.
Sahin, K., Sahin, N. and Kucuk, O. (2003). Effects of chromium, and ascorbic acid supplementation on growth, carcass traits, serum metabolites, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens reared at a high ambient temperature (320C). Nutrition Research, 23(2): 225-238.
Sant’Ana, M., Moraes, R. and Bernardi, M. (2005). Toxicity of cadmium in Japanese quail: Evaluation of body weight, hepatic and renal function, and cellular immune response. Environmental Research, 99(2): 273-277.
Teshfam, M., Nodeh, H. and Hassanzadeh, M. (2005). Alterations in the intestinal mucosal structure following oral administration of tri iodo thyronine (T3) in broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 27(2): 105-108.
Van Boven, M., Bouma, A., Fabri, T.H., Katsma, E., Hartog, L. and Koch, G. (2008). Herd immunity to Newcastle disease virus in poultry by vaccination. Journal of Avian Pathology, 37(1): 1-5.
Viera, C., Viera, A. and Katarina, H. (2010). Morphological changes in duodenal epithelium of Japanese quail after chronic cadmium exposure.Polish Journal of Environmental Study,19(2): 275-282.
Visek, W.J. (1978). The mode of Growth Promotion by Antibiotics. Journal of Animal Science, 46(5): 1447-1469.
Viveros, A., Chamorro, S., Pizarro, M., Arija, I., Centeno, C. and Brenes, A. (2011). Effects of dietary polyphenol-rich grape products on intestinal microflora and gut morphology in broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 90(3): 566-578.
Wu, G. (1998). Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism. The Journal of Nutrition, 128(8): 1249-1252.
Yamauchi, K. (2002). Review on chicken intestinal villus histological alteration related with intestinal function. Journal of Poutry Science, 39(4): 229-242.
Zamani Moghaddam, A.K., Hassanpour, H. and Mokhtari A. (2009). Oral supplementation with vitamin C improves intestinal mucosa morphology in the pulmonary hypertensive broiler chicken. British Poultry Science, 50(2): 175-180.
_||_
Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. and Aly, S.E. (2005). Antioxidant property of Nigella sativa (black cumin) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) in rats during aflatoxicosis. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 25(3): 218-223.
Abduljaleel, S.A. and Shuhaimi-Othman, M. (2013). Toxicity of cadmium and lead in Gallus gallus domesticus assessment of body weight and metal content in tissues after metal dietary supplements. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(22): 1551-1556.
Agostini, P.S. and Sola-Oriol, D. (2012). Role of infeed clove supplementation on growth performance, intestinal microbiology, and morphology in broiler chicken. Livestock Science, 147(1-3): 113-118.
Al-Masad, M. (2012). Effect of vitamin C and zinc on broilers performance of immunocompetence under heat stress. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences, 6(2): 76-84.
Anderson, W.G., McKinley, R.S. and Colavecchia, M. (1997). The use of clove oil as an anesthetic for rainbow trout and its effect on swimming performance. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 17(2): 301-307.
Bahadoran, S., Hassanpour, H. and Mirpurian, S. (2014). Effect of garlic on growth performance, intestinal villus morphology and serum antibody titers against Newcastle and Avian Influenza vaccine in broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Clinical Science, 8(1): 27-36. ]In Persian[
Bahrami, M., shariatmadari, F. and Karimi Torshizi, M.A. (2011). Effect of dietary extract of Thyme and Peppermint and vitamin E supplementation on immune responses of laying hen in heat stress and content of peroxidation egg during storage. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(2): 326-337. ]In Persian[
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S. and Averbeck, D. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils - A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2): 446-475.
Burkholder, K.M., Thompson, K.L., Einstein, M.E., Applegate, T.J. and Patterson, J.A. (2008). Influence of stressors on normal intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and susceptibility to salmonella enteritidis colonization in broilers. Poultry Science, 87(9): 1734-1741.
Cakir, S., Midilli, M., Erol, H., Simsek, N., Cinar, M., Altintas, A., et al. (2008). Use of combined probiotic-prebiotic, organic acid and avilamycin in diets of Japanese quails. International Journal of Animal Science, 11(1): 565-569.
Crespo, S., Nonnotte, G., Colin, D.A., Leray, C., Nonnotte, L. and Aubree, A. (1986). Morphological and functional alterations induced in trout intestine by dietary cadmium and lead. Journal of Fish Biology, 28(1): 69-80.
Dale, N. (1994). National research council nutrient requirements of poultry. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 3(1): 101-101.
Davies, N.T. (1980). Studies on the absorption of zinc by rat intestine. British Journal of Nutrition, 43(1): 189-203.
Dorman, H.J., Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G. and Deans, S.G. (2000). In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of essential oils and their components. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 15(1): 12-16.
Erdogan, Z., Erdogan, S., Celik, S. and Unlu, A. (2005). Effects of ascorbic acid on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and performance of broilers. Biological Trace Element Research, 104(1): 19-31.
Ertas, O.N., Guler, T., Çiftçi, M., DalkIlIç, B. and Simsek, U.G. (2005). The effect of an essential oil mix derived from oregano, clove and anise on broiler performance. International Journal of Poultry Science, 4(11): 879-884.
Fazel, M., Omidbeigi, M., Barzegariforouei, M. and Naghdi Badi, H. (2010). Effect of heat on anti-radical activity of essential oil of Thyme, Squids and Clove by method 2, 2 diphenyl-1-pycrilhydrasine (DPPH). Medicinal Plants, 6(22): 43-54. ]In Persian[
Gao, H.M., Zhou, H. and Hong, J.S. (2014). Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. In: Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, New York: Springer, pp: 81-104.
Gülçin, İ., Elmastaş, M. and Aboul-Enein, H.Y. (2012). Antioxidant activity of clove oil–A powerful antioxidant source. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 5(4): 489-499.
Ghazanfari, S., Mohammadi, Z. and Adibmoradi, M. (2014). Effects of clove essential oil on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune system in broiler chicken. Veterinary Journal, 70(2): 195-202. ]In Persian[
Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Stoilova, I., Stoyanova, A., Krastanov, A. and Schmidt, E. (2006). Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of clove leaf essential oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(17): 6303-6307.
Kamiński, P., Kurhalyuk, N. and Szady-Grad, M. (2007). Heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and changes in physiological process of free radicals in the blood of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) chicks in Polluted areas. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16(4): 555-562.
Kohen, R. and Nyska A. (2002). Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicologic Pathology, 30(6): 620-650.
Lee, K.W., Everts, H., Kappert, H.J., Frehner, M., Losa, R. and Beynen, A.C. (2003). Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 44(3): 450-457.
Matović, V., Buha, A., Bulat, Z., Đukić-Ćosić, D., Miljković, M., Ivanišević, J., et al. (2012). Route-dependent effects of cadmium/cadmium and magnesium acute treatment on parameters of oxidative stress in rat liver. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(3): 552-557.
McLean, J.A., Karadas, F., Surai, P.F., McDevitt, R.M. and Speake, B.K. (2005). Lipid-soluble and water-soluble antioxidant activities of the avian intestinal mucosa at different sites along the intestinal tract. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 141(3): 366-372.
Miller, H. E., Rigelhof, F., Marquart, L., Prakash, A. and Kanter, M. (2000). Antioxidant content of whole grain breakfastcereals, fruits and vegetables. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19(3): 1-8.
Miller, M.J., Angeles, F.M., Reuter, B.K., Bobrowski, P. and Sandoval, M. (2001). Dietary antioxidants protect gut epithelial cells from oxidant-induced apoptosis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1(1): 1-10.
Mohammadi, Z., Ghazanfari, Sh. and Adibmoradi, M. (2013). Effects of clove essential oil on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune system in broiler chicken. Veterinary Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 27(1): 67-76. ]In Persian[
Mukhtar, A.M. (2011). The effect of dietary clove oil on broiler performance. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 5(7): 49-51.
Nwokocha, C.R., Owu, D.U., Nwokocha, M.I., Ufearo, C.S. and Iwuala, M.O. (2012). Comparative study on the efficacy of Allium sativum (garlic) in reducing some heavy metal accumulation in liver of wistar rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(2): 222-226.
Pari, L. and Murugavel, P. (2005). Role of diallyl tetrasulfide in ameliorating the cadmium induced biochemical changes in rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 20(3): 493-500.
Sadr Daneshpour, A., Shariatmadari, F. and Karimi, M.A. (2009). The effect of ٍessential oil, prebiotic, probiotic and antibiotic on performance and immune response of broilers chickens. Veterinary Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 87(2): 10-14. ]In Persian[
Safdar, K., Muhammad, K. and Naz, R. (2016). Effect of Herbal Extracts on Serum Minerals, Lipid Profile and Anti-NDV-HI Antibody Levels of Vaccinated Broiler Chicks. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 48(6): 1715-1719.
Sahin, K., Sahin, N. and Kucuk, O. (2003). Effects of chromium, and ascorbic acid supplementation on growth, carcass traits, serum metabolites, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens reared at a high ambient temperature (320C). Nutrition Research, 23(2): 225-238.
Sant’Ana, M., Moraes, R. and Bernardi, M. (2005). Toxicity of cadmium in Japanese quail: Evaluation of body weight, hepatic and renal function, and cellular immune response. Environmental Research, 99(2): 273-277.
Teshfam, M., Nodeh, H. and Hassanzadeh, M. (2005). Alterations in the intestinal mucosal structure following oral administration of tri iodo thyronine (T3) in broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 27(2): 105-108.
Van Boven, M., Bouma, A., Fabri, T.H., Katsma, E., Hartog, L. and Koch, G. (2008). Herd immunity to Newcastle disease virus in poultry by vaccination. Journal of Avian Pathology, 37(1): 1-5.
Viera, C., Viera, A. and Katarina, H. (2010). Morphological changes in duodenal epithelium of Japanese quail after chronic cadmium exposure.Polish Journal of Environmental Study,19(2): 275-282.
Visek, W.J. (1978). The mode of Growth Promotion by Antibiotics. Journal of Animal Science, 46(5): 1447-1469.
Viveros, A., Chamorro, S., Pizarro, M., Arija, I., Centeno, C. and Brenes, A. (2011). Effects of dietary polyphenol-rich grape products on intestinal microflora and gut morphology in broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 90(3): 566-578.
Wu, G. (1998). Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism. The Journal of Nutrition, 128(8): 1249-1252.
Yamauchi, K. (2002). Review on chicken intestinal villus histological alteration related with intestinal function. Journal of Poutry Science, 39(4): 229-242.
Zamani Moghaddam, A.K., Hassanpour, H. and Mokhtari A. (2009). Oral supplementation with vitamin C improves intestinal mucosa morphology in the pulmonary hypertensive broiler chicken. British Poultry Science, 50(2): 175-180.
